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Strategy Page 102

by Lawrence Freedman


  Liddell Hart and, 134–135, 137–138

  military strategies of, 129–130

  Plan 1919 and, 130

  Functions of the Executive, The (Barnard), 471

  Future of Industrial Man, The (Drucker), 493

  Gaither, H. Rowan, 516–517, 576

  Galambos, Louis, 498

  Galbraith, John Kenneth, 418–419, 491–492, 501

  Gallup, George, 437

  Galula, David, 188–189, 224

  game theory. See also rational choice theory

  The Bible and, 11

  coalitions and, 582–583

  cooperation and, 584–587

  economics and, 514–515

  Fortune magazine and, 495

  free-rider problem and, 583–584, 595–597

  limits of, 514–515, 528–529, 580–581, 605–606

  minimax solution and, 151–153, 155, 165, 582

  nuclear weapons and, 155

  origins of, 151–153

  prisoner’s dilemma and, 154–155, 585–586, 590, 596

  RAND Corporation and, 161–162, 513

  Schelling and, 160–162, 166–167, 515, 529, 585

  Games and Decisions (Luce and Raiffa), 161–162

  Gamson, William, 582

  Gandhi, Mohandas

  assassination of, 350

  Du Bois and, 351

  Indian independence movement and, 348–350

  King Jr. and, 358–360

  nonviolent direct action and, 348–351, 354–355, 358–359, 385, 412

  pacifism and, 347, 352

  satyagraha and, 348, 355

  Thoreau and, 347, 675n4

  Tolstoy and, 347–348

  United States and, 351–352

  Gantt, Henry, 464

  Ganz, Marshall, 387

  Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 179

  Garstka, John, 217

  Gat, Azar, 9, 126

  gay liberation, 411

  Gay, Edwin, 462

  Gekko, Gordon (Wall Street), 508

  Gell-Mann, Murray, 197

  General Electric, 442, 494, 498, 503–504

  General German Workers’ Association, 284

  General Motors

  antitrust issues and, 489, 494–495, 497

  Chevrolet and, 486, 488–489, 495, 497

  as competitor to Ford, 481–482, 484–486

  Drucker and, 493–495

  Flint sit-down strike and, 381, 487–489, 495

  labor relations and, 487–490, 495

  Sloan’s management of, 483–486, 496–498

  Toyota and, 523

  general strikes, 287–289

  geopolitics, concept of, 120–122

  German Confederation, 255

  German Democratic Party, 304

  German Federation, 255

  German Ideology, The (Marx and Engels), 252

  Germany. See also Prussia

  air power and, 124, 139, 143, 157–158

  Berlin blockade crisis in, 172–174

  Federal Republic of, 211

  First World War and, 114, 123–125, 127, 130–131, 210, 333, 619–620

  National Assembly in, 263–264

  naval power and, 116–117

  Revolution of 1848 in, 255, 257–259, 261

  Schlieffen Plan and, 113

  Second World War and, 134, 139–143, 157–158, 199, 210, 213

  socialist revolutionary failures in, 298, 305

  Gerth, Hans, 372

  Ghamari-Tabriz, Sharon, 147

  Ghoshal, Sumantra, 529–530

  Giap, Vo Nguyen, 186–187, 191–192, 401

  Gilbert and Sullivan, 69

  Gilbreth, Frank and Lillian, 464

  Gingrich, Newt, 434

  Ginsberg, Allen, 405–408, 683n48

  Gitlin, Todd, 368, 388, 412–413, 417–418

  Gladstone, William, 73

  Gödel, Kurt, 197

  Goebbels, Joseph, 333, 340

  Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 321

  Goffman, Erving, 415–416, 418, 593

  Goldwater, Barry, 439

  Goodall, Jane, 7–8

  Gore, Al, 448, 532

  Gorgias, 36

  Gorrell, Nap, 125, 130

  Gottschalk, Andreas, 257, 261

  Graham, Billy, 449

  Gramsci, Antonio

  civil society and, 329–332

  hegemony and, 329–333, 415, 418

  Italian Communist Party (PCI) and, 328, 332–333

  Machiavelli and, 330

  Marxism of, 331

  military analogies of, 331–332

  on political party organization, 330–331

  Grant, Ulysses S., 111, 506

  Gray, Colin, 192, 237–238, 244

  Great Britain

  air power and, 124–125, 157–158

  American War of Independence and, 232

  First World War and, 114, 118, 123–125, 130–131, 182, 647n11

  free trade and, 96

