21. “Sunday Talks Prohibition,” New York Times, May 3, 1915, 18.
22. Clark, Deliver Us from Evil, 100.
23. “For National Prohibition,” New York Times, November 9, 1917, 9.
24. McGirr, War on Alcohol, 19.
25. “Renewal of the Contest for Prohibition,” Los Angeles Times, January 28, 1915, section 2, 4.
26. Boston Transcript quoted in “The Supreme Court on Prohibition,” Los Angeles Times, January 25, 1917, section 2, 4.
27. “Prohibition’s Ghost Laid by Hotel Men,” New York Times, November 24, 1916, 11.
28. McGirr, War on Alcohol, 43, 44.
29. “Drinking on the Increase,” New York Times, May 15, 1910, 2.
30. Bruce G. Carruthers, “The Semantics of Sin Tax: Politics, Morality, and Fiscal Imposition,” Fordham Law Review 84 (2016): 2580–2581; L. Ames Brown, “Economics of Prohibition,” North American Review 203, no. 723 (1916): 264.
31. McGirr, War on Alcohol, 4.
32. “Sees Prohibition Waning,” New York Times, February 4, 1916, 13.
33. “Both Sides Claiming Victory,” Los Angeles Times, July 24, 1911, section 1, 2.
34. Lewis L. Gould, Progressives and Prohibitionists (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1973).
35. Timberlake, Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 165.
36. “For National Prohibition,” 9.
37. Sabine Meyer, We Are What We Drink (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015), 190.
38. “War Prohibition Now!” Independent, May 26, 1917, 360.
39. Meyer, We Are What We Drink, 184.
40. McGirr, War on Alcohol, 35.
41. Kathleen Drowne, Spirits of Defiance (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2005), 18.
42. Lerner, Dry Manhattan, 31.
Chapter 3
1. On Carroll County, see Bryce T. Bauer, Gentlemen Bootleggers (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2014).
2. Michael A. Lerner, Dry Manhattan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 71.
3. “Cabaret,” Variety, July 14, 1922, 11.
4. Lisa McGirr, The War on Alcohol (New York: Norton, 2016), 134, 136.
5. Daniel S. Pierce, Real NASCAR (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010).
6. “Beer Approved, Whisky Doomed,” Los Angeles Times, April 30, 1920, section 1, 4.
7. Daniel Okrent, Last Call (New York: Scribner, 2010), 251.
8. Ibid., 287.
9. “Decrease in Crime,” Los Angeles Times, January 9, 1922, section 1, 1.
10. “Seizure Annoys Rum Row,” Los Angeles Times, November 29, 1923, section 1, 4.
11. See the television series Boardwalk Empire.
12. Edward D. Sullivan, Rattling the Cup on Chicago Crime (New York: Vanguard Press, 1929), 193.
13. Philip Metcalfe, Whispering Wires (Portland, OR: Inkwater Press, 2007), 262.
14. David Farber, Everybody Ought to Be Rich (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 227.
15. “Billy Sunday Flays Wets,” Los Angeles Times, September 3, 1923, section 2, 1.
16. Robert Post, “Federalism, Passive Law, and the Emergence of the American Administrative State: Prohibition and the Taft Court Era,” William and Mary Law Review 48, no. 1 (2006): 1–183.
17. “City’s Prohibition Farce,” New York Times, February 5, 1922, 89.
18. Lerner, Dry Manhattan, 82–83.
19. McGirr, War on Alcohol, 108.
20. “Is Times Square Wild?” Variety, December 29, 1926, 25.
21. Helen B. Lowry, “New York’s After-Midnight Clubs,” New York Times Book Review and Magazine, February 5, 1922, 25.
22. Lerner, Dry Manhattan, 143.
23. Ibid., 131–132, 199–226; McGirr, War on Alcohol, 110–115.
24. Okrent, Last Call, 335.
25. Kathleen Drowne, Spirits of Defiance (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2005), 133.
26New York World quoted in “Prohibition That Prohibits,” Los Angeles Times, May 28, 1925, A4.
