10. Ibid., pp. 121–25.
11. Ibid., pp. 98, 115, 133, 137, 158, 212, 244, 246.
12. Ibid., pp. 95 and 301. See also pp. 131–34, 135 (clock); p. 136 (armillary sphere, pp. 137–38, mirrors, compass; and p. 115, torquetum.
13. Ibid., pp. 112, 113, 301. See also Ernst Zinner, “The Maps of Regiomontanus,” Imago Mundi, 4 (1947): 31–32.
14. Zinner, Regiomontanus, p. 40.
15. Ibid., p. 42.
16. Ibid., p. 183.
17. Ibid., p. 64.
18. Ibid., pp. 365, 370; and Ulrich Libbrecht, Chinese Mathematics, 1973 p. 247.
19. See Libbrecht for his discussion on Curtze contribution at p. 247. See Needham S19, p. 40 for the Shu-shu Chiu-chang and the evolution of Chinese mathematics from the Sung dynasty through to the Yuan.
20. Ch’ in Chiu-Shao Libbrecht, Chinese Mathematics, pp. 247–48.
21. Needham, Science and Civilisation, vol. 19, pp. 10, 40, 42, 120, 141, 472, 577.
22. Ibid., vol. 30. Photo by kind permission of the Pepys Library, Magdalene College, Cambridge University.
23. Zinner, Regiomontanus, p. 117. For Copernicus, see p. 119. Other versions of Regiomontonus’s tables can be viewed in the copies held by the Royal Astronomical Society, London, and the John Rylands University, Manchester. Photo by kind permission of the British Library.
24. Davies, “Behain, Martellus.”
25. Menzies, 1421, pp. 430–31.
26. Zinner, Regiomontanus, pp. 119–23.
27. Bedini, Columbus Encyclopedia, p. 436; and ibid., p. 120.
28. Zinner, Regiomontonus, p. 123.
29. Ibid., pp. 119–25.
30. Ibid., p. 123.
31. Lambert, “Abstract.”
32. G. W. Littlehales, “The Decline of Lunar Distances,” American Geography Society Bulletin, 4, no. 2 (1909): 84. Viewable on JSTOR.
33. Lambert, “Abstract.”
34. Phillips and Encarta.
35. Zinner, Regiomontonus, p. 181.
36. Needham, Science and Civilisation, vol. 19, pp. 49–50, 109, 110, and 370–378. See also Yongle Dadian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), chap. 16, pp. 343, 344.
Chapter 14: Alberti and Leonardo da Vinci
1. Gadol, Leon Battista Alberti, introduction.
2. Ibid., pp. 67 and 196.
3. See “Selected Works of Leon Battista Alberti” in bibliography.
4. Zinner, Regiomontanus, pp. 24, 36, 58–60, 67–68, 72–77, 130–34, 265; and Gadol, Leon Battista Alberti, p. 196.
Letter of Feb 1464 in ‘Vita di LB Alberti at p 373
5. Santinello’s parallels are explored in more detail on the 1434 website, chapters 13, 18 and 21.
6. Gadol, Leon Battista Alberti, p. 155.
Chapter 15: Leonardo da Vinci and Chinese Inventions
1. Temple, Genius of China, p. 192.
2. Peers, Warlords, of China, p. 149.
3. Deng, Ancient Chinese Inventions, p. 104.
4. Ibid., pp. 113–14.
5. Ibid., p. 112.
6. See ch. 16 for Leonardo copying Taccola, who drew in 1438 a Chinese helicopter.
7. Temple, Genius, p. 175.
8. Ibid., p. 177.
9. Ibid., p. 243.
10. Taddei, Leonardo’s Machines, p. 118.
11. Temple, Genius, p. 59.
Chapter 16: Leonardo, di Giorgio, Taccola and Alberti
1. White, “Parachute,” pp. 462–67.
2. Reti, “Francesco di Giorgio Martini’s Treatise,” p. 287.
3. Francesco, Trattato. Copies Biblioteca Nazionale Florence and Biblioteca Communale Siena
4. Reti, “Helicopters and Whirligigs”; Leonardo, “Parachute”; Jackson, “Dragonflies”; and Gablehouse, “Helicopters and Autogiros.”