  general strike in, 287

  Indian independence movement and, 348–349, 354

  Liberal Party in, 345

  Malaya and, 188

  Napoleonic Wars and, 116

  naval power and, 115–121

  Second World War and, 134, 139–144, 147, 157–158, 349, 648n14

  suffragette movement in, 344–346

  Great Depression, 334, 441, 482

  Great War. See First World War

  Green, Donald, 581

  Greenberg, Stanley, 433

  Greene, Graham, 187

  Gregg, Richard, 352, 355, 358, 412

  growth-share matrix, 519–520

  guerrilla warfare

  American War of Independence and, 178

  anti-colonial revolts and, 181–182, 240

  Arab revolt (1916) and, 181–182

  China and, 183–186

  Clausewitz on, 179

  Engels on, 179–180, 187

  Lawrence and, 181–182, 227

  Lenin on, 180

  Liddell Hart on, 183

  Mao and, 183–186, 191–192, 227, 400

  Napoleonic Wars and, 179–180, 240

  Peters on, 227

  Russian Civil War and, 180

  Spain and, 179–180, 240

  strategic impact of, 179–180, 227

  Trotsky on, 180

  Vietnam and, 186–187, 191–192, 221

  Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner (film), 431

  Guevara, Che, 188, 399–402, 404

  Guibert, Jacques Antoine Hippolyte Comte de, 73, 76

  Gulf War (1991), 214–215, 217–219

  Gunpowder Plot (1605), 59, 65

  Hadley, Arthur, 449

  Haig, Douglas, 112

  Halifax, Lord, 140

  Halleck, Henry, 109–110

  halo effect, 569–570

  Hamel, Gary

  on deregulation, 548–549

  Enron and, 550–551

  Honda and, 568

  incorporation of Alinsky by, 549–550

  incorporation of King Jr. by, 551

  management theories of, 548–550, 556, 568

  Hamilton, Charles, 393, 395–396, 449

  Hammer, Michael, 533–534

  Hammes, Thomas X., 226

  Handy, Charles, 556

  Hanisch, Carol, 410

  Hanna, Mark, 438

  Hanson, Victor Davis, 47

  Harvard Business School, 461–462, 469–470, 517–518

  Haushofer, Karl, 122

  Hawthorne Studies (Mayo), 469–471

  Hayden, Casey, 410

  Hayden, Tom

  Alinsky and, 388

  campus protests and, 404

  Chicago Democratic Convention protests (1968) and, 407

  community organizing and, 376–377, 380

  Cuba and, 403

  Mills and, 374–375

  Port Huron Statement and, 367–368, 374–375

  Vietnam War and, 397, 403

  Hayek, Friedrich, 503, 516

  Hayes, Robert, 528
r />   “hearts and minds” counterinsurgency approach, 188–189, 232–233, 615

  Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 252

  hegemony, Gramsci’s notion of, 329–333, 415, 418

  Heisenberg, Werner, 197

  Hemingway, Ernest, 400

  Henderson, Bruce, 507, 519, 521, 544

  Henderson, Lawrence, 471

  Henri (duke of Rohan), 48

  Henry V (King of England), 48

  Henry V (Shakespeare), 64–65

  heresthetics, 587–588

  Herzen, Alexander, 265–269

  heuristics, 593, 600

  Heuser, Beatrice, 47–48, 72–73

  hippies, 405–406

  Hiroshima, atomic bombing of, 143, 156, 217

  Hitch, Charles, 149

  Hitler, Adolf

  “big lie” and, 333

  Great Britain and, 142

  Second World War and, 139–140, 142–143, 210, 213, 334

  Soviet Union and, 142, 213, 334

  United States and, 142–143

  Hoffman, Abbie, 406

  holistic view of strategy, 238–239

  Holmes, Terence, 641n21

  Holt, Robin, 556–557

  Holub, Miroslav, 566

  Homans, George, 471

  Homer, 22–27, 29, 40, 42

  Honda, 566–569, 617, 707n41

  Honda, Soichiro, 567

  Honig, Jan Willem, 48–49

  Horton, Willie, 448, 450

  Hough, Jill, 463

  Houser, George, 355

  Howard, Michael, 86, 204, 207

  Hugo, Victor, 255, 668n27

  Hull House, 310–313, 315

  human brain, studies of, 5–6, 592, 601–602

  human relations school of management, 468–473, 483, 543

  Human Side of Enterprise (McGregor), 543

  Hume, David, 589

  Humphrey, Hubert, 406–407

  Hundred Years War, 48–49

  Hungary, 298

  Hussein, Saddam, 215, 219, 222

  I, Governor of California and How I Ended Poverty (Sinclair), 437

  Iklé, Fred, 238

  Iliad, The (Homer)

