“thousands of small”: Eisenhower, President Is Calling, 99.
“behind barbed wire”: Morgenthau quoted ibid., 99.
“brooded about this”: Ibid., 125.
“for mass internments”: Ibid., 99, 125–26.
“prisoners of war”: My Day, 19 February 1942.
as “smoothly, quickly”: Eisenhower, President Is Calling, 95–125.
“I’m afraid no one”: ER to Elinor Morgenthau, 24 March 1942.
“These are days”: My Day, 21 March 1942.
“secure fair prices”: Morgenthau’s conversation with FDR, 5 March 1942, in Smith, FDR, 552. See also Robinson, By Order, 75, 134–45, 176, 249.
$400 million in: After the war, Congress paid $37 million in reparations and in 1980 Ronald Reagan allocated an additional $20,000 for each surviving refugee.
“You know I am”: Memorandum of conversation, 15 May 1942, Morgenthau Papers, quoted in Gellman, Secret Affairs, 293. See also Blum, Price of Vision, 79–80.
“It did your mother”: Tommy to Anna, 1 April 1942, Anna Roosevelt Halsted Papers, box 75.
“Many times I wanted”: Lash Diary, March 1942, Lash Papers.
everybody “chatted amiably”: Ibid.
“the linen and silver”: ER to Anna, 27 April, 7 May, 19 May 1942.
“very comfortable, there is”: Tommy to Anna.
“they don’t make things”: ER to Anna, 27 April, 7 May, 19 May 1942.
“the summer with us”: Tommy to Anna.
“to please your mother”: Tommy to Anna.
“Elliott dropped from”: ER to Anna, 27 April, 7 May, 19 May 1942.
“I shall return”: For the Pacific situation, and Douglas MacArthur’s longtime friendship with Quezon, independence leader and first president of the Philippines, see Burns, Soldier of Freedom, 205–9.
“Pa says Johnnie”: ER to Anna, 27 April, 7 May, 19 May 1942.
“people of the world”: “Race, Religion and Prejudice” for the New Republic, 11 May 1942.
“The pictures in”: ER and Frances Cooke Macgregor, This Is America.
“fleeing from oppression”: Ibid. It is unclear how ER came to write this book or the origins of her friendship with Macgregor, a pioneering photographer who also published Twentieth Century Indians. See ER to Anna, 7 May 1942.
“Freedom to live”: ER, “What We Are Fighting For,” American Magazine 134 (July 1942), 16-17, 60-62.
“in its truest sense”: Ibid.
“Some have spoken”: Henry Wallace, “The Price of Free World Victory,” speech to the Free World Association, New York, 8 May 1942.
“the Americanization of”: Henry Luce, “The American Century,” Life, February 17, 1941.
“a voluntary registration”: ER, press conference, 5 May 1942, in Beasley, ER Press Conferences.
“This memo is”: Wise to ER, 1 April 1942, and ER to Welles, in Welles, FDR’s Global Strategist, 226–27. See also Feingold, Politics of Rescue, 170–73; and Gilbert, Auschwitz and Allies, 21–24, 32–36.
“for fear of Arab”: Welles to ER, in Welles, FDR’s Global Strategist, 226–27.
“not allowed to marry”: ER, press conference, 5 and 14 May 1942, in Beasley, ER Press Conferences, 289–95.
Oveta Culp Hobby: Bill Hobby to author; Celia Morris and Sissy Farenthold to author.
“I’m rather tired”: ER to Anna, 19 May 1942.
“If only the war”: ER to Lape, 14 June 1942; TIR, 250–51; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 556–79.
“There is a great”: Tommy to Lape, 21 July 1942; see also letters from June and August 1942, esp. 24 August.
“thought through what”: TIR, 256–57.
“I am very glad”: ER, press conference, in Beasley, ER Press Conferences. See also “Hopkins Wedding,” New York Times, 5 July 1942.
“which meant she”: TIR, 257.
“best big party”: Flanner, Paris Was Yesterday, 220–21.
rigid “old dragons”: Mosel and Macy, Leading Lady.
“Harry Hopkins and”: Anna to ER, 27 July 1942.
“Vichy has agreed”: Varian Fry to ER, 27 August 1942, with 25 August report, ER box 853. On 22 July 2012, French president François Hollande commemorated the seventieth anniversary of the 16–17 July 1942 Vélodrome d’Hiver roundup. See also Hollande, “The Crime Committed in France by France,” New York Review of Books, 27 September 2012.
