by Andi Zeisler
7. http://marketing-case-studies.blogspot.com/2008/07/raise-your-right-hand-campaign.html
8. “The Alluring Right-Hand Diamond Ring,” NBCnews.com, Jan. 20, 2004
9. Kiran Adhikam, “Behind-the-Swoosh: The-Making of Nike’s Greatest Commercials,” MediaBistro, Jan, 25, 2010
10. http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1150&context=sportslaw
11. An entire category called “Sadvertising” has flourished in the viral age, partly as a response to a referential, too-cool-for-school trend that defined the late 1990s and 2000s.
12. Liz Leyden, “Barbie Gets Career Advice From Feminists,” Columbia Journalism Review, March 28, 1999
13. Ophira Edut, “Barbie Girls Rule?” Bitch, Winter 1999, page 16
14. Douglas, Susan J., Where the Girls Are: Growing Up Female with the Mass Media (New York: Times Books, 1994) page 247
15. Bianca London, “Model Eva Herzigova says her iconic Hello Boys Wonderbra ad didn’t ‘degrade women’ but left them ‘empowered’ instead,” MailOnline.com, Nov. 21, 2014
16. http://adage.com/article/cmo-strategy/marketers-soft-feminism/294740/
Chapter 2
1. Director George Miller acknowledged in interviews that the feminist import of the film came largely from its main plot point, which was an extended chase to save the wives. “I needed a warrior. But it couldn’t be a man taking five wives from another man. That’s an entirely different story.” He also credits the film’s editor, his wife, Margaret Sixel, for the film’s feel.
2. Mahar, Karen Ward, Women Filmmakers in Early Hollywood (Baltimore: JHU Press, 2008) page 190
3. Michelle Goldberg, “Where Are the Female Directors?” Salon, Aug. 27 2002 4. Ibid 5. Laura Hertzfeld, “From Sundance to the multiplex: Women directors are taking the spotlight,” Entertaiment Weekly, Aug. 16, 2013
4. http://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/sep/08/features.review1
5. http://www.ew.com/article/2013/08/16/women-directors-to-do-list-sundance
6. Wilson, Marie C., Closing the Leadership Gap: Add Women, Change Everything (New York: Penguin Books, 2004).
7. Brent Lang, “Theater Chief Says 2015 Will Be ‘Year of Women’ at Box Office,” Variety, April 21, 2015
8. Megan Angelo, “The Bridesmaids Effect: 6 Hollywood Changes The Chick-Comedy’s Big Weekend Will Trigger,” Business Insider, May 16, 2011
9. “‘Bridesmaids’ Effect: Funny women flourish in female-written comedies like ‘Pitch Perfect’,” Associated Press, September 28, 2012
10. “Swedish cinemas take aim at gender bias with Bechdel test rating,” The Guardian, November 6, 2013
11. Aja Romano, “The Mako Mori Test: ‘Pacific Rim’ inspires a Bechdel Test alternative,” The Daily Dot, August 18, 2013
12. http://www.dailydot.com/opinion/guardians-of-the-galaxy-fails-women/
Chapter 3
1. We don’t, but—not to brag—our recent batch of tees reading “Outsmart the Patriarchy” sold out within a week.
2. The year 2003 was also when Planned Parenthood began selling t-shirts printed with the statement, “I Had an Abortion,” created by feminist activist Jennifer Baumgardner as a companion piece for her documentary of the same name.
3. Davis, Angela Y., “Afro Images: Politics, Fashion, and Nostalgia,” Critical Inquiry Vol. 21, No. 1 (1994).
4. http://tressiemc.com/2012/06/23/the-atlantic-article-trickle-down-feminism-and-my-twitter-mentions-god-help-us-all/
Chapter 4
1. http://rocunited.org/new-report-the-glass-floor-sexual-harassment-in-the-restaurant-industry/
2. Bryce Covert, “43 Sexual Harassment Cases That Were Thrown Out Because of One Supreme Court Decision,” ThinkProgress, Nov. 24, 2014
3. Armstrong, Jennifer Keishin, Mary and Lou and Rhoda and Ted: And All the Brilliant Minds Who Made The Mary Tyler Moore Show a Classic (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2013).
4. Faludi Susan, Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women (New York: Crown Publishers, 1991).
5. Amanda D. Lotz, Redesigning Women: Television After the Network Era (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2006).
