by Clare Mulley
88 Wladimir Ledóchowski, ‘Christine Skarbek-Granville’, p. 151.
89 Maria Nurowska, Miłošnica (1999).
90 Howarth, Undercover, p. 73.
91 Daniel Farson, ‘Riddle of the Woman Pimpernel’, Observer Magazine (20.10.1974).
6: TRAVELS IN AN OPEL
1 Wladimir Ledóchowski, ‘Christine Skarbek-Granville’, p. 174.
2 Masson, Christine: SOE Agent, p. 90.
3 TNA, HS9/612, Draft citation for Kristina Giżycka (Christine Granville) (nd).
4 Andrzej Kowerski-Kennedy quoted in Masson, Christine: SOE Agent, p. 95.
5 TNA, HS9/588/2, ‘Statement made by “X”’ (23.2.1941).
6 Wladimir Ledóchowski, ‘Christine Skarbek-Granville’, p. 177.
7 TNA, HS9/612, Draft citation for Kristina Giżycka (Christine Granville) (nd).
8 Walker, Poland Alone, p. 75.
9 Wazacz, No Ordinary Countess, Barbara Pienkowska interview.
10 Bridge, Tightening String, p. 48.
11 O’Malley, Phantom Caravan, p. 209.
12 Ibid.
13 Bridge, A Place to Stand, p. 111.
14 O’Malley papers, Kate O’Malley to Sir Owen and Ann Bridge (24.6.1952).
15 O’Malley, Phantom Caravan, p. 209; also Wladimir Ledóchowski, ‘Christine Skarbek-Granville’, p. 181.
16 Wladimir Ledóchowski, ‘Christine Skarbek-Granville’, p. 183.
17 Daniel Farson, ‘Riddle of the Woman Pimpernel’, in the Observer Magazine (20.10.1974).
18 Bridge, A Place to Stand, p. 186.
19 O’Malley papers, Granville to Kate O’Malley (nd).
20 O’Malley papers, Andrzej Kowerski to Kate O’Malley (nd).
21 O’Malley, Phantom Caravan, p. 209.
22 Masson, Christine: SOE Agent, p. 103.
23 TNA, HS4/291, SOE Eastern Europe files, Poland, Sir Owen O’Malley letter to Harold Perkins (21.6.1944).
24 Wilkinson and Astley, Gubbins and SOE, p. 75.
25 Stafford, Secret Agent.
26 IWM, Gubbins papers 2/11, Gubbins lecture, ‘SOE’ (June 1959).
27 TNA, HS9/588/2, Jerzy Giżycki, ‘Jerzy Giżycki Operations Report: D/ H Norton, 4826’.
28 Crawley, Leap Before You Look, pp. 161–2.
29 O’Malley papers, Granville to Kate O’Malley (nd).
30 HS9/588/2, ‘Statement made by “X”’ (23.2.1941), Aidan Crawley’s comments at the end of Christine’s report.
31 Stahel, Operation Barbarossa, p. 35.
32 Churchill, The Second World War, III, p. 287.
33 TNA, HS9/830/3, Kowerski-Kennedy.
34 O’Malley papers, Granville to Kate O’Malley (nd).
35 Christine Isabelle Cole interview (May 2011).
36 O’Malley papers, Andrzej Kowerski to Kate O’Malley (nd).
37 Amery, Approach March, p. 186.
38 Crawley, Leap Before You Look, p. 154.
39 TNA, HS9/612, ‘Krystyna Giżycka (Alias Christine Granville)’ (late 1945/early 1946).
40 O’Malley papers, Granville to Kate O’Malley (nd).
41 O’Malley papers, Granville to Kate O’Malley (25.3.1941).
42 Howarth, Undercover, p. 66.
43 Giżycki, ‘Winding Trail’, p. 415.
44 Ibid., p. 417.
45 Ibid., p. 420.
46 Ibid., p. 421.
47 TNA, HS9/588/2, Jerzy Giżycki, ‘Recommendation for award’ (nd).
48 Ibid., Jerzy Giżycki, ‘Filenote re Norton, from D/H13 to M/X, Istanbul, 31.5.41’.
49 Churchill, The Second World War, III, p. 137.
50 Bridge, A Place to Stand, p. 196.
51 Williams, Parachutes, Patriots and Partisans, p. 33.
52 TNA, HS9/588/2, Jerzy Giżycki, ‘Telegram Norton, Budapest to Air Attache and DH2’ (9.4.1941).
53 Ibid., Jerzy Giżycki, ‘From GN Norton, For S.O.2 Head Quarters’ (nd).
54 The ‘exfiltration’ organization was handed over to Polish Intelligence on the orders of Peter Wilkinson: see TNA, HS9/612, letter in support of ‘Draft Citation for Kristina Giżycka (Christine Granville)’ (1.12.45).
