4. Morland, letter, 10 July 1916.
5. Morland, Thomas, obituary, The Times, 25 May 1925.
6. ibid.
7. ibid.
8. Haig, Douglas, diary, 22 May 1917, NAUK, WO/256/18.
9. Girdwood, Austin, letter, 30 June 1930, NAUK, CAB/45/134.
10. Stosch, Albrecht von, Somme-Nord, I Teil: Die Brennpunkte der Schlacht im Juli 1916 (Berlin: Gerhard Stalling, 1927), p. 39.
11. ibid.; Gerster, Matthaus, Die Schwaben and der Ancre (Heilbronn: Eugen Salzer, 1918), p. 117; Sheldon, Jack, The Germans at Thiepval (Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2006), p. 130; Sheldon, Jack, The German Army on the Somme 1914–1916 (Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2005), p. 141; Schwarz, Dr Richard, ‘Truppen-Sanitatsdienst wahrend der Sommeschlacht,’ in Treffen der 26.R.D. am 5. Juli 1936, ed. Matthaus Gerster (Stuttgart: unknown publisher, 1936), p. 35; Holtz, Georg von, Das Württembg. Res. Inft. Regt. No. 121 im Weltkrieg 1914–1918 (Stuttgart: Chr. Belsersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1921), p. 34; Soden, Franz von, Die 26. (Württembergische) Reserve-Division im Weltkrieg 1914–1918 (Stuttgart: Bergers Literarisches Büro, 1939), pp. 102–3, 109.
12. Operation Order No. 27, 13 June 1916, X Corps GS, war diary, June 1916, NAUK, WO/95/850.
13. Morland, letter, 27 June 1916.
14. ‘Fourth Army — Feeding Strength on 1st July 1916,’ Rawlinson Papers 1/6, Churchill Archive; totals were 25th Division 21,444 (all ranks), 32nd Division 23,358, 36th Division 22,000, 49th Division 19,987, X Corps’ troops 6417 and attached French soldiers 590. The corps’ into-battle estimate is calculated from the combined attack strength of 3805 for five battalions (see Chapter 11 notes for details), plus 23 other battalions directly involved at an average attack strength of 761 all ranks each (see Chapter 11).
15. Edmonds, pp. 400–4.
16. Morland, letter, 4 July 1916; see also Yatman, Clement, letter, 23 May 1930, NAUK, CAB/45/132.
17. Edmonds, Sir James, Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916, Vol. 1 (London: Imperial War Museum, 1992), p. 398.
18. Operation Orders, No. 1, X Corps CHA, undated, war diary June 1916, NAUK, WO/95/866; X Corps’ CHA and CRA war diaries do not tabulate actual daily ammunition usage. Records are fragmentary. Estimate is based on the known guns (Edmonds, p. 398.) and daily ammunition consumption allowed for by the preparatory bombardment. It may vary from the actual. Estimate excludes French guns present (Edmonds, pp. 300–1).
19. ibid.
20. Edmonds, p. 398.
21. Gibbs, Alfred, letter, 22 May 1930, NAUK, CAB/45/134.
22. ibid.
23. Hart, Peter, The Somme (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2005), p. 152.
24. ibid.
25. 32nd Division Report on Operations, 1 July 1916, Fourth Army, Battle of the Somme: Summary Operations, NAUK, WO/158/327.
26. 17th Highland Light Infantry, war diary, 1 July 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2403/3.
27. Jardine, James, letter, 13 June 1930, NAUK, CAB/45/135.
28. 17th Highland Light Infantry, war diary, op. cit.; 16th Highland Light Infantry, war diary, 1 July 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2403/2; History of The Corps of Royal Engineers (London: Institute of Royal Engineers, 1951), ed. H.L. Prichard, pp. 268–9.
29. 32nd Division Report on Operations, op. cit.
30. Abercrombie, Charles, letter, 23 June 1930, NAUK, CAB/45/132.
31. 32nd Division Report on Operations, op. cit.; Operation Order No. 37, 96th Brigade, war diary, June 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2395/2; 16th Highland Light Infantry, war diary, op. cit.; 2nd King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, war diary, 1 July 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2402/1.