5. See Guidebooks on Siena
6. Prager and Scaglia, Mariano Taccola.
7. Please also refer to Modern Guide Book “Siena” Romas, Siena p. 154.
8. Sigismund Faced Uprisings In Bohemia following Jan Huss Murder in 1419 (Following Council of Constance)
9. Prager and Scaglia, “Mariano Taccola.”
10. Ibid.; and Galluzzi, Art of Invention, p. 118.
11. Prager and Scaglia, Mariano Taccola. Galluzzi, Art of Invention, p. 35.
12. Galluzzi, Art of Invention, pp. 36–37.
13. Prager and Scaglia, Mariano Taccola; and ibid., pp. 37–38.
14. Prager and Scaglia, Mariano Taccola, p. 93; and Galluzzi, Art of Invention, p. 87.
Di Giorgio adapts Taccola—Examples
i) Di Giorgio’s fountain (Ms Ash 4IR) and Taccola’s surprise fountain (Ms PAL 767 p. 21)
ii) Taccola’s hoists for Mills (III, 36R) and di Giorgio’s Mills (Trattato I Ms Ash 361 for 37v)
iii) Taccola’s and di Giorgio’s underwater swimmers with breathing (Cod Lat Mon 288800 fol 78R and MS PAL 767 BNCF p. 9)
iv) Floating Riders on Horseback (Taccola II 90V) di Giorgio MS II. I. 141 (BNCF) follow 196v
v) Paddle wheel boats—Taccola Ms Lat 7239 fol 87r: di Giorgio Ms 197 b21 (BML) fol 45v
vi) Devices for measuring distances—Taccola Ms Pal 766 fol 52R: di Giorgio Ms Ash 361 fol 29R
vii) Drawings of Trebuchet Ms 197.b.21 (BML) fol 3V (di Giorgio) and cod lat Mon 197 II fol 59V (Taccola)
viii) Underground Mining causing towns to collapse—di Giorgio Ms Ash 361 fol 50R; Taccola Codex lat Mon 28800 fol. 48
ix) Transportable crane di Giorgio Ms 197 b.21 fol 11V Taccola Ms PAL 766 for ZOR
x) Weight driven wheels—Taccola Code lat Mon 197 II fol 57 R: di Giorgio Ms 197 b21 Fol 71 V
xi) Water mills transforming vertical power to horizontal Taccola Ms Pal 766 Fol 39R: di Giorgio Ms Sal 148 for 34V
xii) Ox drawn pumps Taccola Ms Lat 7239 p. 32 di Giorgio MS II.1.141 fol 97V
15. K. T. Wu, and Wu Kuang-Ch’ing, “Ming Printing and Printers,” Harvard Journal of Asiatie Studies 7, no. 3 (Feb. 1943): 203–60.
16. See Needham, Science and Civilisation, vols. 19 and 27.
17. Taccola MS Lat BNP fol 50R
18. Francesco Di Giorgio MS II 1.141 fol 97v
19. Needham, Science and Civilisation, vol. 27, figs. 602–27, table 56.
20. Nung Shu, ch. 19, pp. 5bb–6a and NS 183.
21. MS Lat Urbinas 1757 Fol 118R
22. Carts with steering gear—Codicetto
23. Reversible hoists—de Ingeneis III 36R Taccola, De Ingeneis, book 2, 96v.
24. Ms Ash 361 F 37V
25. Ms Getty GEM fol R
26. Galluzzi, Art of Invention, pp. 42–43.
27. Ibid., p. 44.
28. 361 Fol 46v
29. Galluzzi, Art of Invention, p. 11.
30. Ibid., p. 11.
31. Jackson, “Dragonflies,” pp. 1–4; Gablehouse,
Helicopters and Autogiros, pp. 1–3; and White,
“Helicopters and Whirligigs.”