“The U.S. Committee”: ER to Norman Davis, 4 September 1942, box 1637.
“I was very sorry”: My Day, 5 September 1942.
Vichy France denied them: Marrus and Paxton, Vichy France, 261–70; Wyman, Paper Walls, 133–34. The State Department limited an effort to save 200 children who were already across the Pyrenees in Spain. Ultimately, 76,000 French Jews were deported to death camps; of them, only 2,500 returned.
“Naturally we should”: ER to FDR; FDR to ER.
“I am firmly”: ER speech, June 1942. Democracy in Action was supported by Wendell Willkie, Mary McLeod Bethune, Tallulah Bankhead, Herbert Agar, Lyman Beecher Stowe, Carl Van Doren, Daisy Harriman, and other notables, New York Times, 2 June 1942.
“the propaganda campaign”: Murray, Song.
“tried to evade us”: Ibid., 166–76.
“in a voice that”: Ibid.
“four or five times”: Harry Hopkins, memorandum, 1 July 1942.
“the Government of the US”: Murray’s open letter to FDR (draft), 17 July 1942, Pauli Murray Papers. The letter was signed by A. Philip Randolph; Frank Crosswaith, director the Negro Labor Committee and the New York Housing Authority; William Lloyd Imes, pastor of St. James Presbyterian Church in New York; Anna Arnold Hedgeman, Negro Women, Inc.; Layle Lane, vice-president of the American Federation of Teachers; Leon Ransom, acting dean of Howard University Law School; Pauli Murray, chair of the NAACP Student Conference; and Albert Hamilton of the Workers Defense League.
“If Japanese-Americans”: Murray to FDR.
“I wonder if it”: ER to Murray, 3 August 1942.
“Today what concerns”: My Day, 3 April 1942. In this column ER also cited Earl Brown’s article “American Negroes in the War.”
“danced around”: Lash Diary, 1 January 1942, Lash Papers.
“One cannot help”: My Day, 13 April 1942.
“You are right”: FDR to Ickes, 12 August 1942, Library of Congress. See William L. Neumann, “Roosevelt’s Options and Evasions in Foreign Policy, 1940–1945,” in Liggio and Martin, Watershed of Empire, 162–82; Fischer, Life of Gandhi, 360–65, 384ff; Gaddis Smith, 90; and Bhagavan, Peacemakers.
“met us at the door”: Murray, Song, 190–95.
an ISS conference: Ibid., and New York Times, 2 August 1942, to announce the ISS World Council, 2–5 September 1942.
“Fairness gives you”: For the Tuskegee Airmen in combat from 1943 to 1945, I am grateful to Dr. Roscoe Brown and Percy Heath for their memories, and to Dr. Brown for the Tuskegee Airmen history. See Redtails, the book and the film; and Henry Louis Gates, “3 Women ‘Red Tails’ Left Out,” Root, posted 25 January 2012; I am grateful to Louise Bernikow for this last reference.
pilot Jacqueline Cochran: My Day, 16 September 1942.
“We opened our”: My Day, 14 and 16 September 1942. On the Battle of Stalingrad, see Ehrenburg, War, and Werth, Russia at War, 441ff. The Soviet victory was achieved after almost two million deaths.
“FDR read. It is horrible.”: ER to FDR, 9 October 1942. The article was Paul Winterton, News Chronicle, London.
Chapter Eighteen: “Golden Footprints”: A Permanent Bond in War and Peace
persuaded Roland Hayes: Olson, Citizens of London, 289.
“across what has now”: My Day, 24 October 1942.
“by the queen”: TIR, 263.
> “grew more and more nervous”: TIR, 263–64.
“We welcome you”: Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 659. See also Tania Long, New York Times, 24 October 1942.
“various women’s services”: Tommy to Lape, 7 May 1942.
“blocks upon blocks”: TIR, 261–65; Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 658–61; My Day, 24–26 October 1942.
“in no way prepared”: My Day, 27 October 1942.
“with Sir Stafford”: ER to Lash, 29 October and 5 November 1942; Lash, Love Eleanor, 411–12; Tommy to Lape, 14 November and 21 December 1942.
“At the White House”: William Phillips Diary, May–September 1943, 253–73. See also Caroline D. Phillips Diary, 7 May 1942, 215–16; 23 June 1942, 225ff; 5 November 1942, 235; 6 January 1943–May 1943. I am grateful to Kathleen Dalton for these journals.
“she ran nine canteens”: Olson, Citizens of London, 107–9.