32. 2nd King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, war diary, op. cit.
33. 16th Northumberland Fusiliers, war diary, 1 July 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2398/1; 16th Highland Light Infantry, war diary, op. cit.
34. Henderson, Stanley, ULLC/WW1/WF01/H/19.
35. 17th Highland Light Infantry, war diary, op. cit.
36. 1st Dorsets, war diary, 1 July 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2392/1.
37. The Bath Chronicle, 15 July 1916.
38. ibid.
39. Edmonds, p. 409.
40. Ingham, George, letter, 8 July 1916, Fraser Family Collection; Graham, James, letter, 25 June 1930, NAUK, CAB/45/134.
41. The Cumberland News, 25 August 1917. The poem’s opening lines are: ‘We little thought when he left home he would no more return; And he so soon in death would sleep and have us here to mourn.’ Its final lines are: ‘He left his home for ever in a foreign land to die; Ever remembered by his sorrowing wife and four children.’
42. Graham, op. cit.
43. 15th Highland Light Infantry, war diary, 1 July 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2393/2.
44. 32nd Division Report on Operations, op. cit.
45. 2nd Manchesters, war diary, 1 July 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2392/2; Shakespear, J., A Record of the 17th and 32nd Service Battalions Northumberland Fusiliers (N.E.R.) Pioneers 1914–1919 (Newcastleupon-Tyne: Northumberland Press, 1926), p. 34.
46. ibid.
47. Edmonds, p. 410.
48. 32nd Division Report on Operations, op. cit.
49. 16th Lancashire Fusiliers, war diary, 1 July 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2397/4.
50. 32nd Division Report on Operations, op. cit.
51. Crozier, Frank, Brass Hat in No Man’s Land (London: Jonathan Cape, 1930), pp. 102–7.
52. 32nd Division Report on Operations, op. cit.
53. Henderson, op. cit.
54. Abercrombie, op. cit.
55. Yatman, Clement, letter, 23 May 1930, NAUK, CAB/45/132.
56. Kuster, Peter, ULLC/WW1/MID01.
57. Middlebrook, p. 157.
58. Hart, Somme, p. 159.
59. Brown, Malcolm, The Imperial War Museum Book of The Somme (London: Pan Macmillan, 2002), pp. 66–7.
60. Lange, Wilhelm, ULLC/WW1/MID01.
61. Middlebrook, p. 203.
62. Hart, Somme, p. 159.
63. ibid., pp. 159–60.
64. Operation Order No. 1, 108th Brigade, war diary, June 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2505/1.
65. Unknown correspondent, letter, 4 May 1930, NAUK, CAB/45/132.
66. McKeever, Sam, transcript of interview with Mrs Elizabeth Wilson, undated, ULLC/WW1/MID01.
67. Whitehead, Ralph, The Other Side of the Wire Vol. 2: The Battle of the Somme. With the German XIV Reserve Corps, 1 July 1916 (Solihull: Helion, 2013), p. 60.
68. Falls, Cyril, The History of the 36th (Ulster) Division (Belfast: M’Caw, Stevenson & Orr, 1922), p. 53; Blacker, Stewart, letter, 20 March 1930, NAUK, CAB/45/132.
69. Falls, p. 53.
70. ibid.
71. Blacker, Stewart, letter, 20 March 1930, NAUK, CAB/45/132.
72. 36th Division Report on Operations, 1 July 1916, Fourth Army, Battle of the Somme: Summary Operations, NAUK, WO/158/327.
73. Edmonds, p. 405; Operation Order No. 1, 108th Brigade, op. cit.
74. ibid., p. 404; Operation Order No. 1, 108th Brigade, op. cit.; Order No. 50, 109th Brigade, war diary, June 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2507/2.
75. Whitehead, Vol. 2, Verlustlisten disc.
76. Order No. 50, 109th Brigade, war diary, op. cit.
77. 14th Royal Irish Rifles, war diary, 1 July 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2511/1; 11th Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, war diary, 1 July 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2510/5.