55 The Times, ‘Michael Lis’, obituary (16.8.1994).
56 TNA, HS9/612, Draft citation for Kristina Giżycka (Christine Granville) (nd).
57 TNA, HS9/588/2, Jerzy Giżycki, Letter written to ‘My dear George [probably George Taylor], in support of Citation for Jerzy Giżycki’ (1.12.1945).
58 TNA, HS4/201, SOE Poland 93, vol. 2 (October 1942 – January 1943).
59 Ibid., SOE Poland 93, vol. 1 (March 1942 – September 1943).
60 Amery, Approach March, p. 189.
61 Andrzej Kowerski-Kennedy quoted in Masson, Christine: A Search, p. xxxiv.
62 Andrzej Kowerski-Kennedy quoted in Masson, Christine: SOE Agent, p. 127.
63 TNA, HS3/198, SOE/MIDEAST/50, Gladwyn Jebb to C/D (9.5.1941).
64 Masson, Christine: SOE Agent, p. 128.
7: COLD IN CAIRO
1 TNA, HS4/198, MX to M (27.4.1941).
2 Ibid., MX to M (28.5.1941).
3 TNA, HS9/612, ‘From Mid East’ (30.5.1941).
4 Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular, p. 73.
5 TNA, HS9/588/2, Jerzy Giżycki, ‘Filenote from D/H13 from M/X, Cairo’ (7.5.1941).
6 Stirling, Nałęcz, Dubiki (eds), Intelligence Co-operation, p. 323.
7 TNA, HS9/588/2, Jerzy Giżycki (30.5.1941 and 10.6.1941).
8 Ibid., Jerzy Giżycki, Yolcu Tena Yazi to de Chastelain, Istanbul (31.7.1941).
9 Amery, Approach March, p. 189.
10 TNA, HS9/588/2, Jerzy Giżycki, D/H13 to M/X (18.6.1941); and MX to DH/13 (2.6.1941).
11 Masson, Christine: SOE Agent, p. 131.
12 O’Malley papers, Granville to Kate O’Malley (14.4.1942).
13 Andrzej Kowerski-Kennedy quoted in Masson, Christine: SOE Agent, p. 132.
14 Masson, Christine: SOE Agent, p. 132.
15 IWM, Gubbins papers, 2/11, Wilkinson to Gubbins (30.10.1974); and TNA, HS9/588/2, MX to AD (23.10.1941).
16 Wilkinson, Foreign Fields, p. 122.
17 TNA, HS4/198, MX to M (10.6.1941).
18 Binney, Women Who Lived for Danger, p. 72.
19 Masson, Christine: SOE Agent, p. 139.
20 Larecki, Krystyna Skarbek, p. 157.
21 Cooper, Cairo in the War, p. 80.
22 Ibid., p. 26.
23 Davidson, Special Operations Europe, p. 108.
24 Amery, Approach March, p. 202.
25 O’Malley papers, Granville to Kate O’Malley (30.1.1942).
26 TNA, HS9/588/2, Jerzy Giżycki, D/H13 to M/X (18.6.1941).
27 Ibid., ‘From GN Norton for SO2 HQ’.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid.
30 O’Malley papers, Granville to Kate O’Malley (30.1.1942).
31 TNA, HS4/199, MDH to M (7.8.1941).
32 Ibid., MX/PD/201, MX to MDH (21.10.1941).
33 Cole/Moss papers, Bill Stanley Moss papers (c.1952).
34 Churchill, The Second World War, III, p. 299.
35 Binney, Women Who Lived for Danger, p. 72.
36 TNA, HS4/199, MDH to M (16.8.1941).
37 O’Malley papers, Granville to Kate O’Malley (30.1.1942).
38 TNA, HS9/612, ‘KRYSTYNA GIŻYCKA (alias Christine GRANVILLE)’.
39 TNA, HS4/199, MDH to M (31.8.1941).
40 Ibid., MDH to M (26.10.1941).
41 Ibid., MX to MDH (8.12.1941).
8: THE BEAUTIFUL SPY
1 R. P. Weston and Bert Lee, ‘Olga Pulloffski, The Beautiful Spy’ (1935).
2 TNA, HS4/200, MDH to MX (17.6.1942).
3 Ibid., MXI to MX (11.8.1942).
4 Ibid., MPX (25.7.1942).
5 Pope, ‘Remembering Richard’, p. 63.
6 Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, O’Regan papers, ‘Surrender can be fun’ leaflet (nd).
7 Pope, ‘Remembering Richard’, p. 63.
8 Manning, Levant Trilogy, p. 337.
9
Giżycki, ‘Winding Trail’, p. 412.
