86. UCDA, P176/769, copy of no. 1 resolution on partition issued on behalf of the Tomás Mac Donnchadha cumann, Dublin North-Central, at the party Ard Fheis, 16–17 January 1962.
87. UCDA, P176/286, letter from Lemass to MacCarthy, 25 January 1957.
88. Keogh, Twentieth Century Ireland, p. 229.
89. UCDA, P176/447–448, record of Fianna Fáil parliamentary meetings, 1959–66.
90. The Earl of Longford and T. P. O'Neill, Éamon de Valera (London, 1970), p. 331.
91. See T. Gallagher, ‘Fianna Fáil and partition 1926–84’, Éire – Ireland, vol. 20, no. 1 (1985), p. 48.
92. UCDA, P176/46, memorandum for the Fianna Fáil national executive submitted by Tomas Ó Cleirigh cumann, Dublin North-East, 15 January 1955.
Chapter 12
1. See http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/tallships/, accessed 22 October 2009.
2. See http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/news/news.asp?id=1339, accessed 22 October 2009.
3. To give an idea of the scale of violence and destruction, it is estimated that 1,820 households (1,505 of which were Catholic-owned) were displaced.
4. See http:///www.westbelfastsinnfein.com/news/13983, accessed 31 August 2009.
5. J. Byrne, ‘Peace walls: a temporary measure’, History Ireland, vol. 17, no. 4 (July/August 2009), p. 43.
6. Transcription from my own recording.
7. See http:///redbarngallery.blogspot.com/2009/06/historically_unique-series-of.html, accessed 11 December 2009.
8. See http://www.belfastedia.com/features_article.php?ID=953, accessed 11 December 2009.
9. H. McKeown, Ardoyne: the aftermath (Belfast: Red Barn Gallery, 2009), foreword.
10. All were fallen volunteers of ‘C’ Company, 2nd Battalion Belfast Brigade, Óglaigh na hÉireann [IRA].
11. Scarman Report, Report of Tribunal of Inquiry into violence and civil disturbances in Northern Ireland, Belfast, HMSO (1972), vol. I, p. 222.
12. Ibid., p. 222.
13. Queen's University of Belfast, Special Collections, MS 33/2/41, Scarman Tribunal Evidence, Day 164, Head Constable William Thompson, p. 25.
14. Scarman Report, Report of Tribunal of Inquiry, vol. I, p. 222.
15. Queen's University of Belfast, Special Collections, MS 33/2/41, Scarman Tribunal Evidence, Day 165, Head Constable Thomas McCluney, p. 22.
16. Scarman Report, Report of Tribunal of Inquiry, vol. I, p. 225.
17. News Letter, 5 August 1969.
18. Scarman Report, Report of Tribunal of Inquiry, vol. I, p. 225.
19. Queen's University of Belfast, Special Collections, MS 33/2/41, Scarman Tribunal Evidence, Day 165, Head Constable Thomas McCluney, p. 25.
20. Queen's University of Belfast, Special Collections, MS 33/2/41, Scarman Tribunal Evidence, Day 164, District Inspector Henry Hamilton Shute, p. 39.
21. Scarman Report, Report of Tribunal of Inquiry, vol. I, p. 223.
22. Ibid., p. 224.
23. Ibid.
24. S. Farrell, Rituals and Riots: sectarian violence and political culture in Ulster, 1784–1886 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2000), pp. 134–5.
25. J. Holmes, ‘The role of open-air preaching in the Belfast riots of 1857’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. 102C (2002), p. 53.
26. A. C. Hepburn, Catholic Belfast and Nationalist Ireland in the Era of Joe Devlin, 1871–1934 (Oxford, 2008), p. 24.
27. Farrell, Rituals and Riots, p. 5.
28. M. Doyle, Fighting like the Devil for the sake of God: Protestants, Catholics and the origins of violence in Victorian Belfast (Manchester, 2009), p. 2.
29. Ibid., p. 1; see also Farrell, Rituals and Riots, p. 138.
30. Scarman Report, Report of Tribunal of Inquiry, vol. II, Appendix M.
31. C. Hirst, Religion, Politics and Violence in Nineteenth Century Belfast: The Pound and Sandy Row (Dublin, 2002).
32. Scarman Report, Report of Tribunal of Inquiry, vol. I, p. 222.
33. For an interesting selection of images of this building before and after the riots see McKeown, Ardoyne.
34. PRONI D3233/7/5, Vivian Simpson, draft submission to the Scarman Tribunal, p. 1.
35. Scarman Report, Report of Tribunal of Inquiry, vol. I, pp. 25–6.
36. Ibid., p. 26. It was the landlord of the Edenderry Inn who contacted the police about the original drink-fuelled incident, but we still do not know why he did so or what he said. When the police riot squad arrived, they formed up opposite the public house. Samuel Green, an inebriated bystander, ‘jokingly flicked a cigarette lighter at the drawn riot squad and said “Bang, bang, you are dead”’: evidence of Fr Marcus Gillespie. Green's arrest seems to have set off the larger and wider confrontation.
37. PRONI, D3233/7/5, Vivian Simpson draft submission to the Scarman Tribunal, p. 1.
38. PRONI, D3233/7/5, Fergus McCartan to Vivian Simpson, 13 January 1970.
39. Queen's University of Belfast, Special Collections, MS 33/2/35, Scarman Tribunal Evidence, Day 136, Mr Harold Wolseley, pp. 1–2.
40. The Sunday Times Insight Team, Ulster (Harmondsworth, 1972), p. 127.
41. Ibid., p. 131.
42. Queen's University of Belfast, Special Collections, MS 33/1/4/43, ‘Selected messages received at RUC control room in the Commissioner's Headquarters’, Exhibit (Belfast) no. 43.
