by Jack Nisbet
11: YouTube videos monitoring the removal of concrete dams: Howard, “Spectacular Time-Lapse Video.”
12: Some geologists contended: Waitt, Case for Periodic, Colossal Jokulhlaups, 1271–86.
13: Breckinridge concluded that the bottom: Breckinridge, “An Overdeepened Glaciated Basin.”
14: One of Thompson’s maps: Thompson, Map, sheet 7.
15: “a range of Knowls to our Right”: Thompson, “Journeys in the Spokane Country,” 287.
16: “all well, they have these 2 days caught many Trout”: Ibid.
Chapter 3: The Longest Journey
1: Early details and quotes from Ellis Hughes: Ward, “The Willamette Meteorite.”; Pruett, “Ellis Hughes;” and Pruett, “Oregon Meteorites.”
2: a geologist exploring Oregon’s southwest corner: Pruett, “Ellis Hughes.”
3: a fifteen-pound aerolite: Lange, “Oregon Meteorites,” 106.
4: their lodestone was owned: Fulton, “Oregon Iron & Steel Company.”
5: A. W. Miller—“a student of geology”: “Searches for Meteor,” Morning Oregonian, October 23, 1903, p. 7:1.
6: “The ‘meteor’ was covered in sacks”: “Contest for Oregon City Meteor,” Morning Oregonian, October 28, 1903, p. 7:1.
7: “the monster may have been buried”: “Iron Lump A Meteor,” Morning Oregonian, October 31, 1903, p. 4:1.
8: Colonel Hawkins, of the Portland Free Museum: “Museum May Get It,” Morning Oregonian, November 2, 1903, p. 10:3.
9: “The taking and carrying away of all sorts of things”: Ibid.
10: famous Athens meteor: “Meteor Discovered Near Oregon City Larger Than Peary’s Famous Find,” Morning Oregonian, November 3, 1903, p. 4:2.
11: “Clackamas Meteoric Iron”: Kunz, “Clackamas Meteoric Iron,” 107.
12: “Napoleon of young American zoologists”: Koch, “Henry A. Ward,” Part 3, p. 2.
13: “[Ward] is an enthusiast on the subject”: “Deals in Meteors,” Morning Oregonian, February 13, 1904, p. 9:1.
14: a detailed description of the Oregon meteorite: Ward, “The Willamette Meteorite.”
15: The molecular structure: Buchwald, “Willamette, Oregon, U.S.A.,” 1311–21.
16: a massive fireball: “Forest City Meteor Caused Litigation,” Greene Iowa Recorder, July 17, 1929, 13:1.
17: a legal twist of his own: Pruett, “Ellis Hughes.”
18: “Ta-mah-no-us”: Gibbs, Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon, 25.
19: “The court found for the land owners”: “Ellis Loses the Meteorite,” Morning Oregonian, April 29, 1904, p. 4:1.
20: “the meteor will be added to the collections:” “Hughes Will Appeal Meteor Case,” Morning Oregonian, May 11, 1904, p. 12:3.
21: they re-valued the meteorite: “Fell from Sky,” Morning Oregonian, January 20, 1905, p. 4:1.
22: “What is there to show that the Indians dug it?”: “Oregon Iron Co. v. Hughes,” Pacific Reporter, 47 Or 313, 82, p. 572.
23: the Willamette Meteorite was unveiled: “Meteor Is Unveiled,” Morning Oregonian, August 24, 1905, p. 10.
24: “I have had a small piece cut from the Willamette meteorite”: Pruett, Papers.
25: a rough biography of the Willamette Meteorite: Buchwald, “Willamette, Oregon, U.S.A.,” 1311–21.
26: “The whole mass being corroded”: “Oregon Iron Co. v. Hughes,” Pacific Reporter, 47 Or 313, 82, p. 574.
27: Willamette Meteorite “did not fall where found”: “Cast of a Big Meteor,” Morning Oregonian, March 29, 1908.
28: Pugh postulated that the Willamette Meteorite originally plunged: Pugh, “Origin of the Willamette Meteorite.”
29: the Confederated Tribes of the Grande Ronde: Thompson, “Tribes Claim Willamette Meteorite.”
30: “It should have been kept here”: “Cast of a Big Meteor,” Morning Oregonian, March 29, 1908.
Chapter 4: A Taste for Roots
1: Called “cha-pel-el” or “shapallel bread.”: Moulton, Journals, vol. 5, 371–72.
2: The word in Chinook jargon, saplil: Ibid.
3: “a kind of biscuit”: Ibid., vol. 6, 205.
4: “2 pieces of Chapellel and Some roots”: Ibid., vol. 7, 113.
