by James Green
See Burke, The Conundrum of Class (see Prologue, n. 19), pp. 160–61.
Quote in John A. Garraty, ed., Labor and Capital in the Gilded Age: Testimony Taken by the Senate Committee on the Relations Between Labor and Capital, 1883 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968), p. 136.
Medill testimony ibid., pp. 7, 129.
Ozanne, Century, pp. 14–16. Quotes from J. Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets Off a Struggle for the Soul of America (New York: Knopf, 1997), p. 188. Also see Kevin Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 283–84.
Quote in Ozanne, Century, p. 13.
Pierce, Chicago, Vol. 3, p. 271; Ozanne, Century, p. 11, and quotes pp. 14–16.
Quote in Ozanne, Century, p. 19.
Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics, pp. 109, 119–23, 130–34; Thomas N. Brown, Irish-American Nationalism, 1870–1890 (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1966), pp. 56–57, 102–3, 146–47; and Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires, pp. 280–81.
See Ozanne, Century, pp. 17–18 and quote p. 19.
Kathleen D. McCarthy, Noblesse Oblige: Charity and Cultural Philanthropy in Chicago, 1849–1929 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), pp. 113–14; Nettie Fowler McCormick quoted in Ozanne, Century, pp. 19–20.
Flinn, Chicago Police, p. 234; and quote in Plummer, Lincoln’s Rail-Splitter (see Prologue, n. 21), p. 190.
L. Parsons, The Life, pp. 80–81, 86.
Quote in Ashbaugh, Lucy Parsons, pp. 59–60.
Flinn, Chicago Police, pp. 234, 236.
Ibid., pp. 239–40; and Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics, p. 170.
Claudius O. Johnson, Carter Henry Harrison I: Political Leader (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1928), pp. 119, 120–21.
Ibid.
Ibid., pp. 131, 179.
Quote in Miller, City of the Century, p. 445.
Samuel P. McConnell, “The Chicago Bomb Case: Personal Recollections of an American Tragedy,” Harper’s Magazine, May 1934, p. 731.
Johnson, Carter Henry Harrison, pp. 131, 206; Pierce, Chicago, Vol. 3, p. 356; Miller, City of the Century, pp. 437, 443, 444–45; Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics, pp. 167–69.
Quotes from Flinn, Chicago Police, pp. 346, 502, 508.
Samuel Walker, A Critical History of Police Reform (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1977), pp. 17–18, 107–8; Sidney L. Harwood, Policing a Class Society: The Experience of American Cities, 1895–1915 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1983), pp. 50–55, 111, 113–17; Eric H. Monkkonen, Police in Urban America, 1860–1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), pp. 87–88; Frank Donner, Protectors of Privilege: Red Squads and Police Repression in Urban America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), pp. 10–14.
Quote in Flinn, Chicago Police, pp. 241, 243.
Charles Edward Russell quoted in Avrich, Tragedy, p. 97.
Avrich, Tragedy, pp. 97–98; Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics, p. 170.
Quote in Flinn, Chicago Police, p. 248.
John Peter Altgeld, Reasons for Pardoning the Haymarket Anarchists (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1893; reprint, 1986), pp. 36–37, 39, 45–46.
Ibid., p. 46.
Flinn, Chicago Police, p. 251.
Chapter Eight / The International
Avrich, Tragedy, pp. 92, 99, 109.
Ibid., p. 128; Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, pp. 119–21, 125; and Renate Kiesewetter, “German-American Labor Press: The Vorbote and the Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung,” in Keil, ed., German Workers’ Culture, pp. 137–56.
Quote from E. P. Thompson, “18th Century English Society: Class Struggle Without Class?” Social History 3 (May 1978), pp. 154, 158.
First quote in Pierce, Chicago, Vol. 3, p. 80; Flinn, Chicago Police, p. 224; Miller, City of the Century, p. 186; and Digby-Junger, The Journalist as Reformer, pp. 64–65.