43. The Irish Times, 7 August 1969.
44. Queen's University of Belfast, Special Collections, MS 33/3/1, ‘Submission on behalf of the residents of Unity Flats and Roman Catholic residents in the Ardoyne’, Scarman Submissions (Belfast), vol. I, p. 12.
45. Queen's University of Belfast, Special Collections, MS 33/2/35, Scarman Tribunal Evidence, Day 136, Mr Harold Wolseley, p. 11.
46. News Letter, 11 August 1969.
47. Queen's University of Belfast, Special Collections, MS 33/2/41, Day 164, District Inspector Henry Hamilton Shute, p. 46.
48. Ibid., p. 51.
49. Ibid., MS 33/2/41, Day 164, Head Constable William Thompson, p. 32.
50. Scarman Report, Report of Tribunal of Inquiry, vol. I, p. 26.
51. Ibid., p. 26.
52. Ibid., p. 225.
53. J. Darby, Intimidation and the Control of Conflict in Northern Ireland (Syracuse NY, 1986), p. viii.
54. E. Leyton, ‘Opposition and integration in Ulster’, Man, vol. IX, no. II, p. 185; see also R. English, Armed Struggle: the history of the IRA (Basingstoke, 2004), p. 100.
55. N. Ó Dochartaigh, From Civil Rights to Armalites: Derry and the birth of the Irish Troubles (London, 2005), p. 1.
56. A. Boyd, Holy War in Belfast (Kerry, 1971), Preface.
Chapter 13
1. J. Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, vol. 1 (Cambridge, 1984).
2. F. F. Piven, ‘Can power from below change the world?’ American Sociological Review, vol. 73, no. 1 (2008), pp. 1–14.
3. L. Cox, ‘News from nowhere? The movement of movements in Ireland’, in L. Connolly and N. Hourigan (eds), Social Movements in Ireland (Manchester, 2006), pp. 210–29.
4. G. Allen, The Irish Times, 17 July 2001.
5. Dáil debates, 585/3, 12 May 2004, p. 31.
6. ‘Garda pelted with bottles and glass during street row’, The Kingdom, 6 May 2004.
7. Indymedia Ireland, 27 February 2005, at www.indymedia.ie/article/74528, accessed 20 July 2009.
8. See below for examples of such predictions by the media and gardaí of violence at the EU summit 2004.
9. A. N. Flood, ‘Dublin Reclaim the Streets attacked by gardai’, http://anarchism.pageabode.com/andrewnflood/dublin-reclaim-the-streets-attacked-gardai-may–2002-rts, accessed 13 March 2009.
10. W. Hederman, ‘Crackdown was not a freak incident’, The Irish Times, 10 May 2002.
11. A. Mulcahy, ‘Crime, policing and social control in Ireland’, in S. O'Sullivan (ed.), Contemporary Ireland, 2007, p. 131.
12. IMC editorial group ‘World economic forum have cancelled their October meeting in Dublin’ (18 July 2003), www.indymedia.ie
/article/60482, accessed 13 March 2009.
13. J. Caldwell, ‘May Day’, Garda Review (2004), p. 31.
14. H. Browne, ‘Consenting to capital in the Irish media’, Irish Journal of Sociology, vol. 13, no. 2 (2004), pp. 128–41; Rosie Meade, ‘Mayday! Mayday! Newspaper framing anti-globalisers!’ Journalism, vol. 9 (2008), pp. 330–52.
15. Dublin Grassroots Network dossier, ‘Ireland: Fortress Dublin?’ – dirty tricks and criminalisation of protest issued 10 May 2004, www.indymedia.ie/article/64958?search_text=fortress+dublin, accessed 13 March 2009.
16. M. Raftery, ‘Disturbing reflections on the gardaí’, The Irish Times, 13 May 2004.
17. J. Humphreys, ‘A May Day show of might’, The Irish Times, 25 April 2004.
18. Browne, ‘Consenting to capital’, p. 140.
19. Field notes from participant observation of court proceedings after arrests at May Day 2004 ‘Bring the Noise’.
20. A selection of such stories includes but is not limited to: P. Williams, ‘How the Shinners hijacked Rossport’, Irish Independent, 7 October 2006; analysis, ‘Writhing in the ecstasy of oppression’, Irish Independent, 19 November 2006; R. Delevan, ‘Wake up! Or else it might never happen; Ireland is plodding into the future at a sometimes embarrassing pace – no thanks to this lot’, Irish Independent, 24 December 2006; C. Lally, ‘Policing costs mount as the Corrib clash moves closer to sea’, The Irish Times, 20 September 2008.
21. N. Ward, ‘Reclaiming the streets’, Garda Review, November 2006, p. 10.
22. L. Siggins, ‘Green Party calls for inquiry into Corrib sinking’, The Irish Times, 12 June 2009; eadem, ‘Ballinaboy locals hurt by jailing of fisherman’, The Irish Times, 10 May 2010.
23. A. N. Flood, ‘Prosecutions of Shell to Sea campaigners collapse’, Indymedia, 1 April 2010, accessed 1 April 2010.
24. Cox, ‘News from nowhere?’, pp. 210–29.
25. D. Della Porta, A. Peterson and H. Reiter (eds), The Policing of Transnational Protest (London, 2006), p. 2.
26. D. Corva, ‘Biopower and the militarisation of the police function’, ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 2009, vol. 8, issue 2.8:2 (2009), pp. 161–75.
27. An important element of the press attitude is no doubt the routine assignment to demonstrations of crime reporters – structurally dependent on police sources for their routine material – rather than political reporters.
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