10 Amer. Inq., 19-21; Scrihner’s Monthly, March 1913, 354-64; Bisset, 279-84; Rostron, 63.
11 Amer. Inq., 583, 1109; Mrs. Stephenson and Miss Eustis quoted in Gracie, 194-97.
12 The nickname, which appears to have originated in Molly’s hometown of Denver, Colorado, would forever identify her with the Titanic. In the early 1960s a Broadway musical loosely based on Molly’s life (and later a movie starring Debbie Reynolds as Molly) would be produced bearing Molly’s nickname as its title. Amer. Inq., 333-36, 363, 451; Colliers, 4 May 1912, 10-14; Molly Brown quoted in Gracie, 134-39; Coronet, October 1949, 116-21; A Night to Remember, 121, 128-29; Lynch, 144, 146, 149; Wade, 329.
13 Amer. Inq., 87-93, 110, 161, 628-30, 785-90; Gracie, 87-103; Jack Thayer quoted in Gracie, 223; New York Times, 20 April 1912; Wade, 334.
14 Lord, 122-23; Lynch, 148; Marshall, 70 and 116.
15 Amer. Inq., 528, 800, 1144; Beesley, 135-36; Mrs. Stephenson quoted in Gracie, 195; A Night to Remember, 123-25.
16 A Night to Remember, 125.
17 Marshall, 114.
18 Amer. Inq., 143-44, 570; Lynch, 144; Marshall, 113-14; A Night to Remember, 125.
19 Amer. Inq., 138, 145, 174; Elizabeth Shutes quoted in Gracie, 258-59.
20 Amer. Inq., 22, 243, 1104; Elisabeth Allen quoted in Gracie, 180; Beesley, 196-202; Scribner’s Monthly, March 1913, 354-64; A Night to Remember, 144-45; Lynch, 150.
21 A Night to Remember, 141 and 145.
22 Bisset, 292; Marshall, 187; Rostron, 72.
23 Beesley, 135-36; A Night to Remember, 149; Wade, 327.
24 Amer. Inq., 88-92, 112, 166, 632-33; New York Times, 20 April 1912; Gracie, 107-9; Marcus, 173; Wade, 334.
25 Amer. Inq., 122-28, 590, 615, 677, 832, 891; Gracie, 315-20; Elisabeth Compton quoted in Gracie, 169-70; Lynch, 154.
26 A Night to Remember, 152 and 154.
27 Harper’s Weely, 29 April 1912; Elizabeth Shutes quoted in Gracie, 259-60.
28 Amer. Inq., 22-28; Br. Inq., No. 18896-19055; Lynch 154-56.
29 A Night to Remember, 153.
30 Ibid., 154, 155-56.
31 Gracie, 110-13; Lynch, 156; Marcus, 193-94.
32 Scribner’s Monthly, March 1913, 354-64; Rostron, 75-77; Triumph and Tragedy, 179-80.
33 A Night to Remember, 166-67.
34 Marcus, 310; Coronet, May 1953, 30; United States Navallnstitute Proceedings, March 1968.
CHAPTER TEN
1 The contents of this chapter were drawn primarily from the transcripts of the American and British investigations, along with Leslie Reade’s The Ship that Stood Still, as well as from specific contemporary newspaper articles. For an overview of the Californian incident, see the references listed below. For specific details see the notes for the rest of the chapter.Amer Inq., 289-307, 359, 544, 570-73, 708-12, 720-22, 827-28, 903, 1118-20.
Br. Inq., No. 6897-6954, 6999-7000, 7090-7094, 7280-7294, 7476-7533, 7552-7572,7829-7866,7880-7896,7948-7956,7971, 8022-8037, 8503- 8064, 8988-9020, 13682-13695.
Br. Rpt., 45-46.