Flinn, Chicago Police, p. 230; Schaack, Anarchy and Anarchists, pp. 80–81; Avrich, Tragedy, p. 148.
Avrich, Tragedy, p. 471.
See Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, p. 112.
Quote in Schaack, Anarchy and Anarchists, pp. 671–72.
Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, pp. 154–55; A. Parsons, “Autobiography,” p. 43.
Avrich, Tragedy, p. 173, and quotes from p. 73.
George Woodcock, Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements (Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1962), pp. 14, 122–24, 141–44. On the anarchist watchmakers in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland, see ibid., pp. 194–95. Also see Jellinek, Paris Commune (see chap. 3, n. 1), p. 14; on the hopes of Proudhon’s Paris followers that other communes would form, see ibid., p. 388.
On the farmers’ cooperative movement, see Goodwyn, The Populist Movement, pp. 25–30, 32–34. Also see Alan Dawley, “The International Working People’s Association,” in Roediger and Rosemont, eds., Haymarket Scrapbook (see chap. 6, n. 30), pp. 84–85.
A. Parsons, “Autobiography,” p. 29; and Avrich, Tragedy, p. 115. For the particular influence of Thomas Paine on Albert Parsons, see Harvey J. Kaye, Thomas Paine and the Promise of America (New York: Hill & Wang, 2005), pp. 173–75.
Schaack, Anarchy and Anarchists, pp. 19–60; Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation (see chap. 3, n. 6), pp. 196, 204; Chicago Tribune, May 6, 1886.
See Albert Parsons, “What Is Anarchy?” in Roediger and Rosemont, eds., Haymarket Scrapbook, pp. 27–28.
For other expressions of popular disgust with Gilded Age greed and corruption, see Tipple, “The Robber Baron in the Gilded Age” (see chap. 2, n. 34), pp. 30–31; Montgomery, Citizen Worker, p. 146; and Leon Fink, Workingmen’s Democracy: The Knights of Labor and American Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), pp. 4–5.
Bruce C. Nelson, “Dancing and Picnicking Anarchists?” in Roediger and Rosemont, eds., Haymarket Scrapbook, pp. 76–78.
Quotes in Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, pp. 135–37, 139.
Quote in L. Parsons, The Life, p. 77.
“Observing Thanksgiving Day, 1885,” from Alarm, in L. Parsons, The Life, pp. 73–75.
Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, pp. 133–34; and Heiss, “Popular and Working-Class German Theater in Chicago” (see chap. 4, n. 33), pp. 192–93.
Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, p. 131.
Chicago Times quoted ibid., p. 135.
See Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, pp. 144–45; and Friedrich A. Sorge, Friedrich A. Sorge’s Labor Movement in the United States: A History of the American Working Class from Colonial Times to 1890, ed. Philip S. Foner and Brewster Chamberlin (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977), p. 71.
Avrich, Tragedy, pp. 99–104.
The account of Fielden’s life is from “Autobiography of Samuel Fielden,” in P. Foner, Autobiographies, pp. 131–55.
See Franklin Rosemont, “Anarchists and the Wild West,” in Roediger and Rosemont, eds., Haymarket Scrapbook, pp. 101–2.
See Avrich, Tragedy, pp. 105–6.
Quote ibid., pp. 117–18.
Ibid., pp. 114–15.
Quote ibid., pp. 112–13.
Quote ibid., p. 117.
Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, pp. 88–98.
Ibid., pp. 84 (Table 4.4), 89–90, 91, 103–5; Avrich, Tragedy, pp. 151–52, 235.
Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, pp. 108–9; Perry Duis, The Saloon: Public Drinking in Chicago and Boston, 1880–1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), pp. 52, 61–62, 88–89, 148–49, 152, 180, 236–37, 243; Royal Melendy, “The Saloon in Chicago,” American Journal of Sociology (November 1900), quoted in Freeman et al., Who Built America? (see chap. 5, n. 2), Vol. 2, p. 86. Also see Klaus Ensslen, “German-American Working-Class Saloons in Chicago,” in Keil, ed., German Workers’ Culture, pp. 157–80; and Sara M. Evans and Harry C. Boyte, Free Spaces: The Sources of Democratic Change in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1986).
Adolph Fischer, “Autobiography of Adolph Fischer,” in P. Foner, Autobiographies, pp. 73–75; and see Avrich, Tragedy, pp. 150–51.
Quote in Avrich, Tragedy, p. 153.
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br /> Fischer, “Autobiography,” p. 85.
Engel narrates his life in George Engel, “Autobiography of George Engel,” in P. Foner, Autobiographies, pp. 92–96.
Ibid., p. 95; on Der Vorbote, see Paul Buhle, Marxism in the United States (London: Verso, 1979), pp. 38–39.
Engel, “Autobiography,” pp. 95–96.
Avrich, Tragedy, pp. 97–98, 156.
See ibid., p. 165.
Quotes ibid., pp. 56–57, 169; and Dell, “Socialism and Anarchism in Chicago” (see chap. 3, n. 36), p. 388.
Dell, “Socialism and Anarchism in Chicago,” p. 391.
Avrich, Tragedy, p. 175.
Louis Lingg, “Autobiography of Louis Lingg,” in P. Foner, Autobiographies, p. 170.
See ibid., pp. 169–72; and Avrich, Tragedy, p. 157.
Lingg, “Autobiography,” pp. 175–77; and quotes in Avrich, Tragedy, pp. 158–59.
Lingg, “Autobiography,” p. 177.
Schaack, Anarchy and Anarchists, pp. 41–43; Brown, Irish-American Nationalism, pp. 147, 156, 162. Quotes in Michael F. Funchion, Chicago’s Irish Nationalists, 1881–1890 (New York: Arno Press, 1976), pp. 82–85; Clymer, America’s Culture of Terrorism (see Prologue, n. 13), pp. 70–71, including last quote.
First quote from Avrich, Tragedy, pp. 176–77.
My interpretation of this escalating war of words is based on Avrich’s account, ibid. Quote from Flinn, Chicago Police, p. 251.
Chapter Nine / The Great Upheaval
Florence Peterson, Strikes in the United States, 1880–1936 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1938), Table 4, p. 29; and David Montgomery, “Machine Production in the Nineteenth Century,” Table 1, p. 20, in Montgomery, Workers’ Control in America (see chap. 7, n. 13).
Friedrich Engels to Friedrich Sorge, August 8, 1887, quoted in R. Laurence Moore, European Socialists and the American Promised Land (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), p. 15.
P. Foner, Labor Movement, Vol. 2, pp. 103–4; and P. Foner and Roediger, Our Own Time (see chap. 1, n. 16), pp. 137–38.
Schilling, “Labor Movement in Chicago,” p. xxiv.
Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics, pp. 186–87.
Flinn, Chicago Police, pp. 253, 256.
Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, p. 179.
Terence V. Powderly, Thirty Years of Labor, 1859–1889 (Columbus, OH: Excelsior Publishing House, 1889), p. 495.
The following description is based on Ozanne, Century, pp. 20–22, and Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics, pp. 191–92.
Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics, p. 193; Buder, Pullman (see Prologue, n.
, p. 140.
Jeremy Brecher, Strike! (San Francisco: Straight Arrow Books, 1972), pp. 32–33.
Quote from Garraty, Labor and Capital (see chap. 7, n. 42), p. 148.
McNeill, ed., The Labor Movement, p. 479; and Montgomery, Citizen Worker, pp. 39–49; Ware, Labor Movement in the U.S. (see chap. 6, n. 40), p. 146.
Montgomery, Workers’ Control, Table 1, p. 20.