10 Masson, Christine: A Search, p. xxix.
11 Henryk Koaratynski, Mieczysława Wazacz interview, Tydzien Polski (Polish Week) (26.2.2005).
12 Margaret Pawley, interview (December 2010).
13 Michael Ward, email (March 2011).
14 Pope, ‘Remembering Richard’, p. 121.
15 Masson, Christine: A Search, p. xxxiv.
16 Ibid., p. xxxiii.
17 Pawley, In Obedience, p. 71.
18 Michael Ward, email (March 2011).
19 Manning, Levant Trilogy, p. 93.
20 O’Malley papers, Granville to Kate O’Malley (14.4.1942).
21 TNA, HS9/612, MX to D/HV (19.1.1942).
22 Ibid., D/HV to A/D4 (20.1.1942).
23 Ibid., D/HV to A/D4 (20.1.1942); and HS9/612, SOE 855, Gubbins to Cairo (22.1.1942).
24 TNA, HS4/201, MDH to M (24.4.1942).
25 Ibid., MPX to MX, ‘ME gossip’ (28.5.1942).
26 Ibid., MPX to MX (19.12.1942).
27 Cooper, Cairo in the War, p. 305.
28 TNA, HS9/588/2, Jerzy Giżycki, Aidan Crawley to British Legation, Sofia (30.3.1942).
29 Wladimir Ledóchowski, The Diary, p. 232.
30 Ibid.
31 TNA, HS4/199, MX to MDH (2.3.1942).
32 Ibid., MX to MDH (24.2.1942).
33 TNA, HS9/612, LSOE/39B to Moscow (20.4.1941).
34 Ibid., MX to MDH (28.1.1942).
35 TNA, HS4/201, MDH to M (26.5.1942).
36 TNA, HS4/200, MX to D/CE (14.9.1942); this was Richard Truszkowski.
37 Olson and Cloud, Kościuszko Squadron, p. 275.
38 O’Malley papers, Granville to Kate O’Malley (14.4.1942).
39 TNA, HS4/201, MDH to MX (17.6.1942); ibid., MXI to MX (19.12.1942); and TNA, HS9/612, MPX to MX (16.12.1942).
40 TNA, HS4/141, MXI to MX (1.1.1943).
41 TNA, HS4/200, MPX to MX (21.7.1942).
42 Ibid., MDH to MX (17.6.1942).
43 TNA, HS9/612, SOE999 (19.7.1942).
44 O’Malley papers, Granville to Kate O’Malley (28.8.1942).
45 TNA, HS4/201, MPX to MX (29.8.1942).
46 Ibid., MPX (25.7.1942).
47 Ibid., MPX to MX (13.8.1942).
48 Ibid., MPX to MX (26.9.1942).
49 Ibid.
50 Selwyn (ed.), From Oasis Into Italy, Anon, ‘Ode to a Gezira Lovely’, pp. 69–70.
51 Tarnowski, The Last Mazurka, p. 201.
52 Masson, Christine: SOE Agent, p. 140.
53 Patrick Howarth interview, Jeff Bines private archive (August 2001).
54 Patrick Howarth, ‘Play back a Lifetime’, poem first published in Masson, Christine: SOE Agent, p. 251.
55 Howarth, Undercover, p. 72.
56 TNA, HS4/201, MXI to MX (29.9.1942).
57 Ibid., MPX to MX (16.12.1942).
58 Ibid.
59 O’Malley papers, Granville to Kate O’Malley (9.4.1942).
60 Patrick Howarth, quoted in Masson, Christine: SOE Agent, p. 144.
61 Imperial War Museum, sound archive, 9827, Patrick Howarth.
62 Ibid.
63 Howarth, Undercover, p. 37.
64 Ibid., p. 73.
65 Ibid., p. 72.
66 IWM, Sound Archive, 11087, Gwendolin Lees.
67 Ibid.
68 TNA, HS4/201, MXI to MX (29.9.1942).
69 Ibid., MXI to MX (24.10.1942).
70 Howarth, Undercover, p. 255.
71 IWM, Sound Archive, 8685, Annette Street.
72 Margaret Pawley, interview (December 2010).
73 Howarth, Undercover, p. 74.
74 Marks, Between Silk and Cyanide, p. 108.
75 IWM 2/11, Gubbins papers, BBC speech on SOE and the use of women (4.1.1946).
