Alexander, Renée. “Engineering Mosquitoes to Spread Health.” The Atlantic, September 14, 2014. http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/09/engineering-mosquitoes-to-stop-disease/379247/
Alvarez, Lizette. “Citrus Disease with No Cure Is Ravaging Florida Groves.” New York Times, May 9, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/10/us/disease-threatens-floridas-citrus-industry.html
Barnabas Health. Clara Maass Medical Center, History, n.p. http://www.barnabashealth.org/Clara-Maass-Medical-Center/About-Us/History.aspx
Bar-Zeev, Micha, and Rachel Galun. “A Magnetic Method of Separating Mosquito Pupae from Larvae.” Mosquito News 21:3 (1961): 225–28.
Berntson, Ben. “Boll Weevil Monument.” Encyclopedia of Alabama, June 7, 2013. http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2384
Brunton, Sir Lauder. “Fleas as a National Danger.” Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 10 (1907): 388–91.
Carey, Matt. The History of Vaccines. The College of Physicians of Philadelphia, July 7, 2010. http://www.historyofvaccines.org/
Crosby, Molly Caldwell. The American Plague: The Untold Story of Yellow Fever, the Epidemic that Shaped Our History. New York: Berkley Books, 2006.
Davis, Simon. “Solving the Mystery of an Ancient Epidemic.” The Atlantic, September 15, 2015. http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/09/disease-plague-of-athens-ebola/403561/
de Valdez, Megan R. Wise, et al. “Genetic Elimination of Dengue Vector Mosquitoes.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108:12 (2011): 4772–75.
Dewar, Heather. “Did Mosquito Bite Defeat Alexander?” Baltimore Sun, December 13, 2003. http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2003-12-13/news/0312130076_1_nile-virus-west-nile-alexander
Elsevier. “Typhoid Fever Led to the Fall of Athens.” ScienceDaily, January 23, 2006. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060123163827.htm
Enserink, Martin. “GM Mosquito Trial Alarms Opponents, Strains Ties in Gates-Funded Project.” Science 330 (2010): 1030–31.
Finlay, Charles. “The Mosquito Hypothetically Considered as an Agent in the Transmission of Yellow Fever Poison.” New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal 9 (1882): 601–16.
Frith, John. “The History of Plague Pt. 2. The Discoveries of the Plague Bacillus and Its Vector.” Journal of Military and Veteran’s Health 20:3 (2012). Web.
Funk, Jason, and Stephen Saunders. Rocky Mountain Forests at Risk: Confronting Climate-Driven Impacts from Insects, Wildfires, Heat, and Drought. Union of Concerned Scientists and the Rocky Mountain Climate Organization, 2014. http://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2014/09/Rocky-Mountain-Forests-at-Risk-Full-Report.pdf
Gladwell, Malcolm. “The Mosquito Killer.” New Yorker, July 2, 2001. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2001/07/02/the-mosquito-killer
Glick, P.A. The Distribution of Insects, Spiders and Mites in the Air. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, 1939. https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=CAT86200667&content=PDF
Guidi, Rodrigo. “Aedes aegypti do Bem reduz em 82 percent as larvas selvagens do mosquito no Cecap/Eldorado.” Prefeitura do Município de Piracicaba. Secretaria Municipal da Saúde, January 19, 2016. http://www.piracicaba.sp.gov.br/aedes+aegypti+do+bem+reduz+em+82+as+larvas+selvagens+do+mosquito+no+cecap+eldorado.aspx
Hofstetter, Richard W., et al. “Using Acoustic Technology to reduce Bark Beetle Reproduction.” Pest Management Science 70:1 (2014): 24–27.
Hogue, James N. “Insects Effect on Human History.” Encyclopedia of Insects. Vincent H. Resh and Ring T. Cardé, eds. 2nd edition. Boston: Academic Press, 2009. 471–73.
Keim, Brandon. “Marvelous Destroyers: The Fungus-Farming Beetle.” Wired, July 27, 2011. https://www.wired.com/2011/07/fungus-farming-beetles/
Konkel, Lindsey. “Invasion of the Pine Beetles.” OnEarth, October 5, 2009. http://archive.onearth.org/article/invasion-of-the-pine-beetles
Littman, Robert J. “The Plague of Athens: Epidemiology and Paleopathology.” Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 76 (2009): 456–67.
Logan, Jesse A., and James A. Powell. “Ghost Forests, Global Warming, and the Mountain Pine Beetle.” American Entomologist 47:3 (2001): 160–73.
“Malaria Facts.” About Malaria. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/facts.html
Millar, Constance I., Robert D. Westfall, and Diane L. Delany. “Response of High-Elevation Limber Pine to Multiyear Droughts and 20th-Century Warming, Sierra Nevada, California, USA.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37:12 (2007): 2508–20.