Chapter 17: Silk & Rice
1. Nung Shu; and Needham, Science and Civilization, vol. 27, p. 104.
2. Martial, quoted in Thorley, pp. 71–80.
3. Thorley, “Silk Trade Between China and the Roman Empire at Its Height Circa. A.D. 90–130” Greece and Rome, 2nd Series, Vol. 18, No. 1 (1971) p. 71–80. See Bibliography.
4. Temple, “Genius,” p. 120, ill. 88.
5. Molà, “Silk Industry,” pp. 261 and 218, 220.
6. Hobson, Eastern Origins, pp. 128, 342; and Kuhn, “Science V.”
7. Molà, “Silk Industry,” p. 261.
8. “Braudel, Wheels of Commerce,” Fontana, 1985, pp. 405–408.
9. Needham, Science and Civilisation, vol. 28, pp. 225 and 340.
10. Ms Ash 361 (BMLF) fol 6V
11. Shapiro, “Suction Pump,” p. 571.
12. Needham, Science and Civilisation, vol. 27, p. 144.
13. Molà, “Silk Industry,” pp. 218–46.
14. Hibbert, House of Medici, p. 63.
15. Ibid., p. 63.
16. Ibid., Hibbert, p. 89
Chapter 18: Grand Canals, China and Lombardy
1. Emperor Yang—Sui dynasty. Ancient China,” p. 66.
2. Lonely Planet p. 378.
3. Now named Xian. “Ancient China” pp. 63–75. Ancient China-Chinese Civilisation from the origin to the Tang dynasty Barnes & Noble N.Y. 2006.
4. Quoted in Lonely Planet pp. 378–79.
5. Temple, Genius, pp. 196–97.
6. Needham, Science and Civilisation, vol. 28; and ibid., p. 197.
7. Needham, Science and Civilization, ch. 28, pp. 358–76.
8. Barbarossa Capture of Milan Frederick I (1123–1190) conquered Milan in 1161.
9. Taccola’s Lock Gate Taccola, De ingeneis, vol. 4; and Parsons, Engineers, pp. 367–373.
10. Parsons, Engineers, p. 373.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., p. 376.
13. Parsons, Engineers. Descriptions Trattato dei Pondi p. 373; Alberti, pp. 374–75; Bartola, pp. 358–376.
14. Ibid., pp. 372–81; Needham, Science and Civilisation, vol. 28, pp. 377–80.
15. Needham, Science and Civilisation, vol. 28, pp. 358–76.
16. Parsons, Engineers, pp. 374–75.
17. See Mantua L. Santoni Mantua 1989, p. 36 et seq
18. Dixon, Venice, Vicenza, p. 112. et seq
19. Ibid.
Chapter 19: Firearms and Steel
1. Spencer, “Filarete’s Description”; and Wertime, “Asian Influences” and Age of Steel.
2. Ibid.
3. Spencer, “Filarete’s Description.”
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Brescia and Bergamo are towns in northern Italy.
7. Wertime, “Asian Influences,” p. 397.
8. Butters, Triumph of Vulcan.
9. Needham, Science and Civilisation, vol. 30. pt. II
10. Genius of China, pp. 224–228.
11. Goodrich, L. Carrington, and Fêng Chia-Shêng. “The Early Development of Firearms in China.” Isis 36, no. 2 (Jan. 1946): 114–23. Viewable on JSTOR.