76 Pawley, In Obedience, p. 71.
77 Wazacz, No Ordinary Countess, Margaret Pawley interview.
78 TNA, HS4/201, MPX to MX (26.9.1942).
79 Ibid.
80 TNA/HS4/201, MPX to MX (16.12.1942).
81 TNA, HS9/612, MPX to MX (16.12.1942).
82 TNA/HS4/201, MPX to MX (16.12.1942).
83 TNA, HS9/612, AD to DCD (15.12.1942).
84 Masson, Christine: SOE Agent, p. 141.
85 Escott, Heroines of SOE F Section, pp. 211–15; also Wladimir Ledóchowski, ‘Christine Skarbek-Granville’, p. 213.
86 TNA, HS9/612, Granville to Francis Brooks Richards (27.7.1944).
87 O’Malley papers, Granville to Kate O’Malley (16.9.1943).
88 TNA, HS4/141, MPX to MXI (4.5.1943).
89 Wladimir Ledóchowski, ‘Christine Skarbek-Granville’, pp. 197–8.
90 TNA, HS4/201, MPX to MX (16.12.1942).
91 TNA, HS4/141, MXI to MX (1.1.1943); and MXI to MX (6.2.1943).
92 Marks, Between Silk and Cyanide, p. 323.
93 TNA, HS4/141, MXI to MX (27.2.1943).
94 Ibid., MX to CD (20.3.1943).
95 TNA, KV2/517, DG through DDE (nd); also Vera Long interview with Jeff Bines (c.2000).
96 TNA, HS4/141, MPX (6.4.1943).
97 Ibid., MPX to MXI (3.4.1943).
98 Ibid., MXI to MX (7.4.1943).
99 Ibid.
100 TNA, HS4/141, MPX to MXI (4.5.1943).
101 Engel, Facing a Holocaust, p. 71.
102 Fitzgibbon, Katyn Massacre, p. 13.
103 Ibid., p. 222.
104 Leon Najberg, quoted in Leociak, Text in the Face of Destruction, p. 188.
105 Howarth, Undercover, p. 58.
106 IWM, sound archive, 9827, Patrick Howarth.
107 TNA, HS4/141, MXI to MP (2.7.1943).
108 TNA, FO954/19B, Minister of State Cairo to Foreign Office (3.7.1943).
109 Sebastian Chosinski, ‘Daughter of Count Skarbek’, Esensja magazine (10.12.2007).
110 IWM, 2/11 Gubbins papers, 3/2/59, letters between Gubbins and Hugh Trevor Roper (February 1969).
111 Ray Kipling, ‘Lives Remembered’, letter to The Times (15.12.2004).
112 TNA, FO/371, Death of Sikorski, draft broadcast by the prime minister.
113 TNA, HS4/141, MXI to MP (17.7.1943).
9: OUR WOMAN IN ALGIERS
1 Wilkinson and Astley, Gubbins and SOE, p. 181.
2 Marks, Between Silk and Cyanide, p. 222.
3 Wilkinson and Astley, Gubbins and SOE, p. 181.
4 Marks, Between Silk and Cyanide, p. 358.
5 Douglas Dodds-Parker, interviewed by Jeff Bines (c.2000).
6 Wilkinson and Astley, Gubbins and SOE, introduction.
7 Ibid., p. 155.
8 TNA, HS4/201 (29.10.1942).
9 TNA, HS4/141, MXI to MP (10.8.1943).
10 O’Malley papers, Granville to Kate O’Malley (16.9.1942).
11 IWM, Sound Archive, 13442, Richard Trevebyn Rockingham Gill.
12 O’Malley papers, Granville to Kate O’Malley (16.9.1942).
13 Patrick Leigh Fermor, ‘The One-Legged Parachutist’, the Spectator (1.1.1989).
14 Ibid.
15 O’Malley papers, Granville to Kate O’Malley (16.9.1943).
16 Patrick Leigh Fermor, ‘The One-Legged Parachutist’, the Spectator (1.1.1989).
17 Masson, Christine: SOE Agent, p. 148.
18 O’Malley papers, Andrzej Kowerski to Kate O’Malley (25.3.1944).
19 O’Malley papers, Granville to Kate O’Malley (16.9.1943).