Murphy, Jim. An American Plague: The True and Terrifying Story of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793. New York: Clarion Books, 2003.
Netburn, Deborah. “Scientists Aim to Fight Malaria with Genetically Engineered Mosquitoes.” Los Angeles Times, November 25, 2015. http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-genetically-engineered-mosquitoes-malaria-20151121-story.html
Nikiforuk, Andrew. Empire of the Beetle: How Human Folly and a Tiny Bug Are Killing North America’s Great Forests. Vancouver: Greystone Books, 2011.
Novy, James E. “Screwworm Control and Eradication in the Southern United States of America.” World Animal Review (1991): 18–27.
Oatman, Maddie. “Bark Beetles Are Decimating Our Forests. That Might Be a Good Thing.” Mother Jones, March 19, 2015. http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2015/03/bark-pine-beetles-climate-change-diana-six
Reed, Walter, James Carroll, and Aristides Agramonte. “The Etiology of Yellow Fever: An Additional Note.” Journal of the American Medical Association 36:7 (1901): 431–40.
Rosen, William. Justinian’s Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe. New York: Viking, 2007.
Rosner, Hillary. “The Bug that’s Eating the Woods.” National Geographic, April 2015. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/pine-beetles/rosner-text
Shapiro, Beth, Andrew Rambaut, and M. Thomas P. Gilbert. “No Proof that Typhoid Caused the Plague of Athens (a Reply to Papagrigorakis et al.).” International Journal of Infectious Diseases 10:4 (2006): 334–35.
Six, Diana L., Eric Biber, and Elisabeth Long. “Management for Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreak Suppression: Does Relevant Science Support Current Policy?” Forests 5:1 (2014): 103–33.
Soupios, M. A. “Impact of the Plague in Ancient Greece.” Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 18 (2004): 45–51.
Specter, Michael. “The Mosquito Solution.” New Yorker, July 9, 2012. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/07/09/the-mosquito-solution
Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War. Trans. Richard Crawley. New York: Dutton, 1950.
Wade, Nicholas. “Engineering Mosquitoes’ Genes to Resist Malaria.” New York Times, November 23, 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/science/gene-drive-mosquitoes-malaria.html
Waltz, Emily. “Oxitec Trials GM Sterile Moth to Combat Agricultural Infestations.” Nature Biotechnology 33 (2015): 792–793.
Westerling, Anthony L., et al. “Continued Warming Could Transform Greater Yellowstone Fire Regimes by Mid-21st Century.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108:32 (2011): 13165–70.
Wilford, John Noble. “DNA Shows Malaria Helped Topple Rome.” New York Times, February 20, 2001. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/20/science/dna-shows-malaria-helped-topple-rome.html
Winslow, Charles-Edward A. The Conquest of Epidemic Disease: A Chapter in the History of Ideas. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1944.
Zinsser, Hans. Rats, Lice and History. New York: Blue Ribbon Books, 1934.
Chapter Five: Vámonos Pest!
The pest control industry is a business world one does not often think of, so there are a couple sources that were extremely helpful in research and that heavily contributed to this chapter. Kicking it off was Mark Winston’s Nature Wars. This is followed closely by Dawn Day Biehler’s Pests in the City and Brooke Borel’s Infested. Michael F. Potter’s American Entomologist paper, “The History of Bed Bug Management,” was also a key resource, a
nd helping on the chemical control end as well was Will Allen’s The War on Bugs.
Allen, Will. The War on Bugs. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2008.
American Public Health Association. “Typhoid Fever Death Rates.” American Journal of Public Health 13:8 (1923): 660.
Barre, H. W., and A. F. Conradi. Treatment of Plant Diseases and Injurious Insects in South Carolina. Columbia, SC: The R.L. Bryan Company, 1909.
Bed Bug TV. “Killing Bed Bugs: Steam vs. Cryonite.” Online video clip. YouTube. February 23, 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9Qgf2EC358
Benoit, Joshua B., et al. “Unique Features of a Global Human Ectoparasite Identified through Sequencing of the Bed Bug Genome.” Nature Communications 7 (2016). http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10165
Biehler, Dawn Day. Pests in the City: Flies, Bedbugs, Cockroaches, and Rats. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2013.
Borel, Brooke. Infested: How the Bed Bug Infiltrated Our Bedrooms and Took Over the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.
Buckley, Cara. “Doubts Rise on Bedbug-Sniffing Dogs.” New York Times, November 11, 2010.
“‘Bug Battle’ at White House Is Won.” Washington Times, September 8, 1924.
