by Peter Watson
CHAPTER I: DISTURBING THE PEACE
1. Freud’s works have been published in a 24-volume Standard Edition, translated from the German under the general editorship of James Strachey, in collaboration with Anna Freud. The Interpretation of Dreams is volume IV and V of this series. In this section, from the many biographies of Freud, I have used primarily Ronald Clark, Freud: The Man and the Cause, New York: Random House, 1980; and Giovanni Costigan, Sigmund Freud: A Short Biography, London: Robert Hale, 1967; but I also recommend: Peter Gay, A Life for Our Time, London: J. M. Dent, 1988.
2. Costigan, Op. cit., page 101.
3. Ibid., page 100.
4. Ibid., page 99.
5. Ibid.
6. William M. Johnston, The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History 1848–1938, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972, pages 33–34.
7. Costigan, Op. cit., pages 88–89.
8. Johnston, Op. cit., page 40.
9. Ibid., page 238. Costigan, Op. cit., page 89.
10. Costigan, Op. cit., page 89.
11. Johnston, Op. cit., page 65.
12. Clark, Op. cit., page 12.
13. Johnston, Op. cit., page 223.
14. Ibid., page 235.
15. Ibid., page 236.
16. Costigan, Op. cit., page 42.
17. Ibid., pages 68ff.
18. Ibid., page 70.
19. Clark, Op. cit., page 180.
20. Costigan, Op. cit., page 77; Clark, Op. cit., page 181.
21. Clark, Op. cit., page 185.
22. Costigan, Op. cit., page 79.
23. Clark, Op. cit., page 213–214; Costigan, Op. cit., page 101.
24. Joan Evans, Time and Chance: The Story of Arthur Evans and His Forebears, London: Longmans, 1943, page 329.
25. Ibid., pages 350–351.
26. Richard Stoneman, Land of Lost Gods: The Search for Classical Greece, London: Hutchinson, 1987, pages 268ff.
27. Donald Mackenzie, Crete and Pre-Hellenic: Myths and Legends, London: Senate, 1995, page 153.
28. Evans, Op. cit., page 309.
29. Ibid., pages 309–318.
30. Mackenzie, Op. cit., page 116. Evans, Op. cit., pages 318–327
31. Evans, Op. cit., pages 329–330.
32. Ibid., page 331.
33. Mackenzie, Op. cit., page 118.
34. Evans, Op. cit., pages 33 Iff; Mackenzie, Op. cit., pages 187–190.
35. Ernst Mayr, The Growth of Biological Thought, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1982, pages 727–729.
36. Ibid., page 729; William R. Everdell, The First Modems, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1997, pages 162–163.
37. Mayr, Op. cit., pages 722–726.
38. Ibid., page 728.
39. Ibid., page 730. For a more critical view of this sequence of events, see: Peter J. Bowler, The Mendelian Revolution; The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society, London: The Athlone Press, 1989, pages 110–116.
40. Mayr, Op. cit., page 715. Everdell, Op. cit., page 160.
41. Ibid., page 734.
42. Everdell, Op. cit., page 166.
43. Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986, though I have used the Penguin paperback edition: London, 1988, page 30.
44. Ibid., page 40.
45. Ibid.
46. Everdell, Op. cit., page 167.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid., page 167; Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 30–31.
49. Joel Davis, Alternate Realities, New York: Plenum, 1997, pages 215–219.
50. Everdell, Op. cit., page 171.
51. Ibid., page 166. Everdell, Op. cit., page 175.
52. Davis, Op. cit., page 218.
53. John Richardson, A Life of Picasso, 1881–1906, volume 1, London: Jonathan Cape, 1991, pages 159ff
54. Everdell, Op. cit., chapter 10, passim; Roger Shattuck, The Banquet Years: The Origins of the Avant-Garde in France 1885 to World War One, New York: Vintage, 1953, passim.
55. Richardson, Op. cit., pages 159ff
56. Everdell, Op. cit., chapter 10, passim.
57. Richardson, Op. cit., page 172.
58. Everdell, Op. cit., page 155.
59. John Berger, The Success and Failure of Picasso, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965, reprinted New York: Pantheon, 1980, page 67. Robert Hughes, The Shock of the New, London: Thames & Hudson, 1980 and 1991, pages 21 and 24.