12. Temple, Genius, p. 230.
13. Ibid., p. 234.
14. Cited in Needham, Science and Civilisation, vol. 30, pt. II.
15. Temple, Genius, p. 237.
16. Goodrich and Feng, “Early Development.”
17. Eichstadt, Bellifortis; Thorndike, “Unidentified Work,” p. 42.
18. Thorndike, “Unidentified Work,” p. 42.
19. Ibid., p. 37.
20. Ibid., p. 38.
21. Needham, Science and Civilisation, vol. 30, pt. II, p. 51.
22. A Stuart Weller “Francesco di Giorgio Martini 1439–1501” University of Chicago Press, Chicago Ill 1943 at p. 74.
23. Ibid.
24. Refer to 1434 website under “cannon.”
25. Chien Tzu Lei Phao.
26. Huo Lung Chung, pt. 1, ch. 2, pp. 2, 2a, 10a.
27. Ibid., p. 16a
28. MS 5, IV. 5 (BCS) c. 5R.
Chapter 20: Printing
1. Ottley, and Humphreys, History.
2. Needham, Science and Civilisation, vol. 32, pp. 100–75; and Deng Ancient Chinese Inventions, pp. 21–23.
3. Needham, Science and Civilisation, vol. 32, pp. 100–175, esp. p. 172. For Yongle Dadian see p. 174, n. c. See also Wu, “Development.”
4. Hessel, Haarlem, and Humphreys, History, p. 55.
5. “The Case of Rival Claimants,” p. 170.
6. Bibs. 7, 8, and 9.
7. Blaise Agüeras y Arcas and Paul Needham Reported on Google.
APHA/Grolier Club lecture by Paul Needham and Blaise LECTURE:
Agueras y Arcas—(organisation of Book Collectors)
January 2001. New York.
PAPER:
Agüera y Arcas, Blaise; Paul Needham (November 2002). “Computational analytical bibliography”. Proceedings Bibliopolis Conference The future history of the book, The Hague (Netherlands): Koninklijke Bibliotheek.
8. Ottley, Inquiry, p. 47; and Termanza, “Lettere,” vol. 5 p. 321.
9. “Early Venetian Printing,” exhibition, Kings College, London, Dec. 2006.
10. Carmichael, Plague and the Poor, pp. 124–26.
Chapter 21: China’s Contribution to the Renaissance
1. Zinner, Regiomontanus, pp. 112–13.
2. Liu Manchums, evidence at Nanjing Conference Dec 2002.
3. Ibid.
4. Villiers and Earle, Albuquerque, pp. 29–65; and in Antonio de Bilhao Pato, Cartas de Afonse de Albuquerque Seguides de dowmentos que as elucidam, vol. 1, letter 9 (April 1512): pp. 29–65. Translation and research by E Manuel Stock.
5. O Brasil invar Portulano do sec xv (Brasil on a Map of Fifteenth Century)
6. Thorndike, “Unidentified Work,” p. 42.
7. Corte são, “Pre-Columbian Discovery,” p. 39.
8. Thompson, Friar’s Map, pp. 171–74.
9. Fiske, John.
The Discovery of America—With Some Account of Ancient America and the Spanish Conquest (two volumes). Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1892. Reprinted 1920.
10. Thompson, Friar’s Map, “Venice Goes West,” p. 171. Sinovic, 1991, p. 155.
11. Duchess of Medina-Sidonia’s collection of Columbus record, in her Library at Sanlucar de Barrameda.
12. Ruggero, Marino, Cristoforo Colombo: L’ultimo dei Templari. Milan: Sperling, Kupfer Editori, 2005.
13. Royal Geographical Society Journal Davies, “Behaim, Martellus and Columbus,” 143, pt. 3: 451–59.
14. Encyclopedia Britannica, New “The Copernican Revolution.” S. V. “Copernicus, Nicolaus,” and also Zinner, Regiomontanus, p. 183.
15. Ibid., Zinner, p. 183.
16. Ibid.
17. This is being corrected in the latest edition.
18. Ernst Zinner, Regiomontanus, pp. 184–185.
19. Swerdlow, “Derivation.”
20. “Derivation.”
