3,940 – six guns
Brigade, Major-General Count A. Degenfeld
III/Kaiser Jäger
900
II/IR Schwarzenberg (Nr.19)
650
I & II/IR Nugent (Nr. 30)
2,000
Uhlan Regiment Archduke Carl (Nr.3), 2 sqdns.
220
22nd 6 Pounder Foot Artillery Battery
110 – six guns
Total – four battalions, two squadrons, one battery
3,880 – six guns
Brigade, Major-General Prince E. Liechtenstein
I & II/IR Geppert (Nr.43) 11 companies
1,300
I & II/IR Rukawina (Nr.61)
1,500
Flotillen Company
100
Uhlan Regiment Archduke Carl (Nr.3), 2 sqdns.
220
16th 6 Pounder Foot Artillery Battery
110
Total – three battalions, six companies, two squadrons, one battery
3,230
Artillery & Munitions Reserve
8th 12 Pounder Battery, and Rocket Battery
Nr.6
380 – 12 guns, six rocket tubes
1st Pioneer Company with one Bridging Train
200
Corps Totals – 11⅔ battalions, two companies, six squadrons, 30 guns, 9,950 infantry, 660 cavalry, 1,020 artillery/engineers etc. – 11,630
I RESERVE CORPS
Commander
FML von Wocher
Chief of Staff
Major Baron Buirette
Corps Adjutant
Major Stäger
Division, FML Prince Carl Schwarzenberg
Brigade, Major-General Gustav, Count Wimpffen
1st Styrian Schützen Battalion
1,000
3rd Vienna Volunteer Battalion
600
I & II/IR Piret (Nr.27)
1,600
13th 6 Pounder Foot Artillery Battery
100 – six guns
Total – four battalions, one battery
3,300 – six guns
Brigade, Major-General Archduke Sigismund
Grenadier Battalion Marziani
850
Grenadier Battalion Crenneville
780
Grenadier Battalion Neydisser
690
Grenadier Battalion Pöltinger
850
Grenadier Battalion Engelhofer (4 companies)
530
10th 6 Pounder Foot Artillery Battery
100 – six guns
Total – four ⅔ battalions, one battery, 3,800 – six guns
Division, FML Baron Stürmer
Brigade, Major-General Archduke Ernst
Uhlan Regiment Kaiser (Nr.1) 6 sqdns
830
Chevauxleger Regiment Liechtenstein (Nr.5)
8 sqdns. 890
Horse Artillery Battery Nr. 4 120 – six guns
Total – 14 squadrons, one battery 1,720 – six guns
Brigade, Major-General Count Schaffgotsche
Dragoon Regiment Bavaria, (Nr.2) 6 sqdns.
600
Horse Artillery Battery Nr. 6 120 – six guns
Total – six squadrons, one battery
720 men – six guns
Artillery & Munitions Reserve
5th 12 Pounder Battery, 17th 6 Pounder
Foot
Artillery Battery, and Rocket Battery Nr.9
460 – 12 guns, six rocket tubes
12th Pioneer Company with five bridging trains
200
Corps Totals – 8⅔ battalions, one company, 20 squadrons, 42 guns, 6,900 infantry, 2,329 cavalry, 1,100 artillery/engineers etc. – 12,320
Army Artillery Reserve
II/IR Fürstenwärther (Nr. 56)
900
1st 10 Pound Howitzer Battery, 1st 30
Pound Mortar Battery, & Rocket Batteries
Nrs. 5 & 7 300 – 10 guns 12 rocket tubes
Total – one battalion, four batteries
1,200 – 22 guns
Other units
1,000
Army Total – 73 battalions, 11 companies, 46 squadrons, 226 guns – approximately 73,400 men, of whom 61,200 were infantry, 5,420 cavalry, and 6,780 in other corps.
__________________________________
1. Hilleprandt, ÖMZ 1864, Vol. 1, pp.15-20.
Appendix XX
Imperial-Royal Austrian Army in Italy
Other Troops in Lombardy and Venetia
March 1849 1
Commander Field Marshal Count J.J. F.