27. Lerner, Dry Manhattan, 117.
28. Drowne, Spirits of Defiance, 10.
29. Norman H. Clark, Deliver Us from Evil (New York: Norton, 1976), 184.
30. Robert A. Hohner, Prohibition and Politics (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1999), 223.
31. McGirr, War on Alcohol, 92–93.
32. Ibid., 226.
33. Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, “Alcohol Consumption during Prohibition,” American Economic Review 81, no. 2 (1991): 242–247. See also Angela K. Dills and Jeffrey A. Miron, “Alcohol Prohibition and Cirrhosis,” American Law and Economics Review 6, no. 2 (2004): 285–318; Angela K. Dills, Mireille A. Jacobson, and Jeffrey A. Miron, “The Effect of Alcohol Prohibition on Alcohol Consumption: Evidence from Drunkenness Arrests,” Economics Letters 86, no. 2 (2005): 279–284.
Chapter 4
1. Daniel Okrent, Last Call (New York: Scribner, 2010), 330.
2. Kenneth D. Rose, American Women and the Repeal of Prohibition (New York: New York University Press, 1996), 77.
3. Caryn E. Neumann, “The End of Gender Solidarity,” Journal of Women’s History 9, no. 2 (1997): 38.
4. Rose, American Women and the Repeal of Prohibition, 9.
5. Ibid., 83.
6. “Smith Sees Repeal Possible This Fall,” New York Times, August 2, 1933, 18.
7. Michael A. Lerner, Dry Manhattan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 197.
8. Norman H. Clark, Deliver Us from Evil (New York: Norton, 1976), 205.
9. “House Has Frenzied Day,” New York Times, February 21, 1933, 1.
10. Okrent, Last Call, 234.
11. Lerner, Dry Manhattan, 303.
12. “Cullen Predicts 300,000 Beer Jobs,” New York Times, March 20, 1933, 3.
13. John J. Guthrie Jr., “Rekindling the Spirits,” Florida Historical Quarterly 74, no. 1 (1995): 23–39.
14. W. J. Rorabaugh, “The Origins of the Washington State Liquor Control Board, 1934,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 100, no. 4 (2009): 159–168.
15. “Rockefeller Lists Aims after Repeal,” New York Times, October 6, 1933, 4.
16. Harry G. Levine, “The Birth of American Alcohol Control,” Contemporary Drug Problems 12, no. 1 (1985): 63–115.
17. Harry G. Levine and Craig Reinarman, “From Prohibition to Regulation,” Milbank Quarterly 69, no. 3 (1991): 461–494.
18. Levine, “Birth of American Alcohol Control,” 90.
FURTHER READING
Andersen, Lisa M. F. The Politics of Prohibition: American Governance and the Prohibition Party, 1869–1933. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Bauer, Bryce T. Gentlemen Bootleggers: The True Story of Templeton Rye, Prohibition, and a Small Town in Cahoots. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2014.
Bergreen, Laurence. Capone: The Man and the Era. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
Berliner, Louise. Texas Guinan: Queen of the Nightclubs. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993.
Berridge, Virginia. Demons: Our Changing Attitudes to Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drugs. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Blee, Kathleen M. Women of the Klan: Racism and Gender in the 1920s. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
Blocker, Jack S., Jr., David M. Fahey, and Ian R. Tyrrell, eds. Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia. 2 vols. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2003.
Brown, Dorothy M. Mabel Walker Willebrandt. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984.
Clark, Norman H. Deliver Us from Evil: An Interpretation of American Prohibition. New York: Norton, 1976.
Coker, Joe L. Liquor in the Land of the Lost Cause: Southern White Evangelicals and the Prohibition Movement. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2007.
Courtwright, David T. Forces of Habit: Drugs and the Making of the Modern World. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.
Drowne, Kathleen. Spirits of Defiance: National Prohibitio
n and Jazz Age Literature, 1920–1933. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2005.
Goyens, Tom. Beer and Revolution: The German Anarchist Movement in New York City, 1880–1914. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007.
Guthrie, John J., Jr. “Rekindling the Spirits: From National Prohibition to Local Option in Florida, 1928–1935.” Florida Historical Quarterly 74, no. 1 (1995): 23–39.
Hamm, Richard F. Shaping the Eighteenth Amendment: Temperance Reform, Legal Culture, and the Polity, 1880–1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
Kerr, K. Austin. Organized for Prohibition: A New History of the Anti-Saloon League. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985.
Kyvig, David E. Repealing National Prohibition. 2nd ed. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2000.
Lerner, Michael A. Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007.
Levine, Harry G. “The Birth of American Alcohol Control: Prohibition, the Power Elite, and the Problem of Lawlessness.” Contemporary Drug Problems 12, no. 1 (1985): 63–115.