CHAPTER 2: HALFWAY HOUSE
1. William R. Johnston, The Austrian Mind, Op. cit., pages 147–148.
2. Hilde Spiel, Vienna’s Golden Autumn 1866–1938, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987, pages 55ff.
3. Johnston, Op. cit., pages 77 and 120. See also: Spiel, Op. cit., page 55, and George R. Marek, Richard Strauss, The Life of a Non-Hero, London: Victor Gollancz, 1967, page 166.
4. Allan Janik and Stephen Toulmin, Wittgenstein’s Vienna, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973, page 45.
5. Johnston, Op. cit., page 77.
6. Ibid., page 169 and, for therapeutic nihilism, page 223.
7. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 45.
8. Franz Kuna, ‘A Geography of Modernism: Vienna and Prague 1890–1928,’ in Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane (editors), Modernism: A Guide to European Literature 1890–1930, London: Penguin, 1976, page 126.
9. Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, New York: Knopf, 1980, pages 12–14.
10. Kuna, Op. cit., page 126.
11. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., pages 62–63.
12. Schorske, Op. cit., page 14.
13. Kuna, Op. cit., page 127.
14. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., pages 114ff
15. Schorske, Op. cit., page 17.
16. Ibid., page 18.
17. Ibid., page 19.
18. Ibid.
19. Cf. T. S. Eliot in Notes Towards the Definition of Culture, discussed in chapter 26.
20. Schorske, Op. cit., page 21.
21. Ibid.
22. Kuna, Op. cit., page 128.
23. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 92, where the authors also point out that Bruckner gave piano lessons to Ludwig Boltzmann and that Mahler ‘would bring his psychological problems to Dr. Freud.’
24. Johnston, Op. cit., page 291.
25. Ibid., page 296.
26. Ibid., page 294.
27. Ibid., page 299.
28. William S. Everdell, The First Moderns, Op. cit., page 190. See also Johnston, Op. cit., pages 299–300.
29. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 135.
30. Johnston, Op. cit., pages 300–301.
31. Ibid., page 301.
32. Everdell, Op. cit., page 187.
33. Ibid., page 191.
34. Johnston, Op. cit., page 302.
35. Ibid., pages 302–305.
36. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., pages 71ff.
37. Johnston, Op. cit., page 159.
38. Ibid., pages 72–73; see also Johnston, Op. cit., pages 159–160.
39. Johnston, Op. cit., page 233.
40. Ibid., pages 233–234.
41. Ibid., page 234.
42. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 96.
43. Schorske, Op. cit., page 79.
44. Ibid.; see also Johnston, Op. cit., page 150.
45. Ibid.; see also Schorske, Op cit., pages 83ff.
46. Schorske, Op. cit., page 339.
47. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 100.
48. Ibid., page 94; see also Johnston, Op cit., page 144.
49. Schorske, Op. cit., page 220.
50. Ibid., pages 227–232.
51. Ibid.
52. Johnston, Op. cit., page 144.
53. Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 133.
54. John T. Blackmore, Ernst Mach: His Work, Life and Influence, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972, page 6.
55. Ibid., pages 182–184.
56. Janik and Toulmin, Op. ci
t., page 134.
57. Ibid. See also: Johnston, Op. cit., page 183.
58. Blackmore, Op cit., pages 87ff
59. Johnston, Op. cit., page 184; Janik and Toulmin, Op. cit., page 134.
60. Johnston, Op. cit., page 186; Blackmore, Op. cit., pages 232ff and 247ff.
CHAPTER 3: DARWIN’S HEART OF DARKNESS
1. John Ruskin, Modem Painters: 5 Volumes, Orpington, Kent: George Allen, 1844–1888.
2. Arthur Herman, The Idea of Decline in Western History, New York: The Free Press, 1997, page 221.
3. Ibid., page 222.
4. Ivan Hannaford, Race: The History of an Idea in the West, Washington D.C. and Baltimore: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, page 296.
5. Friedrich Nietzsche, Will to Power, New York: Random House, 1968, page 30.
6. Herman, Op. cit., page 99.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., pages 99–100.
9. Ibid., page 102.
10. Ibid., pages 102–103.
11. Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought, Boston: Beacon Press, 1944, page 5.
12. Mike Hawkins, Social Darwinism in European and American Thought 1860–1945, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, pages 109–118; see also Hofstadter, Op. cit., pages 51–66.
13. Hofstadter, Op. cit., pages 152–153.
14. Ibid., page 41.
15. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 132.
16. Hannaford, Op. cit., pages 289–290. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 133.
17. Hawkins, Op. cit., pages 126–127.
18. Ibid., page 178.
19. Ibid., page 152.
20. Hannaford, Op. cit., page 292.
21. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 193.
