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NOTES
Please note that some of the links referenced throughout this work are no longer active.
INTRODUCTION
1. Approximate, as of January 2017, when the Bolívar Fuerte (Bs.F.) was trading at about Bs.F. 2,200 = US$1 in the black market. Because of runaway inflation, the Bolívar Fuerte (Bs.F.) replaced the Bs. (Bolívar) on January 1, 2008. Bs.F. 1 = Bs. 1,000.
CHAPTER 1
1. This anecdote is a fictional amalgamation of facts.
2. http://www.unodc.org/toc/en/crimes/migrant-smuggling.html
3. http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/a359/the-fight-against-fakes-0109/
4. https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/cbp-ice-hsi-report-12-billion-counterfeit-seizures-2014
5. Excerpt from Dana Thomas, “Deluxe: How Luxury Lost Its Luster,” in http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/a359/the-fight-against-fakes-0109/
6. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and European Union Intellectual Property Office (2016), Trade in Counterfeit and Pirated Goods: Mapping the Economic Impact, p. 11.
7. Ibid., p. 5.
8. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/7969335/Fake-goods-are-fine-says-EU-study.html
9. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/30/opinion/30thomas.html?_r=1
10. Union des Fabricants (UNIFAB), “Counterfeiting and Terrorism,” report 2016, p. 14.
11. David S. Wall and Joanna Large, “Jailhouse Frocks: Locating the Public Interest in Policing Counterfeit Luxury Fashion Goods,” British Journal of Criminology 50, number 6 (July 2010), pp. 8–9.
12. On eBay in the first half of 2006. http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/a359/the-fight-against-fakes-0109/
13. http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/11/06/how-to-make-a-rotten-egg/
14. Michael A. Braun, “Iran, Hezbollah and the Threat to the Homeland,” Statement for the record before the US House of Representatives, Committee on Homeland Security, March 21, 2012. http://homeland.house.gov/sites/homeland.house.gov/files/Testimony-Braun.pdf
15. James J. F. Forest, Ph.D. “Crime-Terror Interactions and Threat Convergence: Comments Prepared for Trans-Atlantic Dialogue on Combating Crime-Terror Pipelines Session I,” The Crime-Terror Panorama: New Paradigms, June 25, 2012, National Defense University, Fort McNair, Washington, D.C.
16. Robert Mandel, Dark Logic: Transnational Criminal Tactics and Global Security (Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 2011), p. 73.
17. United States House Committee on Homeland Security Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations and Management, A Line in the Sand: Countering Crime, Violence and Terror at the Southwest Border, 112th Congress, 2nd Session, November 2012, p. 13.
18. Braun, p. 11.
19. Mandel, p. 9.
20. According to a 2011 research report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Estimating Illicit Financial Flows Resulting from Drug Trafficking and Other Transnational Organized Crimes (October 2011), p. 5.
21. Vanessa Neumann, “Political Bullshit and the Stoic Story of Self,” in Bullshit and Philosophy, edited by Gary A. Hardcastle and George A. Reisch (New York: Open Court, 2006).
22. Osama bin Laden videotape of December 2001, transcript available at: http://www.npr.org/news/specials/response/investigation/011213.binladen.transcript.html
23. Lee Smith made this point cogently in his book The Strong Horse: Power, Politics and the Clash of Arab Civilizations (New York: Anchor, 2011).
24. The discussion of the religious semiotics of the transmutation from the “noble savage” to the “good revolutionary” is heavily drawn from an essay of mine: Vanessa Neumann, “Not Noble, Not Savage,” Varsity, October 23, 2009.
CHAPTER 2
1. “All 107 Aboard Killed as Colombian Jet Explodes,” New York Times, November 28, 1989. http://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/28/world/all-107-aboard-killed-as-colombian-jet-explodes.html
2. Daniel Hellinger, “Nationalism, Globalization and Chavismo,” Webster University, Paper prepared for delivery at the 2001 meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, Washington, D.C., September 2–8, 2001, p. 4.
CHAPTER 3
1. John Otis, The FARC and Colombia’s Illegal Drug Trade (Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center, November 2014), p. 5.
2. https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/alertswarnings/colombia-travel-warning.html
3. Joe Parkin Daniels, “Helping Columbia’s Landmine Survivors,” Lancet, May 21, 2016, pp. 2079–2080. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2816%2930597-9/abstract
4. Otis, p. 8.
5. Ibid., p. 3.
6. Ibid., p. 6.
7. Ibid., p. 7.
8. Ibid., 2014, p. 9.
9. Ibid., p. 10.
10. Ibid., pp. 10–11.
11. Jorge Enrique Botero, La Vida No Es Fácil, Papi: La Holandesa de las FARC (Bogotá, Colombia: Ediciones B, 2011), pp. 57–58.
12. http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/leader-colombia-farc-announces-halt-to-extortion
13. Otis, p. 19.
14. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/oil-gas-energy/publications/assets/pwc-colombia-oil-gas-industry-2014.pdf
15. http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/guerrilla-oil-pipeline-attacks-surge-amid-colombias-slow-peace-talks
16. Congressional Research Service, Colombia: Issues for Congress, March 8, 2011, p. 15.
CHAPTER 4
1. Much of the agglomerated network mapping of the Chavistas’s global ties is pulled together in the book by Miami-based Venezuelan investigative reporter Casto Ocando, Chavistas en el Imperio: Secretos, Tácticas y Escándalos de la Revolución Bolivariana en Estados Unidos, pp. 686–87.
2. Iran’s theocratic government mixes religious leadership, business, and the diplomatic and security services in ways that are far more intertwined than any of the Western liberal democracies. Excellent work on analyzing its funding streams has been by Dr. David Asher, a former US State Department and Special Operations Command adviser on threat finance. This quote comes from David Asher and Scott Modell, Pushback: Countering the Iran Action Network (Washington, D.C
.: Center for a New American Security, September 2013), p. 9.
3. The tactics of asymmetric warfare are the same as those of an insurgency, and involve a small force fighting a standing army. They consist of taking advantage of what might be considered points of weakness and turning them into strengths: small size enables quick mobility; insurgents can attack the expensive infrastructure of a state (pipelines, electrical grids, government buildings), while the insurgents themselves are not vulnerable to such attacks. Insurgents can hide within the civilian population, and turn others who dislike the state into supporters. They can cross borders for shelter easier than can a standing army, for whom that would qualify as an invasion.
4. “Iran’s Quds Force in Venezuela, Latin America: Pentagon,” AFP, April 22, 2010. http://www.google.com/gwt/n?u=en.infoanda.com/link.php%3Flh%3DUFQFUQANUAwA
5. Joel Hirst, The ALBA: Inside Venezuela’s Bolivarian Alliance (Washington, D.C.: Interamerican Institute for Democracy), 2012, p. 214.
6. Founded in 2004 by then-president of Venezuela Hugo Chávez, ALBA is a free trade zone whose members are Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, Grenada, Nicaragua, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Suriname. Haiti, Iran, and Syria have observer status.
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