2 Br. Inq., 6766, 7426-7429, 7455; Reade, 43-44.
3 Br. Inq., 8272, 8275, 8282, 8289.
4 Ibid., 7439,7469,7472,7475,7552-7553,7838,7870, 8042; Reade, 62-77. Again, it is worth the reader remembering that a ship’s port sidelight is red and the starboard on is always green. With this in mind a comparison of the movement of the “mystery ship” seen from the Titanic and the movements of the Californian are quite revealing.
5 Br. Inq., No. 7483-7510, 7515, 7522, 7552-7572, 7650-7651, 7829-7856; Reade, 78-94; Daily Mirror, 15 May 1912.
6 Amer. Inq., 745; Br. Inq., No. 7971.
7 Br. Inq., No. 8017, 8022-2037.
8 Br. Inq., No. 13682-13695; Mersey Report, 45-46.
9 Br. Inq., No. 6970-6973, 8768, 9058-9059.
10 Br. Inq., No. 87031-87038.
11 Br. Inq., No. 7061, 7336-7337.
CHAPTER ELEVEN
1 Lynch, 159-63; Marcus, 196-200.
2 Sir Cosmo and Lady Duff Gordon really were having a bad time of it. They were not unkind people, as Sir Cosmo demonstrated when he offered to help the crewmen in Lifeboat 1 “start new kits,” i.e., purchase new personal belongings. Though some of their actions demonstrated a real lack of sympathy for the sensibilities of others, they never set out to deliberately offend anyone. Liberty Magazine, 23 April 1912; Marcus, 198-99; Triumph and Tragedy, 192.
3 Amer. Inq., 11; New York Herald, 16-18 April 1912; New York Evening Sun, 16 April 1912; New York Times, 15-19 April 1912; New York World, 16-20 April 1912; Wade, 76-77.
4 New York Evening Sun, 17-18 April 1912; New York Herald, 18 April 1912; New York Times, 18-19 April 1912; New York World, 18 April 1912; A Night to Remember, 161-62; Marcus, 197-98; Wade, 79-80, 366-68.
5 Wade, 82.
6 See the following newspapers for 19-20 April 1912: New York American, New York Evening Mail, New York Evening Post, New York Herald, New York Sun, New York Times, New York World, Philadelphia North American, Philadelphia Press, Wall Street Journal; Scribner’s Monthly, March 1913, 354-64; Rostron, 67-71; A Night to Remember, 163; Lynch, 166; Wade, 81-87.
7 London Daily Mail, 23 April 1912.
8 London Daily Mail, 23 April 1912.
9 London Daily Mail, 22-23 April 1912; Southampton Times, 21-27 April 1912; Triumph and Tragedy, 205.
10 Conversation with Terry Wise, former third purser on the Yarmouth Castle, February 27, 1997.
CHAPTER TWELVE
1 Marcus, 121; The Night Lives On, 193-94; Wade, 115-23; for details of Smith’s career in Congress and the Senate, see nearly any issue of the Detroit Free Press, Detroit News, Flint Journal Grand Rapids Evening Press, Grand Rapids Herald, or Grand Rapids News (today the last three all have merged into the Grand Rapids Press) for the years of 1895-1919.
2 Wade, 146-54.
3 Marcus, 210; Wade, 156.
4 Letter to Senator Francis G. Newlands, quoted in Wade, 375.
5 Amer. Inq., 29, 81, 1108; New York American, 21 April 1912; New York Tribune, 19-21 April 1912; New York Herald, 20 April 1912; San Francisco Chronicle, 19 April 1912; Marcus 208-11; Wade, 160-65.