22. Ibid., page 196.
23. Hannaford, Op. cit., pages 291–292.
24. Hawkins, Op. at., page 185.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., page 219.
27. Hannaford, Op. cit., page 338.
28. Johnston, The Austrian Mind, Op. cit., page 364. Herman, Op. cit., page 125.
29. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 62.
30. Ibid., page 201.
31. Ibid.
32. Hannaford, Op. cit., page 330; see also Hawkins, Op. cit., page 217.
33. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 219.
34. Hannaford, Op. cit., page 332.
35. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 218.
36. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 225.
37. Ibid., page 242.
38. Johnston, Op. cit., page 357.
39. Janik and Toulmin, Wittgenstein’s Vienna, Op. cit., pages 60–61.
40. Ibid., page 61.
41. Johnston, Op. cit., page 358.
42. Schorske, Fin-de-siècle Vienna, Op. cit., page 164.
43. Ibid., pages 166–167.
44. Johnston, Op. cit., page 358.
45. Anthony Giddens, Introduction to: Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, London and New York: Routledge, 1942 (reprint 1986), page vii.
46. Ibid., page viii.
47. Donald G. Macrae, Weber, London: The Woburn Press, 1974, pages 30–32. See also: Hartmut Lehmann and Guenther Roth, Weber’s Prolestant Ethic, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, especially pages 73ff and 195ff.
48. Ibid., page 58.
49. J. E. T. Eldndge (editor). Max Weber: The Interpretation of Social Reality, London: Michael Joseph, 1970, page 9.
50. Giddens, Op. cit., page ix.
51. Ibid., page 35.
52. Ibid., page xi.
53. Ibid.
54. Eldridge, Op. cit., pages 168–169.
55. Giddens, Op. cit., page xii. Eldridge, Op. cit., page 166.
56. Ibid., pages xii—xiii.
57. Ibid., page xvii.
58. Lehmann and Roth, Op. cit., pages 327ff. See also: Giddens, Op. cit., page xviii.
59. Eldridge, Op. cit., page 281.
60. Hawkins, Op. cit., page 307. In Plough, Sword and Book: The Structure of Human History, London: Collins Harvill, 1988, Ernest Gellner takes Weber’s analysis further, arguing that the internalisation of norms makes Protestant societies more trusting, aiding economic activity (page 106). ‘The stress on scripturalism is conducive to a high level of literacy’ which means, he says, that high culture eventually becomes the majority culture. This promotes egalitarianism, and the modern anonymous society, simultaneously innovative and involving standardised measures and norms, promoting social order so characteristic of modernity (page 107).
61. Redmond O’Hanlon, Joseph Conrad and Charles Darwin, Edinburgh: Salamander Press, 1984, page 17.
62. D. C. R. A. Goonetilleke, Joseph Conrad: Beyond Culture and Background, London: Macmillan, 1990, pages 15ff.
63. O’Hanlon, Op. cit., pages 126–127. See also: Kingsley Widner, ‘Joseph Conrad’, Dictionary of Literary Biography, Detroit: Bruccoli Clark, 1988, Volume 34, pages 43–82.
64. O’Hanlon, Op. cit., pages 17ff.
65. Ibid., pages 20–21.
66. Widner, Op. cit., pages 43–82.
67. Ibid.
68. Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood, 1902; Penguin, 1995.
69. Goonetilleke, Op. cit., pages 88–91.
70. Conrad, Op. cit., page 20.
71. Ibid., page 112.
72. Goonetilleke, Op. cit., page 168; see also: R. W. Stalman, The Art of Joseph Conrad: A Critical Symposium, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1960.
73. O’Hanlon, Op. cit., page 26.
74. Richard Curie, Joseph Conrad: A Study, London: Kegan Paul, French, Trübner, 1914.
75. Goonetilleke, Op. cit., page 85.
76. Ibid., page 63.
77. Gary Adelman, Heart of Darkness: Search for the Unconscious, New York: Twayne, 1987, page 59.
CHAPTER 4: LES DEMOISELLES DE MODERNISME
1. Kurt Wilhelm, Richard Strauss: An Intimate Portrait, London: Thames & Hudson, 1989, pages 99–100. See also: Michael Kennedy, Richard Strauss: Man, Musician, Enigma, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pages 142–149, for this and other reactions.
