Sonora, 16
Sosúa, 184
Sotomayor, Rafael, 13
South Georgia Islands, 261
Soviet Union, 61, 70, 135, 172
Spain, 103, 109–10, 118
Spanish American Copper Company, 30
Sparkman, Senator, 175, 176
Stalin, Josef, 113
Standard Oil, 82, 94, 99, 112, 261
Statue of Liberty, 259
Stock Exchange (New York), 80–81, 85
Stockholm, 166, 167, 262
Storni, Alfonsina, 101
Stroessner, Alfredo, 258
Suárez, Roberto, 253
Sucre, 162, 255
Superman (comic strip), 120
Surahammar, 259
Sweden, 260
Sylbaris, Ludger, 7
Tabasco, 73
Tacuba, 91
Tamayo, José Luis, 53–54
Tampico, 56
Tarascan Indians, 227
Taylor, Robert, 146
Tegucigalpa, 206, 235
Téllez, Dora María, 244
Tello (Nicaraguan guerrilla), 237
Tepic, 277
Tequesquitengo, 26
Texaco Oil, 171, 273
Texas, 44
Tierra del Fuego, 7
Tiger of Ixcán, 219–20
Time (magazine), 154
Tlaltizapán, 41, 42
Tlatelolco, 200–201
Tlatelolco prison, 31
Tolima Battalion, 140
Tolstoy, Leo, 22
Toronto, 52
Torreón, 38
Torres, Camilo, 192
Torrijos, Omar, 245, 260
Tortolo, Monseñor, 234
Traven, B., 56
Trotsky, Leon, 113
Trujillo, María de, 159
Trujillo, Rafael Leónidas, 85, 105–6, 107–8, 119, 158–59, 168, 169, 172–73, 184, 186, 187
Trujillo, Ramfis, 105, 119, 173
Trujillo City, 105
Truman, Harry, 126, 149
Tucumán, 128, 129
Tuma River, 267
Túpac Amaru, 55
Turnbull, Walter, 150
Twain, Mark, 188
Ubico, Jorge, 104–5, 149
Ugarteche, Vice Admiral, 196
The Underdogs (Azuela), 41–42
United Fruit Company, 73, 74, 75–76, 105, 136, 148, 149–50, 151, 152, 157
United States of America, 4–5, 7–8, 19, 25, 30, 37–38, 41, 43–44, 45, 50, 52, 64–66, 68, 69, 70–71, 78–81, 85–86, 93, 94, 107, 118–22, 124, 126, 144–47, 149–53, 154, 155, 171–72, 173–74, 175–76, 177, 180, 183, 184, 185, 188, 190, 198–99, 209, 210, 212, 213, 244, 245, 249, 252, 255, 268, 270, 271–72; see also Central Intelligence Agency
U.S. Marines, 8, 19, 30, 62, 68, 69, 71, 86, 94, 119, 172, 190, 263
U.S. National Security Agency, 195
U.S. Rangers, 195
United States Steel Corporation, 4
Universal History of Infamy (Borges), 99
Universal Inter-Oceanic Canal Company, 7
Unkel, Curt, 13
Upar Valley, 135
Urcos, 224
Urrutia, Matilde, 216
Urubamba River, 27
Uruguay, 10, 35, 36, 138, 208, 229–33, 257, 274
Urviola, Ezequiel, 55
Uspantán, 256
Valdivia, Pedro de, 251
Valentino, Rudolph, 64
Valladares, Ramón, 264
Vallejo, César, 118
Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 65
Varela, Héctor Benigno, 53, 56
Varela, Obdulio, 138–39
Vargas, Getulio, 102, 108, 155, 273
Vargas, Rafael, 227–28
the Vatican, 270
Velasco Alvarado, Juan, 223, 224–25
Venezuela, 15, 17, 98–99, 152, 227, 241–42, 269
Vera, Martín, 29
Veracruz, 16
Verne, Jules, 5–6
Verrolino, Genaro, 154
Videla, Jorge Rafael, 233, 234, 246
Vietnam War, 198–99
Villa, Pancho, 26–27, 31, 32, 33–34, 35, 37, 38–39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 57, 58, 72
Villa de Jesús María, 179
Villafañe, Javier, 90–91, 262
Villahermosa, 73
Villa-Lobos, Heitor, 66–67
Villamontes-Boyuibe Road, 98
Villarreina, José, 247
Villarroel, Gualberto, 130
Violeta Parra Community, 277
Walsh, Rodolfo, 238
Washington, D.C., 8, 70, 107, 118, 119, 137, 145, 146, 147, 151, 175, 209, 215, 271, 272
Washington Herald (newspaper), 70
Welles, Orson, 120
Wessin y Wessin, General, 184, 189, 190, 191
West Indian Company, 148
West Orange, N.J., 3
West Point, 119, 211
Wheeler, Burton, 70
White, Ellen G., 78
Whitman, Anne, 151
Wilckens, Kurt, 56
Wilson, Charles, 145
Wilson, Henry Lane, 32
Wiwilí cooperative, 96, 97
Workers’ Party of Acapulco, 54
World War II, 120–21, 122, 123, 126
Wroclaw, 135
Yaguajay, 168
Yaqui Indians, 15, 16, 201–2
Yaqui River, 201
Yara River, 163
Ydígoras Fuentes, Miguel, 150
Yoro, 220
Yrigoyen, Hipólito, 53, 82
Yucatan, 15–16, 42, 58–59
Yupanqui, Atahualpa, 129