78. 36th Division Report on Operations, op. cit.
79. ibid.
80. Mitchell, Gardiner, Three Cheers for the Derrys! (Derry: Yes! Publications, 1991), p. 116.
81. ibid., p. 117.
82. ibid.
83. ibid., pp. 117–18.
84. Brownlee, Edward, ULLC/WW1/MID01.
85. Operation Order No. 1, 108th Brigade, op. cit.
86. Dundee Evening Telegraph, 17 July 1916.
87. ibid.
88. Crozier, p. 106.
89. ibid.
90. 8th Royal Irish Rifles, war diary, 1 July 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2503/1; 9th Royal Irish Rifles, war diary, 1 July 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2503/2; Edmonds, p. 407.
91.
Edmonds, p. 407.
92. ibid.
93. Kircher, Felix, ULLC/WW1/MID01.
94. Whitehead, Vol. 2, pp. 201–3.
95. Klaus, Max, Das Württembergische Reserve-Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 26 im Weltkrieg 1914–1918 (Stuttgart: Christian Belser, 1929), p. 49.
96. Kircher, op. cit.
97. 9th Royal Rifles, war diary, op. cit.; 8th Royal Irish Rifles, war diary, op. cit.; Edmonds, pp. 407–8.
98. 36th Division Report on Operations, op. cit.
99. 9th Royal Irish Rifles, war diary, op. cit.
100. ibid.; the exact time is unclear, but Corporal Short was last reported alive at 10.40 a.m.; Falls, p. 56.
101. ibid., p. 408.
102. Orr, Philip, The Road to the Somme: Men of the Ulster Division Tell Their Story (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 2008), p. 205.
103. ibid., p. 210.
104. Middlebrook, p. 176.
105. Orr, p. 204.
106. Sheldon, Somme, p. 152.
107. Orr, p. 200.
108. Middlebrook, p. 176.
109. ibid., p. 176.
110. Devennie, James, ULLC/WW1/MID01.
111. Mitchell, p. 103.
112. ibid., p. 102.
113. Orr, pp. 201–2.
114. Hart, Somme, p. 155.
115. Grange, John, ULLC/WW1/MID01.
116. Megaw, James, ULLC/WW1/MID01.
117. Crozier, p. 111; Orr, pp. 205–6.
118. Mitchell, p. 100.
119. Lloyd, George, ULLC/WW1/MID01.
120. Mitchell, p. 113.
121. ibid., p. 155.
122. ibid., p. 100.
123. Stosch, p. 38.
124. ibid., p. 39.
125. Soden, p. 111.
126. Stosch, p. 39.
127. Moos, Ernst, Das Württembergische Reserve.-Feld-Artillerie-Regiment Nr. 27 im Weltkrieg 1916–1918 (Stuttgart: Belser, 1925), p. 3; Gerster, Die Schwaben, p. 104; Büsing, Georg, Das Reserve-Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 20 im Weltkrieg 1914–18 (Hannover: Göhmann, 1932), unpaginated translation dated 2014 supplied by Bill MacCormick.
128. Crozier, p. 103.
129. ibid., p. 104.
130. Falls, p. 55.
131. 10th Royal Irish Rifles, war diary, 1 July, 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2503/4.
132. 16th Royal Irish Rifles, war diary, 1 July 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2498/2.
133. Edmonds, p. 417.
134. ibid., p. 417.
135. ‘Family’s shock as Gateshead war hero found 98 years after Battle of the Somme,’ accessed from www.chroniclelive.co.uk on 21 March 2015.
136. Gerster, Matthaus, unpublished manuscript about 52nd Reserve Infanterie Brigade; unpaginated translation supplied by Jack Sheldon.
137. ibid.
138. Sheldon, Somme, p. 150.
139. Edmonds, p. 408.
140. ibid.
141. Falls, p. 55.
142. ibid.
143. Edmonds, p. 408.
144. ibid., p. 408.