  Achilles in, xii, 22–23, 25–27

  Agamemnon in, 25–26

  Athena in, 24–26

  Cassandra in, 25

  Hector in, 26

  Laocoön in, 25

  Odysseus in, 22–26, 42, 613, 617

  Paris in, 26

  Patroclus in, 25–26

  Priam in, 24–25

  Sinon in, 24–25

  Trojan horse, 24–25

  Trojans in, 24–26, 42

  In Search of Excellence (Peters and Waterman), 545–547

  India, independence movement in, 347–350, 354–355

  Industrial Areas Foundation, 381

  industrialization

  military impact of, 111, 115, 121, 130

  military targets and, 125, 129

  information operations

  changing others’ perceptions and, 228

  communications strategies and, 233–235, 241

  culture-centric warfare and, 231

  cyberwarfare and, 229–230

  digital information’s impact on, 228–230

  military intelligence and, 228

  netwar and, 230

  war of narratives and, 233–234

  information warfare, 215, 217, 222, 231

  intelligent design, theory of, 421–423, 686n19

  International Anarchist Congress, 277

  International Workingmen’s Association (IWA). See First International

  Introduction to the Science of Sociology (Park and Burgess), 378

  Iraq. See Gulf War (1991); Iraq War (2003-)

  Iraq War (2003-), 222–225, 231–232, 235

  Iskra, 290, 292, 294

  Israelites. See under Bible, The

  Italy

  air power and, 125

  anarchism in, 277

  fascism in, 328

  First World War and, 125

  guerrilla warfare in, 179

  Italian Communist Party (PCI) and, 328, 332–333

  nationalism in, 251

  Second World War and, 142–143

  Young Italy campaign, 179

  Jacobin Club, 249

  James I (King of England), 63, 65

  James, William, 317, 337, 371, 415, 685n3

  Japan

  atomic bombing of, 143, 156, 217

  business process reengineering (BPR) and, 532

  business strategy in, 509–511, 531–532, 536, 545, 566–568

  China and, 183–184, 186

  motorcycle companies in, 566–568, 707n41

  Second World War and, 143, 184, 186

  total quality management (TQM), 532

  Jay, Anthony, 60

  Jensen, Michael, 526–527, 530

  Jervis, Robert, 587

  Jim Crow segregation laws (United States), 350–351, 356, 361

  Johnson, Lyndon, 395, 406–407, 439, 446

  Johnson, Phillip, 421–422

  Joint Strategy Review (1999), 220–221

  “Joint Vision 2010,” 217

  Joly de Maizeroy, Paul Gédéon, 73

  Jomini, Antoine Henri de

  Clausewitz and, 85

  guerrilla warfare and, 179

  legacy of, 109–110, 114, 116–117, 126, 185, 262, 569, 608

  on Napoleon, 83–84

  Napoleonic Wars experience of, 83–84

  strategic theories of, xii, 84–85, 116–117, 202, 207

  on victory, 94

  Jordan, Hamilton, 449

  Joseph. See under Bible, The

  Jullien, François, 46

  Jungle, The (Sinclair), 312

  Jutland, Battle of, 120

  Kagan, Donald, 33

  Kahn, Herman, 156, 159–161, 176

  Kahneman, Daniel, 592–593, 604, 616, 622

  Kai-shek, Chiang, 184

  Kant, Immanuel, 316–317

  Kaplan, Robert, 191, 561–562

  Kaufman, Arnold, 374

  Kautsky, Karl, 284–285, 288–289, 297, 332

  Kay, John, 560, 570

  Kellaway, Lucy, 564

  Kelley, Florence, 314–315

  Kennedy, John F.