5: five dogs, along with hazelnuts, dried berries, and more root bread: Ibid., 118.
6: “An umbelliferous plant”: Phillips, Plants, 196.
7: “The noise of their women pounding”: Moulton, Journals, vol. 7, 239.
8: “filled with horsebeef and mush of the bread of cows”: Ibid.
9: “The cows is a knobbed root”: Ibid., 234.
10: “about 6 bushels of the cows root”: Ibid., 271–73.
11: “We would make the men collect these roots themselves but there are several species of hemlock”: Ibid., 275.
12: “a parsel of roots and bread”: Ibid., 275.
13: “The Broken Arm gave Capt. C.”: Ibid., 339.
14: some botanists insist these two species cannot be separated in the field: Cronquist, Intermountain Flora, 414.
15: The Okanagan Salish word for this deceptive plant: Turner, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians, 68.
16: The biscuitroots of the Columbia Plateau have adapted: Schlessmann, “Systematics of Tuberous Lomatiums,” 16–17.
17: Plant systematists who study Lomatium pollination: Schlessman, “Expression of Andromonoecy,” 134.
18: naturalist David Douglas: Douglas, Journal, 163.
19: families living around the Yakama Reservation: Hunn, Nch’I-Wana, 99–109.
20: “their horses were all in the plains with their womin gathering roots.”: Moulton, Journals, vol. 7, 134.
21: Mary Jim: “I am a Palouse Indian”: Scheuerman, Palouse Country, 52.
22: Little Sister and Doodlebug story: Flett, s-qwellum’t’, 8–11.
23: “Indians tented off”: Spokane House Journal, April 26, 1822.
24: “The natives eat the tops” Pursh, Flora, 197.
25: “Umbelliferae, perennial … the tender shoots” Douglas, Journal, 168.
26: The Sahaptin man arched his fingers: Lindsey Howtopat, conversation with the author, May 23, 2013.
27: “THE REAL INDIAN COUS”: Henry Spalding, plant label, Gray Herbarium, Harvard University.
Chapter 5: A Possible Friend
1: filed a Declaration of Intent: Naturalization Records, Idaho County, Idaho. Federal Records Center.
2: returned to eastern Canada: Records, 1898-99, Ontario School of Practical Science. University of Toronto Archives.
3: Manning was in charge of a large display: “The Mines at the Exposition.” Mining 5 (January 1900): 4–11.
4: traveling in northeast Washington in the company of a millionaire mine owner: “Local Brevities,” Bossburg Journal, January 5, 1900, p. 1.
5: in charge of thirty employees: “Local Brevities,” Bossburg Journal, August 10, 1900, p. 1.
6: locating and filing mining claims: Stevens County Quartz Records, Book 11, Washington State Archives, Eastern Regional Branch, Cheney.
7: visited the superintendent of the Colville Indian Agency: Albert M. Anderson to W. A. Jones, 25 October 1900. Records of the Colville Indian Agency, Letters Sent. National Archives and Records Administration, Seattle.
8: superintendent of three mines: “Local Briefs,” Kettle River Journal, December 19, 1902; January 2 and June 5, 1903.
9: reputation as a ‘high flyer’: “Local Briefs,” Kettle River Journal, July 17, 1903, p. 1.
10: Joseph presented Manning with a council pipe … and subsequent artifact quotations: W. M. Manning Collection Registry, Eastern Washington Historical Society, Spokane.
11: “The spear is pointed with bone”: Douglas, Journal, 203.
12: subsisted with the Columbia River salmon: Chance, People of the Falls, 10–13.
13: employers at the Easter Sunday mine: “Easter Sunday Is Hibernated,” Kettle River Journal, October 14, 1905, p. 1.
14: signed on as deputy surveyor for Stev
ens County: “News at Home,” Kettle River Journal, November 18, 1905, p. 1.
15: “the wildest of all Indians”: Sidney Waters to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 26 June 1884. Records of the Washington Superintendency. National Archives and Records Administration, Seattle.
16: “The old people that are blind”: US Department of Interior, Report, 81.
17: “his people in the Calispel valley are being abused”: “Lo Finds A Friend,” Spokesman-Review, May 28, 1895, p. 3:3.
18: “Kalispel women traded briskly in trinkets and beadwork.” Fahey, Kalispel Indians, 84.
19: Kalispel elder Francis Cullooyah suggests: Francis Cullooyah, conversations with the author, March 2008.
20: “I remember a guy brought in a saddle”: Ibid.
21: Jesuit priest traveled to the Pend Oreille Valley on Christmas Eve: “University Head Ministers to Indians at Midnight Mass,” Spokesman-Review, January 1, 1913, p. 6:1.