21. Ibid.
22. See Gou Shoujing’s third-degree method of interpolation in Aslaksen and Ng Say Tiong, “Calendars, Interpolation.”
23. Siderius. See New Encyclopedia Brittanica
24. New Encyclopedia Brittanica, 15th ed., S. V. 1994 “Galilei, Galileo.”
25. Mui, Dong, and Zhou, “Ancient Chinese.”
26. Gadol, Leon Battista Alberti.
27. Sorenson and Raish, Pre-Columbian Contact; and Johannesen and Sorenson, Biology
28. Thompson, Friar’s Map; and letters to author 2003–2007
Chapter 22: Tragedy on the High Seas: Zheng He’s Fleets Destroyed by a Tsunami
This chapter relies heavily on the work of Professor Ted Bryant and Dr. Dallas Abbott and colleagues; please refer to the Acknowledgments section.
1. Legend of the bear climbing out of a wrecked ship on Clatsop Beach. This is Chinook folklore, recounted to us by Catherine Herrold Troeh.
2. The legend is corroborated by a similar one of the Crow people, told to us by Frank Fitch.
3. Zatta’s map appears on our 1434 website as do drawings of Chinese people made during Russian expeditions carried out before Vancouver or Cook.
4. These figures are explained in more detail in chapter 2.
5. This correspondence was in 2002.
6. The relevant part of this is reported on the 1434 website
7. Keddie, Grant, “Contributions to Human History,” published by Royal British Columbia Museum, No. 3, March 19, 1990.
8. Further details of the Washington potters may be found on our 1434 website
9. Professor Marianna Fernandez Cobo and colleagues (see Bibliography)
10. Professor Gabriel Novick and colleagues (see Bibliography)
11. Diego Ribero’s chart of 1529 can be seen on our 1434 website. It contains accurate mapping details of places from South America to Indonesia, which in 1529 had not been “discovered” by Europeans and were unknown to them.
12. Rostowerski, Maria—“History of the Inca Realm”, Cambridge University Press, 1999
13. Macedo Justo Cáceres “Pre
-Hispanic Cultures of Peru,” Peruvian National Museum, Lima, Peru, 1985.
Copper coins—these were the shape of small axes. See our 1434 website for the section on coinage.
Chapter 23: The Conquistadores’ Inheritance: Our Lady of Victory
This chapter relies heavily on a series of lectures on Medieval Spain given by Dr. Christopher Pollard at Dillington House near Taunton, Somerset, which the author was privileged to attend in 1999. Please refer to the acknowledgments section.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Bibligraphy for Chapters 1–5 inclusive
Dreyer, Edward L. Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433. London: Pearson Longman, 2006.
Mote, Frederick, and Denis C. Twitchett, eds. The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry. Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001.
Twitchett, Denis C., ed. The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 3, Sui and T’ang China, 589–906 AD. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Dreyer, Edward L. Early Ming History: A Political History, 1355–1435. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1982.
———. Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433. London: Pearson Longman, 2006.
J. J. L. Duyvendak. “The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century.” T’oung Pou (Leiden), no. 34 (1938).
Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilisation in China. 7 vols. 30 sections. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956–.
Reid, Anthony. Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680. Vol. 2, Expansion and Crisis. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1993.
Tai Peng Wang. Research papers available on www.gavinmenzies.net.
———. “Foreigners in Zheng He’s Fleets,” Apr. 2006.
———. “A Tale of Globalisation in Ancient Asia,” Dec. 3, 2006.
———. “The Real Discoverer of the World,” ed. Lin Gang—Zheng He,” giving explanations relating to Zheng He 1418 map.
———. “The Most Startling Discovery from Zheng He’s Treasure Shipyards by Prof. Pan Biao and My Response.”
———. “What Was the Route Taken by the Chinese Delegation to Florence in 1433.”
———. “Zheng He and His Envoys’ Visits to Cairo in 1414 and 1433.”
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