Radetzky
Under General Army Command in Crema
Uhlan Regiment Kaiser (Nr. 4), one squadron
110
In Milan Castle
I/Liccaner Grenz IR (Nr.1) – From I Corps
Landwehr/IR Piret (Nr.27) – From I Reserve Corps
Landwehr/IR Fürstenwärther (Nr.56) – From II Corps
2,440
Fortress of Bergamo
IR Archduke Carl (Nr.3), two companies – From III Corps
200
Brescia Castle
IR Archduke Ludwig (Nr.8), four companies – From III Corps
400
Rocca d ’Anfo
IR Hartmann (Nr.9), two companies – From Tyrol
½ rocket battery
420, three rocket tubes
Defences of Bormio
1st Feld-Jäger Battalion, two companies – From III Corps
½ 6 pounder battery and ½rocket battery – From Tyrol
400, three guns, three rocket tubes
Trento
Chevauxleger Regiment Liechtenstein (Nr.9), one squadron – From III Corps
150
Pizzighettone
IR Wocher (Nr.25), two companies – From IV Corps
IR Geppert (Nr.23),one company – From IV Corps
460
Piacenza (All from IV Corps)
Warasdiner Kreuzer Grenz IR (Nr.5), 10 companies
IR Wocher (Nr. 25), 10 companies
I and II/IR Archduke Ernst (Nr.48)
Uhlan Regiment Archduke Carl (Nr.3), two squadron
3rd, 7th, and 21st Foot Artillery Batteries
Horse Artillery Battery Nr, 9
1st Position Battery
3rd Rocket Battery
5,810, 30 guns, six rocket tubes
Brescello
Warasdiner Kreuzer Grenz IR (Nr.5), two companies
Brooder Grenz IR (Nr.7), one company
560
Citadel of Modena
I/IR Schwarzenberg (Nr.19) 690
Citadel of Ferrara
II/Roman –Banat Grenz IR (Nr.13)
720
Mantua and Borgoforte
I and II/IR Constatine (Nr.18) – Garrison
III/IR Ceccopieri (Nr.23) – Garrison
6th Garrison Battalion, four companies – Garrison
6th 6 Pounder Foot Artillery Battery
I/1st Banal Grenz IR (Nr.10) – From IV Corps
III/IR Geppert (Nr.43) – From IV Corps
Szluiner Grenz IR (Nr.4), ten companies – From II Corps
Kaiser Uhlan Regiment Nr. 4, one squadron –
From I Reserve Corps
5,710, six guns
Peschiera (From II Reserve Corps)
Czaikisten and Flotillen Corps, four companies
990
Verona
II/1st Banal Grenz IR (Nr.10) – From II Reserve Corps
I/Wallachian –Banat Grenz IR (Nr.13) – Frome II Reserve Corps
I, II, and III, IR Baden (Nr.59) – From III Corps
IR Archduke Ludwig (Nr. 8), fourteen companies,
From III Corps
Liechtenstein Chevauxleger regiment (Nr.9), one squadron
23rd 6 Pounder Foot Artillery Battery
5,460, six guns
Legnago
II/2nd Banal Grenz IR (Nr.11), four companies
630
> Rovigo, Polesella, Santa Maria Maddalena, Boaro, Conselve –
All from II Reserve Corps
I and Landwehr/IR Prince Emil (Nr.54)
Boyneburg Dragoon Regiment (Nr.4), two squadrons
19th 6 Pounder Foot Artillery Battery
Detachment of Czaikisten
1,990, six guns
Encirclement of Venice – All from II Reserve Corps2
2nd Styrian Schützen Battalion
II/Warasdiner St. George Grenz IR (Nr.6)
I and II/Illyrian Banat Grenz IR (Nr.14)
I and Landwehr/ IR Koudelka (Nr.40)
II/IR Prince Emil (Nr.54)
Boyneburg Dragoon Regiment (Nr.4), two squadrons
½ Provisional 12 Pounder Battery
Rocket Battery Nr. 8
2nd and 3rd Pioneer Companies, with three bridging trains, and a detachment of Czaikisten
9,090, three guns, six rocket.tubes
Padua – All from II Reserve Corps
7th and 8th Feld-Jäger Battalions
I and Landwehr/IR Haynau (Nr.57)
Landwehr/IR Schönhals (Nr.29)
Boyneburg Dragoon Regiment (Nr.4), one squadron
18th 6 Pounder Foot Artillery Battery
Horse Artillery Battery Nr. 8
12 Pounder Artillery Battery Nr. 6
½ Provisional 12 Pounder Battery
Mortar Battery Nr. 2
6,210, 28 guns
Vicenza – All from II Reserve Corps
I/2nd Banal Grenz IR (Nr.11), four companies
Boyneburg Dragoon Regiment (Nr.4), one squadron
½ Provisional 6 Pounder Battery
800, three guns
Motta, Conegliano, Sacile, Belluno, and Bassano
Landwehr/IR Prohaska (Nr.7) – From II Reserve Corps
960
Udine Castle, Palmanova, Osoppo, and Tagliamento Bridgehead
Landwehr/IR Mazzuchelli (Nr.10)