22: Manning appeared before a judge: Stevens County Naturalization Records, September, 1906, Washington State Archives, Eastern Regional Branch, Cheney.
23: Manning successfully ran for the joint position: “Stevens County Republican Ticket,” Kettle River Journal, September 8, 1906, p. 1.
24: Manning’s activities for fall: Colville Examiner.
25: “the display window of the Stannus-Keller Hardware Company”: Colville Examiner, August 22, 1906.
26: “Tle means ‘mountains’ ”: Pauline Flett, conversations with the author, winter 2008.
27: “always a head above everyone else”: Ibid.
28: At Deep Creek, blending traditional and modern practices: Ruby and Brown, The Spokane Indians, 188–89.
29: “He told father and mother”: “Life in the Spokane Country Fifty Years Ago.” Lewis Papers, Box 1, Folder 33.
30: distinctive rock in the river: Pauline Flett, conversations with the author, winter 2008.
31: “Intelligent, serious, dignified and straight-forward”: John M. Webster to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 11 February 1907. Webster Papers.
32: Mattie affixed her thumbprint: Colville Agency Records, April 1, 1911. Robert Ruby Papers, Box 1, Folder SI 16, Eastern Washington Historical Society, Spokane.
33: “like most of the old full bloods”: John M. Webster to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 12 June 1911. Webster Papers.
34: Three Mountains led a council meeting: “Indians Get on Trail of Dill,” Spokesman-Review, March 1, 1916, p. 10:1.
35: William Three Mountains the Younger died: “Chief Threemountain,” Spokesman-Review, January 15, 1937.
36: “W. M. Manning, who has loaned:” Spokesman-Review, September 16, 1916.
37: “This loss of course is that of your institution”: Manning to William S. Lewis, 22 March 1927, Manning Papers.
38: “The loss of valuable articles from this collection”: William S. Lewis to A. G. Avery, 23 March 1927, Manning Papers.
39: an advisor for the mining division of the War Production Board: “Manning Returns,” Helena Independent Record, May 15, 1942.
40: felled by a stroke: “William M. Manning Dies Sunday in Bozeman Hospital,” Helena Independent Record, April 2, 1945.
41: “We will move on”: Michael Holloman, conversation with the author, February 2008.
Chapter 6: Riding the High Wire
1: He was every bit of thirty-three years old: Watson, Lives Lived, vol. 3, 891.
2: “would have to be provided for in better shape”: “Antoine Plante, Mountain Man,” Spokesman-Review, December 10, 1933.
3: “venerable lady”: Steele, An Illustrated History, 202.
4: The young farm girl would listen: Helen Cook, Time Ticks On, 4.
5: “Stensgar dolomite”: Campbell, Geology of the Magnesite Belt, 13–16.
6: 1902 Washington Geological Survey report: Landes, Non-Metalliferous Resources.
7: Northwest Magnesite: Buchanan, Magnsite Mining; Campbell, Geology of the Magnesite Belt, 36–46.
8: Byron Riblet: Fahey, “Brothers Riblet.”; Wells, Tramway Titan.
Chapter 7: Terra-cotta Man
1: Besano fossils: UNESCO, “Monte San Giorgio.”
2: mixed hardwood forest: Robinson, “Stratigraphy and Sedimentology.”
3: state geologist visited the A. B. Pit: Glover, Clays and Shales, 287–89.
4: Battista Giovanni Ponfatto obituary: Colville Statesman-Examiner, May 29, 1909.
5: Leno and his friend Burton Stewart: Chuck Stewart, correspondence with the author, 2002.
6: “At the plant in Clayton I learned to work”: “He Won’t Sell His Paintings,” Spokesman-Review, December 7, 1958.
7: “I’m no artist”: Millier, Arthur. “Uncivilized ‘Civilization’ Depicts World Turmoil.” Los Angeles Times, March 8, 1942.
8: Leno as constant entertainment: Chuck Stewart, correspondence with the author, 2002.
9: Children of all ages: Karen Meyer, conversation with the author, February 2002.
10: “I can paint them without half trying”: “He Won’t Sell His Paintings,” Spokesman-Review, December 7, 1958.
11: “Leno Prestini may not be a trained artist: Ste. Marie, “Forward.”
12: Prestini’s From Clay to Clay mural: Now owned by Loon Lake Historical Society, Loon Lake, WA.
13: “Prestini could be a little tough to deal with”: Neal Fosseen, conversation with the author, January 25, 2002.
Chapter 8: Sisters
1: “That’s what we call the thatching ants.”: Klotz, Urban Pest Management, 40–41.