“it was a little too late”: TIR, 275.
“Mrs. Churchill is”: Ibid., 267.
“a Woman’s Land Army”: My Day, 4 December 1941.
talking “without faltering”: Tania Long, “Calmly Ignores First Genuine Air Raid Alarm,” New York Times, 27 October 1942.
“every type of army”: My Day, 29 October 1942.
“a delightful place”: TIR, 267–68; My Day, 27 and 28 October 1942.
“side by side”: TIR, 273–74.
“We used to look down”: Ibid.
“erotic frenzy of”: Olson, Citizens of London, 98–104.
“Randolph Churchill’s”: Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 662. Duncan Sandys, Diana Churchill’s husband, believed everybody knew of the affair. Hopkins told FDR, and he “got a big kick out of it.” Olson, Citizens of London, 103.
Norway’s Princess Martha: Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 677–79.
“Rover has lost”: TIR, 268.
“young colored trainees”: My Day, 4 November 1942. See also My Day, 3 November 1942, Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 662–66, Christopher Paul Moore, Black Soldiers, 29–30.
“in some ways”: TIR, 269–71.
was “not . . . hilarious”: Ibid. See also My Day, 3 and 4 November 1942, ER to FDR in Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 622, and Tommy to Lape, 14 November 1942.
“I liked her very much”: Swift, Roosevelts and Royals, 199–201.
“very much the same”: My Day, 5 November 1942. See also My Day, 6 and 8 November 1942.
for “country nurseries”: My Day, 9 November 1942.
“the British people”: My Day, 10 November 1942.
“We come among you”: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 364.
“we assured that”: My Day, 9 November 1942.
“Are we fighting”: Smith, Eisenhower in War, 239. See also Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, 9–27 November, 2:261–67.
“felt betrayed and”: Plesch, America, Hitler and the UN, 78.
on the “futility”: My Day, 12 November 1942.
“a big gathering”: My Day, 14 November 1942; Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 667–68. See also My Day, 11–13 November 1942.
“it was good to have a bath”: My Day, 14 November 1942; ER Diary, 11–12 November 1942.
“very old Allenswood”: My Day, 15–17 November 1942; TIR, 176.
“I suppose I look”: ER Diary, 13 November 1942, 79–83.
“a delightful evening”: My Day, 17 November 1942.
“You certainly have left”: Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 668.
“has done more”: Ibid.
“I don’t care how”: Ibid.
“surprised to see”: My Day, 19 November 1942.
“I really think Franklin”: Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 668.
only “buy refreshments”: Buckley, American Patriots, 260–61.
“fight for freedom”: Dwight Eisenhower in Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 243–44.
“I do not want us”: Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, 26 November 1942, 2:263–64.
“I have not become”: Winston Churchill, “The Bright Gleam of Victory,” speech, 9 November 1942, 2544–46.
“more than anyone”: Blum, Morgenthau Diaries; ER to Anna, 24 October 1942.
“was a most ruthless”: Blum, Roosevelt and Morgenthau, 495.
“something that affects”: Ibid., 497.
“We are opposed”: FDR, “Statement on Political Arrangements in North Africa,” 17 November 1942.
Bonnier de la Chapelle: Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, 6 December 1942, 2:269.
“none of us will ever forget”: My Day, 13 June 1942. Lidice was remembered in Germany and Czechoslovakia in June 2012, with panels and the film Lidice, In the Shadow of Memory by Alan Teller and Jerry Zbiral.
“resolved to do all”: Writers’ War Board introduction to Edna St. Vincent Millay, Murder of Lidice. See also Gilbert, Second World War, 332.
“1,000,000 Jews slain”: New York Times, 30 June 1942.
“This morning I saw”: My Day, 5 December 1942.
“a message transmitted”: My Day, 10 December 1942.
“Letters, reports, cables”: Varian Fry, “The Massacre of the Jews,” New Republic, 21 December 1942.
“any statement to make”: Plesch, America, Hitler and the UN, 104–6.
“we gathered at midnight”: My Day, 2 January 1943.
“To the person”: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 364–65.
“to the women”: My Day, 2 January 1943.
“I’m sure the kids”: ER to Anna, 21 December, 2 and 3 January 1943.
“I don’t know if I”: Lash, Love, Eleanor, 416–18.
“motioned for me”: Eisenhower, President Is Calling, 143–44.
“the French empire”: Olson, Citizens of London, 221.
“Roosevelt was familiar”: Ibid., 217.