  Berlin blockade crisis and, 172–173

  civil rights legislation and, 363–364

  civilian strategic advisers to, 149–150

  counterinsurgency and, 188

  Cuban missle crisis and, 173–176

  television debate with Nixon and, 438–439

  women’s rights and, 409

  Kennedy, Robert, 174, 386, 403, 407

  Kerry, John, 433

  Kershaw, Ian, 140

  key performance indicators (KPIs), 562

  Keynes, John Maynard, 513

  Khomeini, Ayatollah, 424

  Khrushchev, Nikita, 173–176

  Kiechel III, Walter, 498–499, 501

  Kilcullen, David, 224, 234

  Kim, W. Chan, 537–539

  King Jr., Martin Luther

  Alinsky and, 388–389

  assassination of, 403

  Birmingham campaign and, 362–364

  on Black Power movement, 394

  Chicago and, 388–389

  economic issues and, 364, 395

  Gandhi and, 358–360

  March on Washington and, 364

  Montgomery Bus Boycott and, 357–358

  nonviolent direct action and, 344, 358–359, 362–364, 677n28

  plagiarism and, 359–360, 677n28

  Rustin and, 358–361, 389

  Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and, 391

  Wilkins and, 360–361

  King Lear (Shakespeare), 64, 314

  King, Mary, 410

  Kingdom of God is Within You, The (Tolstoy), 347

  Kissinger, Henry, 170

  Kitzmiller v. Dover, 422

  Kjellén, Rudolf, 122

  Knights, David, 558–559

 
Kolakowski, Leszek, 11

  Kornberger, Martin, 559

  Kossuth, Lajos, 251, 260

  Krepinevich, Andrew F., 215–216

  Kubrik, Stanley, 160

  Kuhn, Thomas

  Foucault and, 424

  paradigms and, 419–423

  Kuklick, Bruce, 614

  Kursk, Battle of, 143

  Kutuzov, Mikhail

  Battle of Borodino and, 79–80

  Tolstoy’s depiction of, 100, 102

  Kuwait. See Gulf War (1991)

  Laffley, Alan, 570

  Lakoff, George, 434–436

  “Language: A Key Mechanism of Control” (Gingrich and Luntz), 434

  Lansdale, Edward, 187

  Lassalle, Ferdinand, 284

  Lasswell, Harold, 339, 416, 576

  Lawrence, T.E.

  Arab rebellion (1916) and, 181–182

  crowd psychology and, 182

  guerrilla warfare and, 181–182, 227

  legacy of, 185–186, 224, 227

  Liddell Hart and, 183

  military strategies of, 135

  Le Bon, Gustave, 128, 131–132, 326–327, 333, 336, 467

  Leadership Secrets of Attila the Hun (Roberts), 506

  Leading the Revolution (Hamel), 550

  League for Industrial Democracy, 367

  League of the Just, 254

  learning organizations, 556–558

  Lebow, Richard Ned, 34

  Lederer, William, 187

  Lee, Robert E., 110–111, 506

  Lehrer, Jonah, 601–602

  Lenin, Vladimir Ilych

  biography of, 290

  economic approaches of, 290–291

  First World War and, 295

  on guerilla warfare, 180

  hegemony and, 329

  Luxemburg on, 293

  Marx and, 290, 297

  on military strategy, 294, 332

  party organization and, 289–293, 296–297, 331

  revolution strategy of, 290–293, 296–297

  Russian Revolution and, 294, 296–297

  socialist movement and, 289–291

  successors of, 298

  Taylorism and, 465–466

  Third International and, 297

  on the working class, 291

  Leo VI (Emperor of Byzantine), 72–73

  Letter to a Hindu (Tolstoy), 347

  Letters to a Frenchman on the Present Crisis (Bakunin), 275

  Letters to a Young Activist (Gitlin), 413

  Levison, Stanley, 358, 360

  Levy, Carl, 280

  Lewis, John, 381, 487–489

  Liberal Party (Great Britain), 345

  Liberation Management (Peters and Waterman), 547

  Liberty League, 487

  Liddell Hart, Basil

  on airpower, 647n11

  attritional warfare and, 138

  Beaufre and, 194

  on Clausewitz, 204

  First World War and, 134

  Fuller and, 134–135, 137–138

  on guerrilla warfare, 183

  indirect approach and, 134, 137–139, 183, 211, 508, 556, 617, 704n8

  Lawrence and, 183

  legacy of, 507, 511, 556

  limited war concept and, 134, 136–137

  on maneuver warfare, 205

  military strategies of, xii, 134–139, 202, 507–509

 

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