Levine, Harry G., and Craig Reinarman. “From Prohibition to Regulation: Lessons from Alcohol Policy for Drug Policy.” Milbank Quarterly 69, no. 3 (1991): 461–494.
Mappen, Marc. Prohibition Gangsters: The Rise and Fall of a Bad Generation. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2013.
McGirr, Lisa. The War on Alcohol: Prohibition and the Rise of the American State. New York: Norton, 2016.
Metcalfe, Philip. Whispering Wires: The Tragic Tale of an American Bootlegger. Portland, OR: Inkwater Press, 2007.
Meyer, Sabine N. We Are What We Drink: The Temperance Battle in Minnesota. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015.
Miller, Wilbur R. Revenuers and Moonshiners: Enforcing Federal Liquor Law in the Mountain South, 1865–1900. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.
Miron, Jeffrey A., and Jeffrey Zwiebel. “Alcohol Consumption during Prohibition.” American Economic Review 81, no. 2 (1991): 242–247.
Moore, Leonard J. Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921–1928. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) website. www.niaaa.nih.gov.
Okrent, Daniel. Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition. New York: Scribner, 2010.
Osborn, Matthew W. Rum Maniacs: Alcoholic Insanity in the Early American Republic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014.
Pegram, Thomas R. Battling Demon Rum: The Struggle for a Dry America, 1800–1933. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1998.
Pierce, Daniel S. Real NASCAR: White Lightning, Red Clay, and Big Bill France. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.
Post, Robert. “Federalism, Passive Law, and the Emergence of the American Administrative State: Prohibition and the Taft Court Era.” William and Mary Law Review 48, no. 1 (2006): 1–183.
Powers, Madelon. Faces along the Bar: Lore and Order in the Workingman’s Saloon, 1870–1920. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
Rorabaugh, W. J. The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.
Rorabaugh, W. J. “The Origins of the Washington State Liquor Control Board, 1934.” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 100, no. 4 (2009): 159–168.
Rose, Kenneth D. American Women and the Repeal of Prohibition. New York: New York University Press, 1996.
Szymanski, Ann-Marie E. Pathways to Prohibition: Radicals, Moderates, and Social Movement Outcomes. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003.
Thompson, Peter. Rum Punch and Revolution: Taverngoing and Public Life in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.
Tyrrell, Ian R. Sobering Up: From Temperance to Prohibition in Antebellum America, 1800–1860. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979.
Tyrrell, Ian R. Woman’s World/Woman’s Empire: The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union in International Perspective, 1880–1930. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.
Unrau, William E. White Man’s Wicked Water: The Alcohol Trade and Prohibition in Indian Country, 1802–1892. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996.
US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol Use among U.S. Ethnic Minorities. Rockville, MD: NIAAA, 1989.
US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. “Surveillance Report #104: Apparent Per Capita Alcohol Consumption: National, State, and Regional Trends, 1977–2014” (2016). http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance.htm. Used November 2, 2016.
US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Women and Alcohol Use. Washington: US Department of Health and Human Services, 1988.
West, Elliott. The Saloon on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979.
Zimmerman, Jonathan. Distilling Democracy: Alcohol Education in America’s Public Schools, 1880–1925. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999.