145. ibid.
146. Watson, Frank, letter, undated, X Corps GS, war diary, July 1916, NAUK, WO/95/851.
147. Abercrombie, op. cit.
148. Cameron, Archibald, letter, 25 May 1930, NAUK, CAB/45/132.
149. Watson, op. cit.
150. ibid.
151. Allen, Herbert, ULLC/WW1/WF01/A/6.
152. Edmonds, p. 418; see also Liddle, Peter, The 1916 Battle of the Somme (Ware: Wordsworth Edition, 2001), p. 56.
153. Falls, p. 55; Edmonds, p. 407.
154. Girdwood, Austin, letter, 30 June 1930, NAUK, CAB/45/134.
155. Edmonds, pp. 417–18.
156. Gerster, Die Schwaben, p. 119.
157. Gerster, unpublished manuscript, op. cit.
158. Gerster, Die Schwaben, p. 119.
159. Edmonds, pp. 417–18.
160. Cameron, op. cit.
161. Gerster, Die Schwaben, p. 119.
162. Abercrombie, op. cit.
163. 32nd Division Report on Operations, op. cit.; times for this attack vary between sources.
164. Wyrall, Everard, The West Yorkshire Regiment in the War 1914–1918, Vol. 1 (London: John Lane The Bodley Head, 1927), p. 220.
165. Edmonds, p. 414; Edmonds notes that Morland believed there were some 2nd Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers near a cemetery a few hundred yards north of Thiepval on the road to Grandcourt. This was highly unlikely to have been the case. See 2nd Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, war diary, 1 July 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2397/1.
166. 36th Division Report on Operations, op. cit.
167. Falls, p. 57.
168. Narrative of Events Relating to 148th Brigade, 1–8th July 1916, 148th Brigade, war diary, July 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2803/2.
169. ibid.; 1/5th York & Lancasters, war diary, 1 July 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2805/2.
170. Prichard, p. 269.
171. 36th Division Report on Operations, op. cit.
172. Falls, p. 57.
173. Orr, p. 222.
174. 146th Brigade, war diary, 1 July 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2792/3.
175. 146th Brigade, war diary, op. cit.
176. ibid.; 1/5th West Yorkshires, war diary, 1 July 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2794/1. These unit moves should be treated with caution as they are based on frequently confused after-the-fact accounts in various official documents and books. For instance, the regimental history (Wyrall, p. 221) makes a number of significant editorial assumptions that deviate from the brigade report of the day, most notably as regards the number of 1/8th West Yorkshires’ companies that moved up to Thiepval Wood versus the number that subsequently ventured across to Schwaben Redoubt.
177. Middlebrook, p. 224.
178. 1/5th West Yorkshires, war diary, op. cit.; 1/7th West Yorkshires, war diary, 1 July 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2795/1; 1/8th West Yorkshires, war diary, 1 July 1916, NAUK, WO/95/2795/2.
179. 146th Brigade, war diary, op. cit.
180. ibid.
181. Sheldon, Somme, p. 152.
182. Whitehead, Vol. 2, pp. 228–9.
183. Narrative of Events Relating to 148th Brigade, op. cit.
184. 36th Division Report on Operations, op. cit.
185. ibid.
186. ibid.
187. Sheldon, Somme, p. 155.
188. Orr, p. 225.
189. See casualty figures within chapter.
190. Killed: Lieutenant-Colonels P.W. Machell, 11th Border, and H.C. Bernard, 10th Royal Irish Rifles; wounded: Lieutenant-Colonels D. Laidlaw, 16th Highland Light Infantry, J.V. Shute, 1st Dorsets, and H.O. Wade, 1/6th West Yorkshires.
191. Wyrall, p. 222.
192. Wurmb, Herbert Ritter von, Das K.B. Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 8 (Munich: Zeulenroda, 1929), p 78.
193. Whitehead, Vol. 2, Verlustlisten disc; these numbers include soldiers initially reported missing but later determined to be dead or prisoner of war.