6. http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3311&context=dlj
7. Susan J. Douglas: “Patriarchy, New and Improved,” In These Times, Nov. 22, 2002
8. Pozner, Jennifer L., Reality Bites Back: The Troubling Truth about Guilty Pleasure TV (Berkeley: Seal Press, 2010).
9. http://morningafter.gawker.com/unreal-creator-sarah-gertrude-shapiro-talks-feminism-an-1721758299
10. http://livefromthetrail.com/about-the-book/speeches/chapter-18/vice-president-dan-quayle
11. http://www.scpr.org/programs/the-frame/2014/09/23/39476/geena-davis-institute-study-shows-gender-gap-in-fi/
12. Zeba Blay, “How Feminist TV Became the New Normal,” The Huffington Post, June 18, 2015
13. https://medium.com/@mariskreizman/game-of-thrones-and-the-threatening-fantasy-ec8767758cda
Chapter 5
1. Tamara Winfrey Harris, “All Hail the Queen? What do our perceptions of Beyonce’s feminism say about us?” Bitch, May 2013
2. STOP ERA was an acronym for “Stop Taking Our Privileges,” and was, among other things, concerned with the specter of unisex bathrooms as the result of an equality-filled future—not unlike anti-transgender crusaders these days who center public bathrooms in their own scare tactics.
3. Mia McKenzie, “Why I’m Not Really Here For Emma Watson’s Feminism Speech At the U.N.” Sept. 24, 2014
4. Barth, Ramona, “The Feminist Crusade,” The Nation, July 17, 1948.
5. Katherine Cross, “Words, Words, Words: On Toxicity and Abuse in Online Activism,” January 2014
6. “Mo’Nique: I Was ‘Blackballed’ After Winning My Oscar,” The Hollywood Reporter, February 19, 2015
7. Roxane Gay, “Emma Watson? Jennifer Lawrence? These aren’t the feminists you’re looking for,” The Guardian, Oct. 10, 2014
Chapter 6
1. Jennifer L. Pozner, “The Big Lie: False Feminist Death Syndrome, Profit, and the Media,” from Catching a Wave: Reclaiming Feminism for the 21st Century, Rory Dicker and Allison Piepmeier, eds., 2003, page 31
2. “Reagan Is Shortchanging Women, Says GOP Feminist Kathy Wilson, and He May Pay for It Next Year at the Polls,” People, August 1983
3. Faludi, Susan, Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women (New York: Crown Publishers, 1990).
4. Douglas, Susan J., Where the Girls Are: Growing Up Female with the Mass Media (New York: Times Books, 1994).
5. Faludi, Susan, Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women (New York: Crown Publishing, 1990).
6. Cora Harris, “She’s Gotta Have It: A comedy in error,” http://socialism.com/drupal-6.8/?q=node/2643
7. Abcarian, Robin, “Clarence Thomas vs. Anita Hill: She’s Still Telling the Truth,” Los Angeles Times, March 12, 2014
8. Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, “Black Women Still in Defense of Ourselves,” The Nation, Oct. 24, 2011
9. Walker, Rebecca, To Be Real: Telling the Truth and Changing the Face of Feminism, (New York: Anchor Books, 1995).
10. Elizabeth Sweet, “Toys Are More Divided by Gender Now Than They Were 50 Years Ago,” The Atlantic, Dec. 9 2014
11. http://www.thebaffler.com/salvos/the-selling-of-katie-roiphe
12. Herman, Kristine, “Demands from the Women of Antioch,” in Just Sex: Students Rewrite the Rules on Sex, Violence, Activism, and Equality (Jodi Gold and Susan Villari, eds.; Lanham, MD., Rowman and Littlefield, 1999).
13. “Are You a Card-Carrying Feminist?” BUST, Winter 2000
14. Barbara Ehrenreich, “Are women getting unhappier? Don’t make me laugh,” Los Angeles Times, Oct. 14, 2009
15. http://articles.latimes.com/2009/oct/14/opinion/oe-ehrenreich14
Chapter 7
1. https://www.opendemocracy.net/article/putting_power_back_into_empowerment_0
2. Elona Jones, “Go
Ask Alice: A Q&A with author and punk veteran Alice Bag,” Bitch, Summer 2012, page 38
3. Sara Marcus, Girls to the Front: The True Story of the Riot Grrrl Revolution, (New York: HarperCollinsPublishers, 2010) page190.
4. Solinger, Rickie, Beggars and Choosers: How the Politics of Choice Shapes Adoption, Abortion, and Welfare in the United States (New York: Hill & Wang, 2002).
5. Summer Wood, “On Language: Choice,” Bitch, Spring 2004
6. Hirshman, Linda, “Homeward Bound,” The American Prospect, November 21, 2005.
7. Al Norman, “Woman-Owned Vest Company Gets Soaked by Shark Tank and Walmart,” The Huffington Post, Jan. 26, 2015
8. “The Most Pointless, Pretentious, and Useless Business Jargon,” Forbes, January 6, 2012.