INDEX
Addams, Jane, 43
African Americans, 8, 43–44, 50–51; alcohol consumption of, 114; and prohibition, 62, 77–78, 81, 87
alcohol: abstinence from, 12–16; advertising of, 110–111; consumption of, 3, 5, 8–11, 15–16, 45–48, 89–90, 110–115; drinking age for, 109, 113; home use of, 79–81; imported, 66–69; industrial, 65–66, 71, 80; medicinal, 8–9, 59, 71, 74–75; price of, 61–62, 66–67; production of, 17, 24, 35, 46, 48–49, 110; regulation of, 1, 5, 30, 96, 104–109; research on, 111; rural use of, 56, 62–64; taxation of, 105–108
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 111
alcoholism, 9, 18, 20, 35, 111, 115
American Revolution, 7–9
American Temperance Society, 14
anarchists, 33
Anheuser-Busch brewery, 36, 50–52, 64–65, 102, 110–111
Anti-Saloon League (ASL), 3, 32, 38–43, 48, 57; and prohibition enforcement, 66, 72, 76, 84, 88; and repeal, 91–92, 94
Appalachia, distilling in, 61–62
Arizona, 33–34, 44, 66
Arthur, Timothy S., 14
Asian Americans, 114
Association Against the Prohibition Amendment (AAPA), 4, 85, 91, 93, 99, 105
Athens, GA, 31
Atlantic City, NJ, 69
Australia, 29
automobiles, 64, 68, 81, 113
Baltimore, 18, 22, 68
baseball, 102
Beaulieu winery, 59
Beecher, Lyman, 14
beer, 6, 13–14, 21–25, 36; during prohibition, 57, 61, 64–65, 69–70; proposed as legal during prohibition, 89, 92, 98; regulation of, 106–109; after repeal, 101–103, 114
beverages, non-alcoholic, 2, 8, 17
blind pig, 18
bone-dry states, 47
Boole, Ella, 84, 95
bootleggers, 3, 61, 68–74, 103–104
Boston, 7, 22, 44, 68
Brecht, Bertolt, 34
brewers, 24, 33, 36–37, 48–53, 56–57; advertising of, 110–111; German ties of, 49–52, 57–58; during prohibition, 61, 64–65; after repeal, 102–103
Brisbane, Arthur, 50, 79
Britain, 29, 51, 67, 115–116; and alcohol restrictions, 1, 53
Bronfman, Samuel, 67–68
Brooklyn, NY, 65
Broun, Heywood Hale, 78–79
Brown distillery, 7
Bryan, William Jennings, 4, 45, 73, 85
Busch, Adolphus, 50–51
Busch, August, 50, 52, 65
business, attitudes toward alcohol of, 11, 14–16, 32, 85, 91–92
Butler, Nicholas Murray, 91
Byrd, William, 6
California, 43, 44, 66, 71, 87, 114; wine, 48, 59, 79, 84, 109
Canada, 53, 67–68, 115; liquor imports from, 61, 67–72, 74, 80, 104, 108
Cannon, James, 84–86, 98
Capone, Al, 3, 6
2, 69–71, 82, 90
Carroll County, IA, 62–63, 98, 104
Cartwright, Peter, 12
Cass, Lewis, 15
Catholics, 4, 13, 55, 62, 81, 85–86; and alcohol industry, 22, 59, 79; and temperance, 16, 31–32
Central City, CO, 34
Chicago, 3, 22, 32–33, 43, 45; medicinal alcohol in, 74–75; prohibition in, 61–62, 64, 68–71, 81, 85–86; saloons in, 36–37
children, 8–9, 18, 28–29, 43, 112
Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), 111
cider, hard, 13, 59
cigarettes, 54
Cincinnati, 22–23, 26, 36, 103; prohibition in, 71, 80–81
cities, 16, 43–45, 50; immigrants in, 21–22, 37–38, 45; prohibition in, 60–61, 65, 84–85
Civil War, 24–25
cocktail parties, 4, 80–81
colleges, 17, 81–82
colonies, American, 2, 6–7
Colorado, 33–34, 44, 63
Congress, 35, 44–48, 52, 94, 98–99; and beer bill, 101–103; and Eighteenth Amendment, 54–56; and Jones Act, 88; and Twenty-First Amendment, 99; and Volstead Act, 57–59
Congressional Temperance Society, 15
Continental Army, 7, 9
Coolidge, Calvin, 72–73, 82, 84, 87, 93
Cotton Club, 78
crime, 9, 43, 89, 97
Darrow, Clarence, 43, 99, 100
deaths, 66, 80, 113
Delavan, Edward, 14
Delmonico’s restaurant, 75
Democratic National Conventions: of 1924, 4, 73; of 1928, 85; of 1932, 4, 97
Democratic Party, 29, 38, 41; and prohibition, 73, 84–86, 91, 94, 96–99
Des Moines, IA, 61, 63
Detroit, 32, 67–68, 85; Purple Gang, 69–70
De Voto, Bernard, 80
distilled spirits, 18, 114; during prohibition, 61, 71–74; regulation of, 106–109
distillers, 7, 11, 110; during prohibition, 65–66; politically weak, 24, 36, 48, 53, 56–57
Dow, Neal, 21
drugs, illegal, 60–61
du Pont, Pierre, 85, 91, 99
Dwight, IL, 35
East Coast, illicit imports along, 68–69
Edison, Thomas, 32
education, alcohol, 28–29
Prohibition Page 13