194. Müller, Paul, Fabeck, Hans von, and Riesel, Richard, Geschichte des Reserve-Infanterie-Regiments Nr. 99 (Zeulenroda: Sporn, 1936), p. 120.
195. ibid.; Whitehead, Vol. 2, p. 252; Stosch, Albrecht von, Somme-Nord, II Teil: Die Brennpunkte der Schlacht im Juli 1916 (Berlin: Gerhard Stalling, 1927), p. 170; RIR99 was in the line 24 June to 4 July, and then again 12–28 July (approximately). Müller, Fabeck and Riesel (p. 120) give RIR99’s casualties as 2541 for the period 23 June to 31 July (394 dead, 1081 wounded, 635 missing and 431 sick, mostly gassed). From these can be deducted 472 casualties (Whitehead, Vol. 2, p. 252) for the period 23–30 June (97 killed, 319 wounded and 56 missing) and a further 221 unspecified casualties (Stosch, Teil II, p. 170) incurred in the nine days to 22 July. It is highly unlikely many of the 431 sick (mostly gassed) occurred on 1 July.
196. Renz, Irina, Krumeich, Gerd, and Hirschfeld, Gerhard, Scorched Earth: the Germans on the Somme 1914–1918 (Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2009), p. 75.
197. Klaus, p. 49.
198. Morland, letter, 4 July 1916.
199. Maultsaid, Jim, ‘One Man’s War: The Lost Generation,’ in City Week, June 1966
, p. 31.
200. ibid.
201. ibid.
202. ibid., pp. 32–3.
203. ibid., p. 33.
204. Whitehead, Vol. 2, p. 213.
205. ibid., p. 209.
206. Sheldon, Somme, pp. 156–7.
207. ibid.
208. ibid.
209. ibid.
210. ibid.
211. Whitehead, Vol. 2, p. 59.
212. Henderson, op. cit.
213. George Kane-Smith, via www.ulsterscots. com/uploads/1601126274187.PDF.
214. Gliddon, Gerald, V.C.s of the Somme (Norwich: Gliddon Books, 1991), p. 21.
Chapter 7: Ovillers, La Boisselle or Bust
1. Alexander, Jack, McCrae’s Battalion: The Story of the 16th Royal Scots (Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 2003), p. 160.
2. Hart, Peter, Somme Success: The Royal Flying Corps and the Battle of the Somme, 1916 (London: Leo Cooper, 2001), p. 98.
3. Lewis, Cecil, Sagittarius Rising (London: Greenhill Books, 1998), p. 72.
4. Stearn, Roger T., ‘Pulteney, Sir William Pulteney (1861–1941)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Oct 2008; online edn, Sept 2011 [www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/96949, accessed 3 April 2014].
5. Bourne, John, Who’s Who in World War I (London: Routledge, 2001), p. 239.
6. Travers, T.H.E., How the War Was Won: Command and Technology in the British Army on the Western Front: 1917–1918 (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 6.
7. Haig, Douglas, diary, 11 May 1916, NAUK, WO/256/10.
8. Stearn, op. cit.
9. Evening Telegraph, 16 May 1941.
10. ‘Fourth Army — Feeding Strength on 1st July 1916,’ Rawlinson Papers 1/6, Churchill Archive; totals were 8th Division 25,382 (all ranks), 12th Division 19,572, 19th Division 17,512, 34th Division 24,164, III Corps’ troops 7250 and attached French soldiers 580. The estimate is calculated from the 22 battalions directly involved in the battle, each with an average attack strength of 761 (all ranks). (See also Chapter 11.)
11. Edmonds, Sir James, Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916, Vol. 1 (London: Imperial War Museum, 1992), p. 375; the three right-most columns each comprised three battalions echeloned. The fourth column, which attacked immediately north of the Albert–Bapaume road, saw the 20th and 23rd Northumberland Fusiliers attack abreast, together followed by 25th Northumberland Fusiliers.
12. Lochnagar was a double-core mine with charges of 36,000 and 24,000 pounds that were laid 52 feet underground.
13. Edmonds, p. 373.
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