Ceccatti, John S. “Insecticide Resistance, Economic Entomology, and the Evolutionary Synthesis, 1914–1951.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 99:1 (2009): 199–217.
Cowan, Robin, and Philip Gunby. “Sprayed to Death: Path Dependence, Lock-in and Pest Control Strategies.” Economic Journal 106 (1996): 521–42.
“Don’t Let the Bed Bugs Bite Act of 2009.” H.R. 2248, 111th Congress. (2009). https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/2248
Environmental Protection Agency. DDT Ban Takes Effect. December 31, 1972. https://www.epa.gov/history/epa-history-ddt-dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane
Genzlinger, Neil. “That Itchy Feeling? It May Just Be Love.” New York Times, September 15, 2014. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/16/theater/bedbugs-the-musical-is-at-the-arclight-theater.html
Gorman, James. “Wily Cockroaches Find Another Survival Trick: Laying Off the Sweets.” New York Times, May 23, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/24/science/a-bitter-sweet-shift-in-cockroach-defenses.html
Harbison, Brad. “Bed Bugs in NYC: One PMP’s Perspective.” Pest Control Technology, January 14, 2016. http://www.pctonline.com/article/bed-bugs-in-nyc—one-pmps-perspective/
Hoddle, M. S., and R. G. Van Driesche. “Biological Control of Insect Pests.” Encyclopedia of Insects. Vincent H. Resh and Ring T. Cardé, eds. Boston: Academic Press, 2009. 91–101.
Horowitz, A. Rami, and Isaac Ishaaya, eds. Advances in Insect Control and Resistance Management. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2016.
“How Does Bt Work?” Bacillus thuringiensis. University of California, San Diego. http://www.bt.ucsd.edu/how_bt_work.html
Hoyt, Erich, and Ted Schultz, eds. Insect Lives: Stories of Mystery and Romance from a Hidden World. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
Maia, Marta Ferreira, and Sarah J. Moore. “Plant-Based Insect Repellents: A Review of Their Efficacy, Development and Testing.” Malaria Journal 10. Suppl. 1 (2011).
Maredia, K. M., D. Dakouo, and D. Mota-Sanchez, eds. Integrated Pest Management in the Global Arena. Cambridge, MA: CABI Publishing, 2003.
Mastalerz, Przemyslaw. The True Story of DDT, PCB, and Dioxin. Wroclaw, Poland: Wydawnictwo Chemiczne, 2005.
McWilliams, J. E. “‘The Horizon Opened up Very Greatly’: Leland O. Howard and the Transition to Chemical Insecticides in the United States, 1894–1927.” Agricultural History 82:4 (2008): 468–95.
New York Times Service. “A Short But Sweet History of the Flypaper Industry.” Milwaukee Journal, October 22, 1976.
New York vs. Bed Bugs. Renee Corea, 2012. http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/
Oliver, Simon, and Tony Moore. The Exterminators: Bug Brothers. New York: DC Comics, 2006.
“Pesticide Disaster in Mississippi.” Green Left Weekly, March 26, 1997. https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/pesticide-disaster-mississippi
Potter, Michael F. “The History of Bed Bug Management: With Lessons from the Past.” American Entomologist 57:1 (2011): 14–25.
The Rhythm Club Fire: A Documentary. Dir. Bryan Burch. 2010. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXKxt3Ki6Lo
Rice, F. L., et al. “Crystalline Silica Exposure and Lung Cancer Mortality in Diatomaceous Earth Industry Workers: A Quantitative Risk Assessment.” Occupational and Environment Medicine 58 (2001): 38–45.
Rosenfeld, Jeffrey A., et al. “Genome Assembly and Geospatial Phylogenomics of the Bed Bug Cimex lectularius.” Nature Communications 7 (2016). http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10164
Schechner, Sam. “The Roach that Failed.” New York Times Magazine, July 25, 2004. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/25/magazine/the-way-we-live-now-7-25-04-phenomenon-the-roach-that-failed.html
Smith, Allan E., and Diane M. Secoy. “Forerunners of Pesticides in Classical Greece and Rome.” Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 23:6 (1975): 1050–55.
Sorenson, W. Conner, et al. “Charles V. Riley, France, and Phylloxera.” American Entomologist 54:3 (2008): 134–49.
“SPC Report: U.S. Structural Pest Control Market Approaches $7.5 Billion.” Pest Control Technology Magazine, April 10, 2015. http://www.pctonline.com/article/spc-2014-pest-control-market-report/
Tabashnik, Bruce E., et al. “Defining Terms for Proactive Management of Resistance to Bt Crops and Pesticides.” Journal of Economic Entomology 107:2 (2014): 496–507.