I and II/IR Hrabovsky (Nr. 14) 2,400
Total
46,600, 96 guns, 18 rocket tubes
__________________________________
1. Hilleprandt, ‘1849’, pp. 21-24.
2. Note that all troops in Venetia are under the authority of FML Haynau, commander of II Reserve Corps.
Appendix XXI
Army of the Republic of Venice Spring 18491
Commander
Lieutenant-General Guglielmo Pepe
Chief of Staff
Colonel Girolamo Ulloa
Artillery & Engineers
Bandiere e Moro
220
Marine Artillery
1,100
Fortress Artillery
400
Field Artillery
1,200
Engineers
250
Total Artillery & Engineers
3,170
12 Field guns, with 550 guns mounted in forts and batteries.
Cavalry
Mounted Cacciatori
Two squadrons 200
Total cavalry 200
Infantry
Regiment Cacciatori del Sile
Two battalions 1,100
Regiment Galateo
Two battalions 1,200
Euganeo Legion
Two battalions 800
Brenta & Bacchiglione Legion
Two battalions 800
1st Regiment, Civic Guard
Two battalions 1,500
2nd Regiment, Civic Guard
Two battalions 1,500
Friuli Legion
One battalion 800
Cacciatori del Alpi Legion
One battalion 800
Free Italy Battalion 600
Lombard Battalion 500
Marine Infantry Battalion 1,300
Neapolitan Battalion 500
Gendarmerie Battalion 1,000
NCO Company 100
Depot Company 100
Hungarian Company (converted to field artillery in July) 60
Swiss Company 90
Dalmatian-Istrian Corps (disbanded in May) 68
Union Battalion 900
Total Infantry
14,118
Total Troops
17,488
__________________________________
1. Carrano, pp. 98-99. He gives these figures from an unnamed contemporary journal, concluding that they are accurate. Marchesi, I Commentari, pp. 149-152 ends up with a strikingly close figure of 17,488. Ulloa, Vol II, p. 198, states 16-17,000
Glossary
Bersaglieri: An elite rifle-armed Piedmontese light infantry corps, founded in 1836. Some volunteer/irregular units also adopted the name to gain reflected status.
Bragozzo: A flat bottomed, two-masted fishing vessel
Cacciatori: Light infantry/cavalry (Italian)
Cavaliere/Ritter: Knight (Italian/Austrian)
C./Ca/Casa: Prominent house or building (Italian)
Civici: Civic Guards (Italian)
Crociati: Literally, ‘Crusaders’. Name used by many Italian volunteers in 1848
division: infantry formation of two companies, or cavalry of two or three squadrons (Austrian and Piedmontese)
Feldwebel/Oberjäger: Sergeant (Austrian)
Gefreiter: Lance Corporal/PFC (Austrian)
FML (Feldmarshall-Lieutenant): Lieutenant-General (Austrian)
M/Monte: Hill/Mountain
National Guard: Organised volunteer militia
Oberlieutenant: Lieutenant/1st Lieutenant (Austrian)
Pirogue: A small flat-bottomed boat frequently punted with a push pole
Rittmeister: Austrian cavalry major
Trabaccolo: A keeled vessel with two masts and a bowsprit, commonly found in the upper Adriatic
Uhlan: Lance armed cavalry (Austrian)
Unterjäger: Jäger Corporal (Austrian)
Unit Designations
Military units in this volume are normally represented by numbers and/or words placed on either side of an oblique stroke. A name or Arabic numeral placed after the oblique represents the name or number of the particular regiment concerned. A Roman numeral preceding the oblique refers to an infantry battalion, whereas an Arabic numeral refers to a company or squadron. For example, II/IR Wellington refers to the 2nd Battalion of the Austrian Infantry Regiment of that name. 1/IR Wellington refers to the 1st Company of the same regiment. III/4th Infantry Regiment, refers to the 3rd Battalion of the 4th Piedmontese Infantry Regiment, and equally, 1/4th Infantry Regiment is a reference to the 1st Company of that same regiment. 1/Genoa Cavalry Regiment is the 1st Squadron of that Piedmontese cavalry regiment.