Quote from Selig Perlman, “Upheaval and Reorganisation,” Part 6 of John R. Commons, History of Labor in the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1918), Vol. 2, pp. 250 (n. 8), 374.
Ozanne, Century, p. 22; Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics, p. 192.
Quotes in Flinn, Chicago Police, pp. 263–64.
See P. Foner, Labor Movement, Vol. 2, p. 85; Brecher, Strike!, pp. 35–36; and Plummer, Lincoln’s Rail-Splitter, pp. 190, 195.
Quote from Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics, p. 197.
Pierce, Chicago, Vol. 3, p. 238.
“Memoranda of Cooperative Efforts Among Labor Organizations in Illinois,” Report of the Illinois Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1886 (Springfield, IL: H. W. Rokker, 1886), Table XLIX, pp. 455–56. Also see David Montgomery, The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865–1925 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 146–47; P. Foner, Labor Movement, Vol. 2, p. 61.
Pierce, Chicago, Vol. 3, p. 38; and quotes in Abraham Bisno, Abraham Bisno, Union Pioneer (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967), pp. 66–71.
See E. P. Thompson, “Time, Work Discipline and Industrial Capitalism,” in Customs in Common (see chap. 1, n. 18), p. 357.
Song lyrics quoted in P. Foner and Roediger, Our Own Time, p. 139.
Quote from Giuseppe Giacosa, “A City of Smoke,” in Pierce, ed., As Others See Chicago (see Prologue, n. 4), p. 276.
On Chicago’s industrial environment, see Waldo Frank, “The Soul of the City,” in Pierce, ed., As Others See Chicago, pp. 478–79, 481; and Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis (see chap. 2, n. 2), pp. 12–13.
Quote from Rudyard Kipling, “How I Struck Chicago and How Chicago Struck Me,” in Pierce, ed., As Others See Chicago, p. 256.
Ware, Labor Movement in the U.S., pp. 88–90, 303; P. Foner, Labor Movement, Vol. 2, p. 66.
Richard Oestreicher, “Terence Powderly, the Knights of Labor and Artisanal Republicanism,” in Dubofsky and Van Tine, eds., Labor Leaders in America (see chap. 1, n. 9), pp. 56–59, 66; Craig Phelen, Grand Master Workman: Terence Powderly and the Knights of Labor (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000), pp. 47–51.
Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics, p. 193.
Quote in Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, pp. 179–80; P. Foner, Labor Movement, Vol. 2, pp. 88–89.
Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics, pp. 196, 202.
Thomas J. Suhrbur, “Ethnicity and the Formation of the Chicago Carpenters Union, 1855–1890,” in Keil and Jentz, eds., German Workers in Industrial Chicago, pp. 96–97.
P. Foner and Roediger, Our Own Time, p. 138.
Quote from Schilling, “Labor Movement in Chicago,” p. xxiv.
Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, pp. 181–82.
Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics, p. 198.
Ibid., p. 195.
My interpretation of this point is based on Schneirov’s account, ibid.
David Roediger, “Albert R. Parsons: The Anarchist as Trade Unionist,” in Roediger and Rosemont, eds., Haymarket Scrapbook, pp. 31–32. “If workers could decree how long they would work, they could also dictate other terms of a renegotiated social contract,” according to Richard Oestreicher. In the process of “taking normally unthinkable actions working people’s capacity to envision future alternatives expanded.” The idea of making May Day a moment for a coordinated general strike captivated workers whose prior experience with strikes was almost entirely one of engaging in isolated protests against wage cuts, job actions in which they were often fired and blacklisted if not injured or killed. By taking the offensive on a massive level, the eight-hour men promised to change the calculus of risk that always seemed to work against the strikers and their families. Richard Jules Oestreicher, Solidarity and Fragmentation: Working People and Class Consciousness in Detroit, 1875–1900 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), pp. 145–46, 149.
