State-of-the-Art Reactor Consequence Analyses (SOARCA), 130, 204, 205–6, 211–21, 268, 275, 285n3, 288nn9–10, 289n1
station blackout. See power outages
steel: in reactor containment, 5–6, 14, 48, 113, 188; in spent fuel storage, 7, 70, 83; vulnerability in cases of meltdown, 7, 113, 195, 219
storage of contaminated materials. See disposal and storage of contaminated materials
Strauss, Lewis L., 39
“stress tests,” 170–71, 224–25, 229, 230–31, 259
strontium-90, 127
Stutzke, Martin, 287n6
Sugaoka, Kei, 48
Sullivan, Randy, 216
Sumatra earthquake, 2004, 47
Surry Power Station, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218
Svinicki, Kristine L., 167–68, 172–73, 182, 183, 234, 288
Sweden, 189, 254
System for Prediction of Environmental Emergency Dose Information (SPEEDI), 58–59, 63, 118, 207, 275
Takekuro, Ichiro, 60, 61, 277
taxation, 40, 178, 204, 226, 230
television, 1, 10, 12, 33, 54, 55, 59, 62, 85, 91, 97, 171, 180; Edano on, 103; United States, 115–17
tellurium, 109, 118, 156
TEPCO. See Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO)
terrorist attacks (hypothetical), 183–84, 209, 211, 214, 241
terrorist attacks, September 11, 2011. See September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks (9/11)
Thornburgh, Richard, 145, 148
Three Mile Island nuclear accident, 1979, 14–15, 44–45, 101–2, 140–54, 188, 202; cleanup, 146, 164; industry effect and response, 58, 61, 112, 168, 205; INES rating, 103–4; NRC effect and response, 152, 187, 188, 195, 196, 200, 232, 253. See also Kemeny Commission
Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station, 143
thyroid gland, 27, 99, 127, 129, 133, 134, 138, 139; potassium iodide and, 273
tidal waves. See tsunamis
Tohoku Earthquake, 2011, 1, 3–5, 9, 10, 13, 47, 282n5
Tokai, 43
Tokaimura research center, 40; nuclear accident, 1999, 37–38, 103
Tokyo: earthquake vulnerability, 229; protests, 223, 223; radiation threat to, 77, 78, 79, 89, 90, 124, 133, 134, 138, 139, 140, 256
Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), 48–54, 61; blamed, 244; blame-placing by, 103, 180, 244; communications, 76–77, 107–8, 264; compensation plan, 165, 289n4; cover-ups and falsification, 48–49; denial of “owning” radiation, 179; disaster response, 12–13, 16–26, 30, 55, 59, 60–61, 85, 86, 88, 100; finances, 165, 178–79, 226–28; Hatamura committee criticism, 226; incestuous practices, 47, 48; media coverage, 107; new management, 227–28, 239; NRC relations, 125, 135, 136, 155, 163; openness to help, 100, 102, 131, 134–35; postmortem arguments, 246–47, 266–67; power outage preparation, 203; pre-disaster retrofitting, 202; press conferences, 67; protests against, 161; public relations, 107–8, 264; radiation readings, 97; recovery plan, 163–66; repowering efforts, 97, 99; self-assessment, 180; shareholders’ meetings, 165–66; siting and construction, 40, 41, 42; tsunami planning, 51–54; water contamination problem, 158, 159–60. See also Fukushima Daichi nuclear plant
tornadoes, 188, 192, 249, 253
torus. See wetwell (torus)
Toshiba, 164, 290n10
Trapp, Jim, 77, 78–79, 80, 84, 85, 86, 136, 278
Trautman, Stephen, 88, 278
travelers, American, 93, 99–100
tsunami (word), 282n4
tsunamis, 9–13, 11, 22–23, 229, 247–48; damage from, 53, 63, 159, 250; effect on fishing industry, 156; evacuation after, 57–58; fatalities, 98; Indian Ocean, 47; Minamisoma, Japan, 106–7; planning for, 51–54, 171, 246; search for victims, 181; TEPCO view, 180; U.S. warnings, 34
turbine buildings, 10, 30, 53, 56, 62, 158, 160, 276
turbine generators, 5, 8, 48, 56
Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station, 249
Ulses, Anthony “Tony,” 69, 77, 78–79, 80, 84, 85, 86, 95, 278
uniforms, 284–85n2. See also company uniforms
Union of Concerned Scientists, 94, 106, 193, 201, 206, 283n1, 286n1; lawsuit by, 194
United States: aid from sought, 77; Atoms for Peace, 39–40; earthquake hazards, 113, 114; generation equipment in Japan, 282n8; western states, 64, 99, 113, 114, 128, 138, 139. See also Alaska; California; nuclear plants, U.S.; Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC); Three Mile Island nuclear accident, 1979; White House
uranium, 7, 37, 171; in fuel pellets, 5, 271
U.S. Air Force, 97