For clarity, in the text, Austrian regiments are referred to by their names, and in general, their opponents, by the number. Because of the diverse nature of the Italian forces concerned, the latter cannot be universal. The reader is strongly recommended to read Chapter III, Opposing Forces in 1848, which will explain these factors.
A Note on Sources
Both the revolutions of 1848 and the Risorgimento have generated an almost immeasurable amount of literature. The latter, indeed, has many complete libraries devoted to it. In short, the amount of material available to the researcher is vast. In this work, limited to two specific military campaigns in two consecutive years, there is still an enormous reservoir of information which can be researched. Note also that many of the sources which are in the public domain are now available in digital form on the internet, some of them in their entirety. It should be noted, though, that not all are fully complete, or have pages or parts thereof obscured. This is especially true with maps and illustrations. I would highlight here a number of the published sources which have been consulted for this study, which may be of particular interest. Full details can be found in the bibliography
Anon. (Kriegsbegebenheiten): The Austrian official history, undertaken largely at the behest of FML Hess. This is a very detailed work, with an extremely dry style. There are several editions of its seven parts, which can be found published ind
ividually and together.
Bava: Baron Bava, the senior ranking Piedmontese general by July, 1848, published his two accounts of the campaign. Both are bitterly critical of almost everyone other than himself, including the King. Nevertheless, much of the criticism has resonance. These tracts made it impossible for Bava to remain in the service.
Berkeley: Still the standard work in English, it covers most of the events of 1848 in great detail, although Venice is sometimes left in obscurity. Its flaw is the author’s clear partisanship. With this important reservation, a good overall source.
Cattaneo, Carlo: Originally a progressive reformer, Cattaneo became an avowed republican, and head of the Provisional Government in Milan after the Five Days. His account, reprinted several times, is highly critical of the Piedmontese, with Pieri considering that much of this criticism was fair.
Fabris, Cecilio: The major Italian official history of the campaign of 1848, in three volumes. Despite the title, Colonel Fabris died before he actually covered the whole of 1848. This aspect of the work was taken over by Lieutenant-General Zanelli, and the extensive coverage of Custoza is based upon an earlier work of his on the subject (see bibliography).
Ferrero, Gabriel Maximilien: A diary of the 1848 Campaign, written by a French speaking officer of the Savoy Brigade of the Piedmontese Army. This is a most informative personal account from an acute observer, who commanded a company for much of the period. It is unfortunate that he did not continue the work to encompass the brief 1849 Campaign. A very rare quirky English translation, by Ferrero’s wife, exists.
Flagg, Edmund: A detailed account of the siege of Venice, by the man who replaced William Sparks as American Consul in the city, after Sparks died of cholera near its end. It was reputedly considered by Daniele Manin, himself, to be the most accurate version of the siege that he had seen.
Grüll, Franz Josef: A distillation of official reports in the Vienna War Archives, by a serving Imperial officer, which covers the campaign of 1848. Dry, certainly, but very informative and often minutely detailed.
Hilleprandt, Anton Edler von: The author’s two works provide a detailed study of each campaign, written with simple clarity, and mainly taken from documents in the Vienna War Archives. Captain Hilleprandt was, at the time, based in the War Ministry. Each chapter is followed by a detailed consideration. The works exist in both book and periodical form.
Le Masson : A Swiss artillery officer, Captain Le Masson wrote several important works on the 1848/49 campaigns. Though sympathetic to the Italian cause, he makes valid criticisms of both sides, whilst vividly describing the progress of the war.
Pieri, Piero: A decorated veteran of the First World War, Pieri was almost certainly the most respected 20th Century Italian historian of the Risorgimento. His Storia militare del Risorgimento remains the base-line for further study on the subject.
Radetzky's Marches Page 62