9. http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/workspace/microsoft-convergence-satya-nadella-keynote-164565
10. Gay male authors were a part of the sex-work memoir boom as well, including David Henry Sterry (Chicken: Portrait of a Young Man for Rent) and Rick Whitaker (Assuming the Position: A Memoir of Hustling), but garnered considerably less media attention.
Chapter 8
1. http://www.makers.com/conference/2014
2. Christine Haughney and Leslie Kaufman, “The Rise of Conferences on Women’s Empowerment,” The New York Times, Oct. 6, 2014
3. Melissa Harris-Perry, “Nightline Asks Why Black Women Can’t Get a Man,” The Nation, April 22, 2010
4. Sanders, Joshunda, How Racism and Sexism Killed Traditional Media: Why the Future of Journalism Depends on Women and People of Color (Westport, CT, Praeger Press, 2015).
5. http://recode.net/2014/10/09/neurosexism-brains-gender-and-tech/
6. Eliot, Lise, Pink Brain, Blue Brain: How Small Differences Grow Into Troublesome Gaps—And What We Can Do About It (Boston: Mariner Books, 2009).
7. Katty Kay and Claire Shipman, “The Confidence Gap,” The Atlantic, May 2014
8. http://kateharding.net/2010/05/26/5-ways-of-looking-at-sarah-palin-feminism/
9. Aaron Breitkrutz, “With abortion, feminists are waging war on women,” HutchinsonLeader.com, Oct. 3, 2015
10. Melinda Henneberger, “What Brought Carly Fiorina Down at HP Is Her Greatest 2016 Asset,” Bloomberg Business, April 30, 2015
11. http://articles.philly.com/1997-07-24/entertainment/25549106_1_sarah-mclachlan-lilith-fair-music-festival
12. Vowell, Sarah, “Throwing Ovaries,” Salon, July 11, 1997.
13. Powers, Ann, “Critic’s Notebook: A Surge of Sexism on the Rock Scene,” The New York Times, August 2, 1999.
Chapter 9
1. Elizabeth Dwoskin, “Is This Woman Too Hot to Be a Banker?” The Village Voice, June 1, 2010
2. Nicole Hensley, “Port Authority cops said female recruit was ‘too feminine’ to be a police officer: lawsuit,” New York Daily News, Dec. 10, 2014
3. Jim Edwards, “Inside the ‘conspiracy’ that forced Dov Charney out of American Apparel,” Business Insider, Aug. 21, 2015
4. Benjamin Wallace, “Is Terry Richardson an Artist or a Predator?” New York, June 15, 2014
5. Kara Jesella, “The Collarbone’s Connected to Slimness,” The New York Times, May 10, 2007
6. http://www.stylist.co.uk/people/lucy-mangan-our-grandmas-had-corsets-we-have-vajazzling
7. A secondary, off-label use for Lysol douches was birth control, though as historian Andrea Tone has noted, when put to the test in a 1933 study, the germicide failed to prevent pregnancy in almost half of the 507 women using it for birth control.
8. Lynn Peril, Pink Think: Becoming a Woman in Many Uneasy Lessons (New York: W.W. Norton: 2002).
9. Lorraine Berry, “Caitlin Moran: Women have won nothing,” Salon, Oct. 16, 2012
10. http://www.salon.com/2012/10/16/caitlin_moran_and_bitch/
11. http://www.public.iastate.edu/~jwcwolf/Papers/Bordo.pdf
12. Jack Neff, “Ten Years In, Dove’s ‘Real Beauty’ Seems to Be Aging Well,” AdvertisingAge, Jan. 22, 2014
13. Jack Neff, “Dove’s ‘Real Beauty’ Hits a Rough Patch,” AdvertisingAge, April 14, 2014
14. http://adage.com/article/news/dove-s-real-beauty-hits-a-rough-patch/292632/
15. Douglas, Susan J., Enlightened Sexism: The Seductive Message That Feminism’s Work Is Done (New York: Times Books, 2010).
Epilogue
1. Gay, Roxane, “The Seduction of Safety, on Campus and Beyond,” The New York Times, November 13 2015
2. Collins, Gail, When Everything Changed: The Amazing Journey of American Women from 1960 to the Present (Boston: Little, Brown, 2009).