“the only man”: The day after Peyrouton’s appointment was announced, Henry Wallace phoned Milton Eisenhower for his views “and found him very much disturbed about it.” Wallace, Price of Vision, 167–68.
“mean to maintain”: Brands, Traitor, 700–2; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 274–98.
“to overcrowd the”: Grose, Israel, 123–33; Neil Smith, American Empire.
“a politician and a fanatic”: TIR, 281.
“97% of the political prisoners”: Lash, Love Eleanor, 423.
to “trouble spots”: TIR, 284.
“The world of war”: My Day, 1 April 1942. Mayling Soong Chiang’s letter, dated 12 January 1942, was delivered by China scholar Owen Lattimore. For Lattimore’s efforts in China see Robert Newman, The Loss of China, and BWC introduction to Lattimore, Ordeal by Slander.
“seemed so small”: TIR, 283; My Day, 1 and 15 April 1942.
“mingled fire and ice”: Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 676.
“sensitive to the global”: Ibid.
“I think she is able”: Tommy to Lape, 25 February 1943.
“a great feeling of pride”: My Day, 19 February 1943.
“I feel strongly”: ER, press conference, 24 February 1943, in Beasley, ER Press Conferences, 325–28.
“a sweet, gentle”: TIR, 283–84.
“extravagance and arrogance”: Tommy to Lape, 14 April, 26 April, and 6 May 1943.
“The President . . . is”: Tuchman, Stilwell and China, 352.
“F. said one”: Lash, Love, Eleanor, 431.
“The imprisonment of”: George Bernard Shaw, “From a Message to the Tagore Society,” reprinted in Twice a Year, 26 February 1943, 60–64.
“Please read this”: FDR to Hopkins, 19 March 1943.
“To throw [the Congress activists]”: Lash, World of Love, 8.
was “very complimentary”: FDR to Phillips.
“Phillips returned to”: Br
eckinridge Long Diary, 13 May 1943.
“the great man thumped”: Caroline D. Phillips Diary, 6 January–17 March, 16 May, 24 May 1943, courtesy of Kathleen Dalton. On Churchill meeting, 241–63. See also Fischer, Life of Gandhi, 391–96.
“Loewe and Pollock”: Wallace, Price of Vision, 184. See also Lash, Love, Eleanor, 428.
“the loneliest man”: Daisy Suckley, 14 February 1943, in Geoffrey Ward, Closest Companion, 201.
“G-2 operatives had”: Lash, Love, Eleanor, 450.
“what the hotel people thought”: Tommy to Lape, 14 and 26 April 1943; Lash, Love, Eleanor, 450–54.
a “gigantic conspiracy”: For the invasive file, zealously compiled on Joe, Trude, and ER, March 1943, see Lash, Love, Eleanor, 459–91.
“I spent a rather terrible”: Lash, Love, Eleanor, 446.
“I’m sorry that I”: Ibid., 450.
“insist that Army intelligence”: Ibid., 451.
“isn’t playing straight”: Tommy to Lape.
FDR gave Hoover: On Hoover’s unlimited authority, unchecked wiretaps, and routine discrimination against Spanish Civil War veterans, see Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes, 104–15; Athan Theoharis, From the Secret Files of J. Edgar Hoover, 59–65; and Tim Weiner, Enemies, 74–108.
“would make her appear”: Henry Wallace, oral history, 11 March 1944. Wallace noted that Hoover’s agents revealed “stupendous ignorance” and used as a “trust barometer” an individual’s view of ER and himself: “If they thought highly of [ER or me] that made them suspicious characters,” 3174.
leaflets saying “Freedom!”: Gilbert, Second World War, 412.
“There is great ferment”: Hermann Vinke, Short Life of Scholl, 15–118, 154–56.
“The world is deeply moved”: Scholl, White Rose, 148–59. See also Anne Nelson, Red Orchestra, 275–89; Shareen Brysac, Resisting Hitler.
a political warfare campaign: Paul Hagen, “How to Prepare Collaboration with the Anti-Nazi Underground Movement,” Twice a Year, X–XI, 1943, 102–9; Dorothy Norman, “Editor’s Statement,” 21.
“the mass memorial”: My Day, 14 April 1943.
“Do all we possibly can”: My Day, 16 April 1943.
the “moving, exciting”: Kurt Grossmann, August 1943 to Sophie Scholl. After the war Sophie Scholl’s sister, Inge Aicher-Scholl, visited New York, and on 29 April 1957 she and Grossmann had tea with ER at her apartment.
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