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid.
22 Tarnowski, The Last Mazurka, p. 215.
23 Cooper, Cairo in the War, p. 285.
24 Tarnowski, The Last Mazurka, p. 221.
25 Patrick Leigh Fermor, ‘The One-Legged Parachutist’, the Spectator (1.1.1989).
26 Pope, ‘Remembering Richard’, p. 12; and Howarth, Undercover, p. 73.
27 Howarth, Undercover, p. 73.
28 Cole/Moss papers, Bill Stanley Moss papers (c.1952).
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 Patrick Leigh Fermor, ‘The One-Legged Parachutist’, the Spectator (1.1.1989).
/>
32 Cole/Moss papers, Bill Stanley Moss papers (c.1952).
33 Ross Richards, ‘Girl Spy’, Sunday Pictorial (19.8.1956).
34 Cole/Moss papers, Bill Stanley Moss papers (c.1952).
35 Darlow Smithson/Channel Four, The Real Charlotte Grays, Francis Cammaerts interview.
36 Helm, A Life in Secrets, p. 8.
37 IWM, Gubbins papers, 2/11, 6/1-2-3, Gubbins’s SOE manuals.
38 Porter, Operation Autonomous, p. 83.
39 Howarth, Undercover, p. 188.
40 IWM, Sound Archive, 8680, Maurice Buckmaster.
41 Foot, SOE: An Outline History, p. 82.
42 Stafford, Secret Agent, p. 30.
43 Wilkinson and Astley, Gubbins and SOE, p. 169.
44 Tarnowski, The Last Mazurka, p. 221.
45 IWM, Annette Street papers, ‘Darling Joe, Please Go’.
46 TNA, HS4/86, MXI/SKE/559, ‘Appreciation on proposed operation to prepare reception committee in Hungary’ (25.3.1944).
47 Ibid.
48 Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, Julian Dobrinski papers, 21/6.
49 TNA, HS9/612, MXI/SKE/559, ‘Appreciation on proposed operation to prepare reception committee in Hungary’ (25.3.1944).
50 TNA, HS4/86, MXI/SKE/559, ‘Appreciation on proposed operation to prepare reception committee in Hungary’ (25.3.1944).
51 Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, Julian Dobrinski papers, 21/6.
52 TNA, HS4/86, MXI/SKE/559, ‘Appreciation on proposed operation to prepare reception committee in Hungary’ (25.3.1944).
53 Ibid.
54 Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, Julian Dobrinski papers, 21/6, ‘Operation Kris’ (22.3.1944).
55 TNA, HS9/612, MP/3048 (7.4.1944).
56 Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, Julian Dobrinski papers, 21/6, Cipher message (14.4.1944).
57 TNA, HS9/612, DEN/20/24 (17.4.1944).
58 Wladimir Ledóchowski, ‘Christine Skarbek-Granville’, p. 200.
59 Bill Stanley Moss, ‘Christine the Brave’, Picture Post (27.9.1952), p. 30.
60 Marks, Between Silk and Cyanide, p. 84.
61 Wilkinson and Astley, Gubbins and SOE, p. 144.
62 Dodds-Parker, Setting Europe Ablaze, p. 168.
63 Douglas Dodds-Parker, interviewed by Jeff Bines (c.2000).
64 Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, Patrick O’Regan papers.
65 Masson, Christine: SOE Agent, p. 166.
66 TNA, HS16, code card prepared for Christine Granville.
67 Paddy Sproule, Martyn Cox, ‘Our Secret War’ interviews.
68 Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, Patrick O’Regan papers.