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. See Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
U.S. citizens. See Americans
U.S. Congress, 36, 92, 116, 187, 205, 246, 247; Atomic Energy Act, 187; EPAct, 204–5; hearings, 85, 92, 93–94, 182, 183, 185; Three Mile Island investigation, 149, 193
U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency. See Defense Threat Reduction Agency
U.S. Department of Defense, 134, 138
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), 63–64, 68, 133, 134, 137, 139; collaboration, 102, 131, 288n5; Office of Naval Reactors, 68, 88, 89; Radiological Assistance Program, 84, 97; simulations, 99. See also National Nuclear Security Administration; Sandia National Laboratories
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 99–100, 114
U.S. Department of State, 80, 92–93, 139
U.S. Embassy, Tokyo, 61, 62, 69, 80, 100, 129, 132; contingency planning, 124; fears within, 87, 89, 133; NRC at, 77, 84, 86, 100, 125
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 80, 114, 126, 129, 132, 138, 139, 284n8
U.S. Fleet Activities Yokosuka, 78, 79–80
U.S. Geological Survey, 4, 44, 114, 282n5
U.S. military, 68, 69, 77, 78, 88, 97, 121, 138, 160
U.S. Navy, 68, 88, 160
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. See Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
U.S.S.R. See Soviet Union
U.S.S. Ronald Reagan, 68
vague language: in guidelines and standards, 48, 187, 190, 191, 194, 224, 290n2; from sources on Fukushima events, 22, 98, 130
van Loon, Eric, 206, 208
ventilation, 19–20, 236, 238, 251, 276; filters, 128, 188, 231, 254, 255, 268; government approval, 21–22, 30, 31; NRA measures, 241; planning for, 169, 246; policy recommendations, 197–98; Three Mile Island, 146, 148; Unit 1, 19–20, 22, 24–26, 28–32, 57; Unit 2, 25, 73–74; Unit 3, 65, 66–67, 69. See also exhaust stacks; hardened vents
video, 12, 16, 54, 61, 95; conferencing, 25, 86
Virgilio, Martin, 86, 278; event monitoring (days 2–4), 61–62, 63–64, 77; event monitoring (days 5–8), 81, 85, 87, 89, 98–99, 102; event monitoring (days 9–10), 125, 132–33, 134, 138; response to NTTF report, 233
Virginia nuclear plants. See North Anna Power Station; Surry Power Station
Vogtle Electric Generating Plant, 245, 282n6, 288n1
voluntary industry measures, 154, 170, 173, 198, 199–200, 202–3, 235–36, 253; Japan, 51–52, 157, 246–47. See also FLEX program; severe accident management guidelines (SAMGs)
von Hippel, Frank, 192
Wagner, Brian, 36
water, fresh. See freshwater
water, ocean. See seawater
water cannons, 90, 96, 97, 121, 122
water contamination. See radioactive water
Waxman, Henry, 93
weather, 128, 207–8, 214, 219, 221, 249. See also hurricanes; tornados; wind
Weber, Mike, 138, 278
Weiss, Ellyn, 194
western states (U.S.). See United States: western states
Westinghouse Electric, 39, 200, 290n10; AP1000 reactor, 114, 244, 245
wetwell (torus), 6, 19, 62, 73, 75, 136, 267–68, 276, 284n7; breaches, 77–78, 79, 266; scrubbing in 20, 28, 267; ventilation, 238
White House, 92, 111, 129–30, 137–39, 140, 205; NRC relations, 61, 89, 129, 130, 132, 133, 137–39, 166, 177; Office of Science and Technology Policy, 133, 267; Three Mile Island involvement, 147, 148. See also Kemeny Commission
Wiggins, Jim, 124, 133, 278
Wilson, George, 168
wind, 55, 58, 77–80, 82, 87, 97, 118, 119, 126, 128, 152, 156, 207; downwind fatalities, 211; Hurricane Andrew, 249; Tokyo and, 77, 78, 79, 89, 90, 133, 134
World Nuclear Association, 35
worst-case scenarios, 125, 126, 129–30, 132, 133, 138, 187; in CRAC2, 208, 215, 288n8; defense-in-depth approach to, 248; discussed in closed NRC briefing, 216; ignored in FLEX plan, 238
xenon-133, 146
Yokosuka naval base. See U.S. Fleet Activities Yokosuka
Yokota Air Base, 97, 98
Yomiuri Shimbun, 46, 47
Yoshida, Masao, 21, 243, 277; death, 284n1; insubordination by, 60–61, 86; Kan relations, 25, 31; March 11 management, 10, 20–21, 23–24, 25–26, 30–31, 32, 33, 37; March 12–14 management, 37, 55, 57, 60–61, 65–68, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80–81, 85–86; post-disaster statements, 13, 85
Yoshizawa, Atsufumi, 243, 277
zirconium, 5, 6, 7, 88, 145; ignition of, 71, 82, 99, 211
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Fukushima: The Story of a Nuclear Disaster Page 41