6 Amer. Inq., 110-75; Wade, 201-7, 366-70.
7 Interestingly enough, Lightoller was to lead a minor mutiny of sorts among the Titanic’s officers. The officers were billeted in the same hotel as the rest of the crew, the Continental, all of them living on the same floor and eating together in the hotel’s dining room. This was a totally unacceptable situation for Lightoller: as far as he was concerned, the accommodations were adequate for the crew’s needs, but it was unthinkable that the officers should be expected to stay in the same hotel, let alone mess with the men. Lightoller expected that the same kind of separation between officers and crew that existed at sea should be preserved on land, going so far that at one point he told Bill McKinstry, Senator Smith’s private secretary and unofficial intermediary, “As an officer, I am not going to be quartered with the crew.” Aghast, McKinstry replied, “My God, your Captain sleeps quartered with the crew beneath the waves!” But Lightoller was obstinate, and finally the manager of the Continental offered a compromise—the officers would be given better rooms on a different floor than the crewmen and would be served their meals separately—and Lightoller accepted. Amer. Inq., 85-97, 772-89; Marcus, 216; Wade, 215.
8 Amer. Inq. 92, 120, 790.
9 London Daily Telegraph, 26 April 1912.
10 Illustrated London News, 25-26 April 1912; London Daily Express, 23, 24, 27 April 1912; London Daily Mail, 22-25, 28 April 1912; London Globe, 27-30 April 1912; London Morning Post, 27 April 1912; London Standard, 25, 26 April 1912; London Times, 21-29 April 1912.
11 Illustrated London News, 24 April 1912.
12 John Bull, April 27, 1912.
13 Illustrated London News, 29 April 1912; John Bull, April 27, 1912; Review of Reviews, Vol, 46, 168.
14 Wade, 385-86.
15 Amer. Inq., 328, 346, 358-59, 448-49, 524.
16 New Yo
rk World, 24 April 1912; Wade, 341-42.
17 Amer. Inq., 709-15; Boston American, 26 April 1912; Wade, 354-56.
18 Amer. Inq., 772-846; Boston Journal, 27 April 1912.
19 Wade, 346-352.
20 Amer. Inq. 19-30.
21 Report of the Senate Committee on Commerce pursuant to S. Res. 283, Directing the Committee to Investigate the Causes of the Sinking of the “Titanic”‘with speeches by William Alden Smith and Isidor Rayner, 62nd Congress, 2nd session, May 28, 1912, S. Report 806 (#6127).
22 Report of the Senate Committee on Commerce pursuant to S. Res. 283, Directing the Committee to Investigate the Causes of the Sinking of the ‘Titanic’ with speeches by William Alden Smith and Isador Rayner, May 28, 1912, Senate Document #476, Library of Congress #6594, 92.
23 Hutchings, 32-36.
24 Lynch, 182; Marcus, 223-24; The Night Lives On, 198-99; Triumph and Tragedy, 260-61.
25 Lightoller, 257; Lynch, 182-85; Marcus, 262-63, 264; Triumph and Tragedy, 260-61.
26 Marcus, 264; Wade, 387.
27 Br. Inq., No. 7483-7510, 7552-7572, 7829-7896, 8988-9020; Reade, 226-37.
28 Br. Inq., No. 13682-13695; Br. Rpt., 46-49; Reade, 105-6, 114-39, 141 42, 300-10.
29 Br. Inq., No. 11501-11730, 14197-14209, 14414-14425, 12647-12668, 12875-12895.
30 Report on the Loss of the Titanic (S.S.); H.M.S.O., 1912.
31 Reade, 268-72.
32 Br. Rpt., 30-56.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
1 The descriptions of the cemeteries in Halifax, as well as of the inscriptions on the headstones, come from the author’s visits to Halifax in August 1986 and September 1997.
2 Davie, 224-25; Lynch, 174; Wade, 110-11.
3 Destination: Disaster, 98-99.
4 Wade, 110-111.
5 Coroner’s Records of the City of Halifax and the Province of Nova Scotia, Public Archives of Nova Scotia. Attempts to identify unknown victims would continue for years, some identifications being made as recently as 1991, when Titanic International, a group of Titanic enthusiasts led by Charles Haas and John Eaton, identified No. 23 as Wendla Maria Heininen, a twenty-three-year-old woman from Helsinki, Finland. Her name was subsequently carved into the face of her headstone at Fairview Cemetery, as were those of five other victims who had been identified after their interment.