Wang, Changlu, et al. “Bed Bugs: Prevalence in Low-Income Communities, Resident’s Reactions, and Implementation of a Low-Cost Inspection Protocol.” Journal of Medical Entomology (2016): 1–8.
Winston, Mark L. Nature Wars: People vs. Pests. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Yamano, Yuko, Jun Kagawa, and Rumiko Ishizu. “Two Cases of Methyl Bromide Poisoning in Termite Exterminators.” Journal of Occupational Health 43:5 (2001): 291–94.
Chapter Six: First Responders
For more riveting anecdotes involving bugs and dead bodies, I highly recommend Lee Goff’s A Fly for the Prosecution and these textbooks on the matter: Entomology and the Law, Insect Evidence, Forensic Science, and Forensic Entomology. They came in handy for finding material and shedding light on this macabre and vital scientific underground. On the other side of decomposition, John E. Losey and Mace Vaughan’s paper really ignited the fire for this chapter; and as far as bug behavior goes, again, Encyclopedia of Insects came to the rescue.
Anderson, Gail S. “Forensic Entomology.” Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques. Stuart H. James and Jon J. Nordby, eds. 2nd edition. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis, 2005.
Byrd, Jason H., and James L. Castner. Forensic Entomology: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations. 2nd edition. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis, 2010.
Dung Beetle Program. CSIRO, CSIROpedia, n.p. https://csiropedia.csiro.au/dung-beetle-program/
Dung Down Under: A Study in Biological Control. Dir. Roger Seccombe. CSIRO, 1972. Documentary.
Erzinçlioglu, Zakaria. Maggots, Murder, and Men: Memories and Reflections of a Forensic Entomologist. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2000.
Goff, M. Lee. A Fly for the Prosecution: How Insect Evidence Helps Solve Crimes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000.
Greenberg, Bernard, and John Charles Kunich. Entomology and the Law: Flies as Forensic Indicators. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Hanski, Ilkka. “Nutritional Ecology of Dung- and Carrion-Feeding Insects.” Frank Slansky Jr. and J. G. Rodriguez, eds. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1987.
Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences. (2013). Autopsy Reports. Houston, TX. https://ifs.harriscountytx.gov/Pages/default.aspx
Kintz, Pascal, et al. “Fly Larvae: A New Toxicological Method of Investigation in Forensic Medicine
.” Journal of Forensic Sciences 35:1 (1990): 204–7.
Lockwood, Jeffrey A. “Insects as Weapons of War, Terror, and Torture.” Annual Review of Entomology 57 (2012): 205–27.
Losey, John E., and Mace Vaughan. “The Economic Value of Ecological Services Provided by Insects.” BioScience 56:4 (2006): 311–23.
Lynch, Heather J., and Paul R. Moorcroft. “A Spatiotemporal Ripley’s K-Function to Analyze Interactions between Spruce Budworm and Fire in British Columbia, Canada.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38 (2008): 3112–19.
MacIvor, J. Scott, and Andrew E. Moore. “Bees Collect Polyurethane and Polyethylene Plastics as Novel Nest Materials.” Ecosphere 4:12 (2013): 155.
Martin, Michael. Insect Evidence. Mankato, MN: Capstone Press, 2007.
Nguyen, Trinh T. X., Jeffery K. Tomberlin, and Sherah Vanlaerhoven. “Ability of Black Soldier Fly Larvae to Recycle Food Waste.” Environmental Entomology 44:2 (2015): 406–10.
Payne, Jerry A. “A Summer Carrion Study of the Baby Pig Sus scrofa Linnaeus.” Ecology 46:5 (1965): 592–602.
Ridsdill-Smith, James, and Leigh W. Simmons. “Dung Beetles.” Encyclopedia of Insects. Vincent H. Resh and Ring T. Cardé, eds. 2nd edition. Boston: Academic Press, 2009. 304–7.
Smolka, Jochen, et al. “Dung Beetles Use Their Dung Ball as a Mobile Thermal Refuge.” Current Biology 22:20 (2012): R863–R864.
Syamsa, R. A., et al. “Forensic Entomology of High-Rise Buildings in Malaysia: Three Case Reports.” Tropical Biomedicine 32:2 (2015): 291–99.
Waldbauer, Gilbert. What Good Are Bugs?: Insects in the Web of Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.
Whitten, Max. “How One Man’s Beetle-Mania Lorded It Over the Flies.” Sydney Morning Herald, May 30, 2014. http://www.smh.com.au/comment/obituaries/how-one-mans-beetlemania-lorded-it-over-the-flies-20140529-zrrmp.html
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