2: “Birds singing, the pizmire, flies, beetles, in motion”: Moulton, Journals, vol. 7, 192.
3: “its stomach was gorged with winged ants.” Lord, A Naturalist, 160.
4: As the alates began to fly: Hansen, Carpenter Ants, 102–105.
5: “Ant Time”: Hölldobbler, Journey to the Ants, 11–12.
6: carpenter ants proved to be a good subject: Hansen, Carpenter Ants.
7: “nozzle jockeys”: Klotz, Urban Pest Management, 1–10.
8: Researchers termed it a “supercolony”: McIver, “A Supercolony,” 18–29.
9: “Ant tightened his belt in order to bury the dead”: Boas, Kutenai Tales, 213.
Chapter 9: The Whole Bag of Crayons
1: “No causes whatever have … ever acted”: Lyell vol. 1, 153.
2: Sanpoil Volcanics: Steve Box, USGS, conversations with the author, 2013.
3: the clear imprint of a dawn redwood twig: Johnson, Cruisin’, 3.
4: He learned when to linger in the shadows: Wehr, Accidental Collector, 9–10, 222–23.
5: “everywhere I went I came upon traces”: Ibid., 34.
6: “weird sense for famous people”: Kathleen Pigg, conversation with the author, February 2013.
7: “I tried to paint landscapes”: Wehr, Accidental Collector, 81.
8: “chilling sensation of time and space”: Ibid., 49.
9: “go to the Oregon coast and collect some more agates”: Wehr, Eighth Lively Art, 30.
10: “Susanne Langer, with her insatiable interest”: Wehr, Accidental Collector, 117.
11: began to correspond with George Beck”: Ibid., 104.
12: Wehr had a very pure eye: Joseph Goldberg, conversation with the author, March 25, 2013.
13: associates recognized the quality of Wehr’s work: Ellen Ferguson, conversation with the author, June 13, 2013.
14: Wehr told the museum’s curator: Beth Sellars, conversation with the author, February 18, 2013.
15: “After viewing the patterns and designs”: Kathy Brainard Cook, “Exhibit offers ‘New Look’ at artist Mark Tobey,” Spokesman-Review, March 6, 1988, p. C-10.
16: “The interesting thing for me tonight”: Dan Webster, “Good Artists, Good Friends,” Spokesman-Review, September 19, 1991.
17: “He never really told me much”: Beth Sellars, conversation with the author, March 3, 2013.
18: his Montana cohort named it Osmunda wehrii: Miller, “Osmundia w
ehrii.”
19: “a time for the similarly rapid appearance”: Wehr, “Eocene Orchards,” 13–14.
20: “Fossils from the vicinity of Republic”: Wehr, “Paleobotanical Significance,” 25.
21: new species of fossil fir tree: Schorn, Abies milleri, 1–7.
22: significant 1987 US Geological Survey paper: Wolfe and Wehr, Middle Eocene Dicotyledonous Plants.
23: “so exuberantly off-the-wall?” Wehr, Accidental Collector, 197.
24: Stonerose Interpretive Center was launched: Perry, Brief History, 44.
25: “you must always be giving it away”: Wehr, Eighth Lively Art, 199.
26: “You’ll never figure this stuff out”: Jan Hartford, conversation with the author, February 2013.
27: “you could watch his ears flap.” Ibid.
28: “students of paleobotany”: Myers, “Volcanic Arcs.”
29: “brought legions of other paleontologists to Republic”: Cannon, “Stories,” 31.
30: “I had two patron saints”: Wehr, Accidental Collector, 72.
31: office at the Burke Museum: Kathleen Pigg, conversations with the author, 2013.
32: “It is with true pride”: Kirk Johnson, “Presentation of the Harrell L. Stimple Award of the Paleontological Society to Wesley C. Wehr.” Journal of Paleontology 78 (July 2004): 822.
33: “This was vintage Wes”: Jan Hartford, conversation with the author, February 2013.
34: interconnected lagerstätte: Archibald, “Early Eocene Lagerstatten,” 158.
35: Nine new bulldog ant species: Archibald, “Bulldog Ants.”
36: fossil palm beetles: Archibald, “Fossil Palm Beetles.”
37: bits of two different Eocene mammals: Eberle, “Early Eocene Mammals.”
38: assembled a small tribute: Ellen Ferguson, conversation with the author, June 13, 2013.
39: “I don’t use green.” Jan Hartford, conversation with the author, February 2013.
Chapter 10: Restless Earth
1: “We’d like to know his real Indian name”: Ann McCrae, conversations with the author, May 2010.
2: “Our valley was visited by an earthquake”: “Earthquake,” Walla Walla Union, December 28, 1872, p. 3.