6 Conversation with Dan Conlin, The Maritime Museum of the Atlantic, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, on September 2, 1997.
7 Conversation with Dan Conlin, September 2, 1997; Davie, 229; Destination: Disaster, 103; Triumph and Tragedy, 232-33.
8 Author’s visit; Destination: Disaster, 103—4.
9 Author’s visit; Destination: Disaster, 105.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
1 Dr. Robert Ballard, The Discovery of the Titanic, 75-83; Pellegrino, 105-6.
2 Davie.
3 Ballard, 101.
4 Information supplied by Dr. Stephen Deucher, exhibitions director, National Maritime Museum, in conversation with author in October 1995. Dr. Deucher was responsible for creating the highly successful “Wreck of the Titanic Exhibition.”
5 The Titanic in a New Light, 67-75.
6 There has always been an element of “sour grapes” to Bob Ballard’s continued protests against the salvage and recovery of artifacts from shipwrecks, especially the Titanic, but then he has had a string of particularly bad luck in the salvage sweepstakes. First, the two expeditions to the Titanic were partially funded by the U.S. Navy, which forbade any recovery of artifacts from the wreck. Next came his discovery of the German battleship Bismarck and the exploration of the Japanese and American warships of Guadalcanal. Warships always remain the property of their country of origin, and the United States, Germany, andJapan all have laws prohibiting any salvage by civilians from sunken vessels belonging to their navies. Finally, his dives on the wreck of the Lusitania in 1994 came six years after the salvage firm Oceanics, Inc., had recovered most of the retrievable artifacts from that great liner.
7 Triumph and Tragedy, 309-11, 313-15.
8 Advertisement for RMS Titanic, Inc., in The Miami Herald, 15 June 1996.
9 Marketing letter sent to this writer by RMS Titanic, Inc., dated May 12, 1996. The author indicated in the text was Walter Lord. That Mr. Lord had neither been formally asked by RMS Titanic, Inc., to participate nor indicated his willingness to do so, was confirmed by this writer in a telephone conversation with Mr. Lord on July 9, 1996.
10 New York Times, 26-31 August 1996; Alexandra Foley, director of information, RMS Titanic, Inc., in conversations with author in June and July 1996; Charles Haas, historical advisor to RMS Titanic, Inc., in conversations with author, June 1996.
11 A&E Home Video, Titanic, Vol 3.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
1 Wall Street Journal, April 16, 1912.
2 Marcus, 298.
3 Brinnin, 380-81.
4 Wade, 382.
5 The Good Years, 272-73.
6 Wade, 430-34.
7 A&E Home Video, Titanic, Vol. 4.
8 “The Convergence of the Twain” by Thomas Hardy, from Collected Poems, The Macmillan Company. Used by permission.
EPILOGUE
1 The Night Lives On, 222.
2 Interview with David Norris, P.I., July 8, 1996.
APPENDIX II
1 Br. Rpt., 46.
APPENDIX III
1 Interview with Dorothy Mihalify, Ph.D., August 26, 1996.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
Ballard, Robert D. The Discovery of the Titanic. New York: Warner, 1987.
Beesley, Lawrence. The Loss of the SS Titanic. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1912.
Bisset, Captain Sir James. Ladies and Tramps. Glasgow: Brown and Ferguson, 1955.
Brinnin, John Malcolm. The Sway of the Grand Saloon. New York: Delacorte, 1971.
Bullock, Shan F. A Titanic Hero: Thomas Andrews, Shipbuilder. Baltimore: Norman, Remington, 1913.
Davie, Michael. Titanic: the Death and Life of a Legend. London: Bodley Head, 1986.
Eaton, John P. and Charles Haas. Titanic: Destination Disaster. New York: W W Norton, 1987.
Eaton, John P. and Charles Haas. Titanic: Triumph and Tragedy. New York: W W Norton, 1988.