See Brecher, Strike!, p. 44; Perlman, “Upheaval and Reorganisation,” p. 376; Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics, p. 194; and Pierce, Chicago, Vol. 3, p. 264.
Flinn, Chicago Police, pp. 265, 269; P. Foner and Roediger, Our Own Time, p. 139; Schwab quoted in Lawson, American State Trials (see chap. 4, n. 43), Vol. 12, p. 106.
Quotes in Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics, p. 199; Flinn, Chicago Police, p. 265; and Chicago Tribune, May 1, 1886.
Illinois State Register quoted in David, Haymarket Affair (see Prologue, n. 10), p. 163.
Pierce, Chicago, Vol. 3, p. 190; and Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, p. 186.
Quote in Flinn, Chicago Police, pp. 266–67.
Quote in Avrich, Tragedy, pp. 185–86.
Chapter Ten / A Storm of Strikes
The following account of events on May 1, and the quotations (unless indicated otherwise), are from the Chicago Tribune, May 1, 2, 1886.
Quote from Flinn, Chicago Police, p. 265.
Ibid., p. 269; Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, p. 184; and see Schneirov, Labor an
d Urban Politics, p. 198.
Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, p. 193; P. Foner and Roediger, Our Own Time, p. 139.
Quote from David Montgomery, “Strikes in Nineteenth-Century America,” Social Science Quarterly 4 (February 1980), p. 95.
Chicago Tribune, May 2, 4, 1886.
Chicago Tribune, May 3, 5, 1886.
See Ozanne, Century, p. 23.
Goodwyn, The Populist Moment (see chap. 7, n. 38), p. 41.
Richard Boyer and Herbert Morais, Labor’s Untold Story (New York: Cameron Associates, 1955), p. 92; Eric Hobsbawm, “Mass-Producing Traditions: Europe, 1870– 1914,” in Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p. 283.
L. Parsons, The Life, pp. 121–22; quotes from Oscar Ameringer, If You Don’t Weaken: The Autobiography of Oscar Ameringer (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983), pp. 44–45. And see Stephen J. Ross, Workers on the Edge: Work, Leisure, and Politics in Industrializing Cincinnati, 1788–1890 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), p. 275.
Flinn, Chicago Police, p. 270.
All quotes on events of Sunday, May 2, are from Chicago Tribune, May 3, 1886, unless otherwise indicated.
Chicago Tribune, May 4, 1886; Schneirov, Labor and Urban Politics, p. 203; Miller, City of the Century (see Prologue, n. 4), pp. 260–61; and Pierce, Chicago, Vol. 3, pp. 178–83.
On Thomas, see Pierce, Chicago, Vol. 3, pp. 429, 432–33. Quote in Chicago Tribune, May 3, 1886.
Boyer, Urban Masses and Moral Order (see Prologue, n. 13), p. 136. Moody quoted in Chicago Tribune, May 3, 1886.
All quotes about events on May 3 are from the Chicago Tribune, May 4, 1886, unless otherwise indicated.
Flinn, Chicago Police, p. 271.
Buder, Pullman (see Prologue, n. 5), pp. 140–42.
Chicago Tribune, May 4, 1886; Ware, Labor Movement in the U.S. (see chap. 6, n.
, p. 149.
Chicago Tribune, May 4, 1886; P. Foner, Labor Movement, Vol. 2, p. 85.
Flinn, Chicago Police, pp. 108, 114, 112, 222; and see Stanley Palmer, “Cops and Guns: Arming the American Force,” History Today 28 (June 1978), pp. 386–89; Harwood, Policing a Class Society (see chap. 7, n. 63), pp. 104–14.
Spies’s account in George McLean, The Rise and Fall of Anarchy from Its Incipient Stage to the First Bomb Thrown in Chicago (Chicago: R. G. Badoux & Co., 1890), pp. 87–88; and in Schaack, Anarchy and Anarchists, pp. 130–31.