Yuro Ravine, 196
Zapata, Emiliano, 25–26, 31, 32–33, 39, 40, 41, 42, 47, 48–49, 60, 111, 146, 196
Zapata, Nicolás, 112
Zapotec Indians, 267
Zárate Huilka, Pablo, 8, 9
Zelaya, José Santos, 19, 30
Zeledón, Benjamin, 30–31
Zemurray, Sam, 149, 151
Zimmerman, Isaac, 22
Zinica, 235
Zumpa beach, 276
Acknowledgments
To Helena Villagra, who helped so much at each stage of the work. Without her, Memory of Fire would not have been possible;
To the friends whose contributions were gratefully acknowledged in the previous volumes, and who also helped here with sources, trails, and suggestions;
To Alfredo Ahuerma, Susan Bergholz, Leonardo Cáceres, Rafael Cartay, Alfredo Cedeño, Rosa del Olmo, Enrique Fierro, César Galeano, Horacio García, Sergius Gonzaga, Berta and Fernanda Navarro, Eric Nepomuceno, David Sánchez-Juliao, Andrés Soliz Rada, and Julio Valle-Castillo, who provided access to the necessary bibliography;
To Jorge Enrique Adoum, Pepe Barrientos, Álvaro Barros-Lémez, Jean-Paul Borel, Rogelio García Lupo, Mauricio Gatti, Juan Gelman, Santiago Kovadloff, Ole Østergaard, Rami Rodríguez, Miguel Rojas-Mix, Nicole Rouan, Pilar Royo, José María Valverde, and Daniel Vidart, who read the drafts with Chinese patience.
This book
is dedicated to Mariana, the Little Flea.
About the Author
Eduardo Galeano is one of Latin America’s most distinguished writers. He is the author of the trilogy Memory of Fire, Open Veins of Latin America, Soccer in Sun and Shadow, Days and Nights of Love and War, The Book of Embraces, Walking Words, Voices of Time, Upside Down, Mirrors: Stories of Almost Everyone, and Children of the Days: A Calendar of Human History. Born in Montevideo in 1940, he lived in exile in Argentina and Spain for years before returning to Uruguay. His work has inspired popular and classical composers and playwrights from all over the world and has been translated into twenty-eight languages. He is the recipient of many international prizes, including the first Lannan Prize for Cultural Freedom, the American Book Award, the Casa de las Américas Prize, and the First Distinguished Citizen of the region by the countries of Mercosur.
All rights reserved, including without limitation the right to reproduce this ebook or any portion thereof in any form or by any means, whether ele
ctronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of the publisher.
Genesis
Originally published in 1982 in Spain as Memoria del fuego, I. Los naciminientos, by Siglo Veintiuno de España Editores, S.A.
Translation Copyright © 1985 by Cedric Belfrage
Copyright © 1982 by Siglo Veintiuno de España Editores, S.A.;
Copyright © 1982 by Siglo Veintiuno de España Editores, S.A.;
Copyright © 1982 by Eduardo Galeano
Faces and Masks
Originally published in 1984 in Spain as Memoria del fuego, II. Las caras y las mascaras, by Siglo Veintiuno de España Editores, S.A.
Translation Copyright © 1987 by Cedric Belfrage
Copyright © 1984 by Siglo Veintiuno de España Editores, S.A.;
Copyright © 1984 by Siglo Veintiuno de España Editores, S.A.
Copyright © 1984 by Eduardo Galeano
Century of the Wind
Originally published in 1986 in Spain as Memoria del fuego, III. El siglo del viento, by SigloVeintiunode EspañaEditores, S.A.
Translation Copyright © 1988 by Cedric Belfrage
Copyright © 1986 by SigloXXI Veintiuno de EspañaEditores, S.A.;
Copyright © 1986 by SigloXXI Veintiuno de EspañaEditores, S.A.;
Copyright © 1986 by Catàlogos, S.R.L.; Copyright 1984 by Eduardo Galeano
Cover designs by Liz Connor
ISBN: 978-1-4804-8149-7
This edition published in 2014 by Open Road Integrated Media, Inc.
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The Memory of Fire Trilogy: Genesis, Faces and Masks, and Century of the Wind Page 104