2. See Malcolm Bradbury and James Mcfarlane, (editors), Modernism, Op. cit., pages 97–101.
3. George R. Marek, Richard Strauss, Op. cit., pages 15 and 27.
4. Ibid., page 150.
5. Michael Kennedy, Richard Strauss, London: J. M. Dent, 1976, page 144.
6. Wilhelm, Op. cit., page 100.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., page 102.
9. Ibid., page 103.
10. Wilhelm, Op. cit., page 120; Kennedy, Richard Strauss: Man, Musician, Enigma, Op. cit., page 152.
11. Wilhelm, Op. cit., pages 120–121.
12. Kennedy, Richard Strauss, Op. cit., page 161.
13. Marek, Op. cit., page 183.
14. Ibid., page 185.
15. Kennedy (1976), Op. cit., page 45. See also: Bryan Gilliam (editor), Richard Strauss and His World, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992, pages 31 Iff, ‘Strauss and the Viennese Critics.’
16. Marek, Op. cit., page 182.
17. Kennedy (1976), Op. cit., page 149.
18. Marek, Op. cit., page 186.
19. Kennedy (1976), Op. cit., page 150.
20. Marek, Op. cit., page 316.
21. Hans H. Stuckenschmidt, Schoenberg: His Life, World and Work, London: John Calder, 1977, page 42.
22. Harold C. Schonberg, The Lives of the Great Composers, London: Davis-Poynter, 1970, page 516.
23. Ibid., page 517.
24. Everdell, The First Moderns, Op. cit., page 275.
25. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 517.
26. Everdell, Op. cit., page 266.
27. Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., page 88.
28. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 520; see also: Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., page 141; and Schorske, Op. cit., page 351.
29. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 517.
30. Ibid., page 518.
31. Everdell, Op. cit., page 269; see also:
Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., pages 88 and 123–124.
32. Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., page 94; see also: Schonberg, Op. cit., page 400.
33. Everdell, Op. cit., page 277.
34. Ibid., page 279.
35. Paul Griffiths, A Concise History of Modern Music, London: Thames & Hudson, 1978, revised 1994, page 26. Everdell, Op. cit., page 278.
36. Schorske, Fin-de-Siècle, Op. cit., page 349.
37. Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., page 124.
38. Everdell, Op. cit., pages 277–278.
39. Ibid., page 279.
40. Ibid., pages 280–281.
41. Stuckenschmidt, Op. cit., page 124.
42. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 520.
43. Schorske, Op. cit., page 354.
44. Griffiths, Op. cit., page 34.
45. Joan Allen Smith, Schoenberg and his Circle, New York: Macmillan, 1986, page 68.
46. Schonberg, Op. cit., page 521.
47. Griffiths, Op. cit., page 43. Everdell, Op. cit., page 282.
48. Janik and Toulmin, Wittgenstein’s Vienna, Op. cit., page 107.
49. Schorske, Op. cit., page 360.
50. See for example: James R. Mellow, Charmed Circle: Gertrude Stein and Company, London: Phaidon, 1974, pages 8ff.
51. John Russell, The World of Matisse, Amsterdam: Time-Life, 1989, page 74.
52. Jack Flam, Matisse on Art (revised edition), Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995, page 35.
53. Pierre Cabanne, Pablo Picasso: His Life and Times, New York: William Morrow, 1977, page 110.
54. André Malraux, Picasso’s Mask, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976, pages 10–11.
55. Lael Westenbaker, The World of Picasso, 1881–1973, Amsterdam: Time-Life, 1980, pages 125ff.
56. Robert Hughes, The Shock of the New, Op. cit., page 24.
57. Dora Vallier, ‘Braque, la peinture et nous,’ Paris: Cahiers d’Art, No. 1, 1954, pages 13–14.
58. Ibid., page 14.
59. Hughes, Op. cit., pages 27 and 29.
60. Arianna Stassinopoulos, Picasso: Creator and Destroyer, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988, pages 96–97.
61. ‘Testimony Against Gertrude Stein,’ Transition, February 1935, No. 23, pages 13–14.
62. Everdell, Op. cit., page 311.
63. Ibid., page 314.
64. Ibid., page 313.
65. Peg Weiss, Kandinsky in Munich, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979, pages 58–59.
66. Ibid., pages 5–6.
67. K. Lindsay and P. Vergo (editors), W. Kandinsky: Complete Writings on Art (two vols), New York: G. K. Hall, 1982; reprinted in one volume, 1994, pages 371–372.