Fletcher, R. A. Travelling Palaces. London: Boothby, 1913.
Gracie, Archibald. The Truth About the Titanic. New York: Kennerly, 1913.
Hoffman, William and Jack Grimm. Beyond Reach: The Search for the Titanic. New York: Beaufort, 1982.
Hyslop, Donald, Alistair Forsyth, and Sheila Jemima. Titanic Voices. Memories of the Fatal Voyage. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997.
Jordan, Humphrey. Mauretania. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1937.
Keegan, John. August 1914: Opening Moves. New York: Ballantine, 1971.
Lightoller, Charles H. The Titanic and Other Ships. London: Ivor Nicholson and Watson, 1935.
Lord, Walter. The Good Years. New York: Harper, 1960.
————. TheMiracle of Dunkirk. New York: William Morrow, 1976.
————. TheNight Lives On. New York: William Morrow, 1986.
————. A Night to Remember. New York: Hold, Rinehart and Winston, 1955.
Marcus, Geoffrey. The Maiden Voyage. New York: Viking Press, 1969.
Marshall, Logan, ed. The Sinking of the Titanic. No locale or publisher listed, 1912.
Maxtone-Graham, John. The Only Way to Cross. New York: Macmillan, 1972.
Padfield, Peter. The Titanic and the Californian. New York: John Day, 1965.
Pellegrino, Charles. Her Name, Titanic. New York: Avon Books, 1988.
O’Connor, Richard. Down to Eternity. New York: William Morrow, 1957.
Oldham, Wilton J. The Ismay Line. Liverpool: The Journal of Commerce, 1961.
Reade, Leslie. The Ship That Stood Still. New York: Ingraham Book Company, 1994.
Rostron, Capt. Sir Arthur. Home From the Sea. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1937.
Simpson, Colin. The Lusitania. Boston: Little, Brown and Compan
y, 1972.
Thayer, John B. [Jack]. The Sinking of the S.S. Titanic. Riverside, Conn.: 7 C’s Press, 1974.
Tuchman, Barbara. The Proud Tower. New York: Macmillan, 1966.
Wade, Wynn Craig. The Titanic: the End of a Dream. New York: Penguin, 1979.
TECHNICAL JOURNALS
“The Launch of the Titanic.” The Engineer 111 (2 June 1911).
“Loss of the Steamship Titanic.” Marine Review 42 (May 1912) 156-60.
“The Olympic and Titanic-Two Giant Ocean Steamships.” Scientific American, Supplement #1850 (17 June 1911) 380-83.
“The Olympic and Titanic.” The Engineer 111 (3 March 1911) 209-15.
“Olympic and Titanic.” The Shipbuilder 6, Special Number (Midsummer 1911).
“The Senate Committee’s Report on the Titanic” and “The Shortcomings of Wireless at Sea.” Scientific American 106 (8 July 1912) 510.
“The Titanic and Lusitania: A Final Forensic Analysis.” Marine Technology 33:4 (October 1996) 241-89.
“The Titanic Inquiry.” Engineering 93 (14 June 1912): 802-806, Continued (21 June 1912) 847-50.
“The White Star Line.” The Engineer 109, Supplement (24 June 1910).
“The White Star Liner Olympic.” Engineering 90 (21 October 1910) 564-72, Continued (4 November 1910) 620-21, Continued (18 November 1910) 693-95.
“The White Star Liner Titanic.” Engineering 91 (26 May 1911) 678-81.
“White Star Liners Olympic and Titanic.” The Engineer 109 (4 March 1911) 678-81.
PERIODICALS
Ballard, Robert D. “How We Found Titanic.” National Geographic, (December, 1985).
————. “A Long, Last Look at Titanic.” National Geographic, (December, 1986).
Bellairs, Carlyon. “The Titanic Disaster.” Contemporary Review, (1912) 788-97.
Unsinkable: The Full Story of the RMS Titanic Page 40