3. Hayley Peterson, “McDonald’s Hotline Caught Urging Employee To Get Food Stamps,” Business Insider, Oct. 24, 2013
4. http://www.guttmacher.org/media/inthenews/2015/07/01/
INDEX
abortion
antiabortion as feminism, 211–212, 214–215
choice, rights and, 181–182
Roe v. Wade and, 181–182
state restrictions, 252, 253
in television shows, 85, 86
Abraham, Farrah, 119
Abzug, Bella, 99
ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union
action heroines, 16
activism
television and audience-fueled, 104
See also social movements
activist feminism, 186
Ad Age, 27
Adele, 78
Adichie, Chimimanda Ngozi, xi, 113
advertising
beauty, 228, 233, 238–247
cosmetic surgery, 228
dolls, 16–18
Dove’s Campaign for Real Beauty, 238–245
empowertising, 19–28, 246–247
feminism and, xi, 3–28
femvertising, 25, 28, 245–247
gender equality and, 27, 154–155
to girls, 13–18, 246–247
insecure women and, 95
men in, 10
menstrual products, 23–27
nonbridal rings, 12–13
perfume, 8–10
pizza, 20, 27
rapid-response media to, 26–27
single women and, 10–13
smoking, 5–7
social movements and, 27
toys, 154–155
women’s movements and, 5–9, 20, 25, 28
See also branding; marketing
Advertising Benchmark Index, 27
African American Women in Defense of Ourselves, 152–153
AIDS, 124
Akhavan, Desiree, 43
Alda, Alan, 116
Alien (movie), 30, 33, 54
Allen, Donna, 45
Allen, Lily, 120–121
Allen, Woody, 57, 147
Always “Like a Girl” ad, 23–27
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 46, 81
American Family Association, 18
American Prospect, 183
American Tobacco Company (ATC), 5, 6
Amnesty International, 131
Amram, Megan, 22
analysis
of celebrity feminism, 126–127
See also criticism; feminist analysis
Anders, Alison, 43
Aniston, Jennifer, 196
Anita (documentary), 151
Annenberg School for Communication & Journalism, 45
Ansari, Aziz, 111
antifeminism
Mad Max: Fury Road and, 30
postfeminism and, 162
antiheroines, television, 87, 97–100, 108
Antioch College sexual conduct policy, 160
appearance. See looks
Appropriate Behavior, 43
Arbuckle, Roscoe “Fatty,” 35
Aristotle, 199
Arquette, Patricia, 131, 132, 133, 134
Arzner, Dorothy, 33
ATC. See American Tobacco Company
Athena Film Festival, 52
Atwood, Margaret, 142
Baby Face, 34
The Bachelor (tele
vision show), 93–94, 96
The Bachelorette (television show), 50, 93, 94
backlash, 72
celebrity feminism, 120, 133–135
eighties, ix, x, 141–150
False Feminist Death syndrome, 143
media and, 143–146, 149, 164–167
news and, 146
“opt-out revolution,” 183, 184
popular culture and, 149–150
postfeminism and, 143–146, 165–167
third-wave feminism and, 153
Bag, Alice, 174
The Bags, 174
Baker-Whitelaw, Gavia, 57
Bangladesh clothing factory collapse, 63
Banks, Tyra, 246
Barbie dolls, 16–18
Barbie Liberation Organization, 17
Barely There lingerie, 21
Barnett, Rosalind C., 207, 208
Baron-Cohen, Simon, 206, 207–208
Barth, Ramona, 127
Basinger, Jeanine, 37
Batliwala, Srilatha, 171–172
Beal, Frances, 151
Beaton, Kate, 166
beauty, 252
advertising, 228, 233, 238–247
anxiety in girls, 231
body imperatives, 229–230
choice feminism and, 231–233
cosmetic surgery, 228–232
Dove’s Campaign for Real Beauty, 238–245
hiring and, 222
makeup, 221–222, 224, 232–233
marketplace feminism and, 238, 241
media and, 232, 238, 245
suffering for, 232
wage equality and, 222–223
in workplace, 221–222, 224–227
See also erotic capital; fashion
Beauty and the Beast (movie), 135
Beauty Junkies, 221
Beauty Junkies (Kuczynski), 229
The Beauty Myth (Wolf), 228
Bechdel, Alison, 54–56
Bechdel Test, 54–58
Bernays, Edward, 5–6
Beverly Hills, 90210 (television show), 151
Beyoncé, xi, 111–114, 118, 123, 127, 132, 255
Biden, Joe, 152
Bigelow, Kathryn, 47, 51
Bikini Kill, 175, 176
bitch, x
Bitch: Feminist Response to Pop Culture, ix–x, 54, 56
black women
education of, 201–202
gender essentialism and, 201–202, 205–206
See also race
Blakely, Sara, 77–78