10. On Shaftesbury, Palmerston, James Finn and return of Jews, Christian Zionism: David Brown, Palmerston: A Biography on Mehmet Ali crisis 211–37; on religion and Shaftesbury 416–21; Norman Bentwich and John M. Shaftesley, “Forerunners of Zionism in the Christian Era,” in Remember the Days: Essays on Anglo-Jewish History Presented to Cecil Roth 207–40. Green 88–9. Tuchman 175–207. Shaftesbury/British interest: Wasserstein 26–9; on the consuls and Anglo-Prussian bishopric 29 and 34–7. Rise of British power: Gilbert, Rebirth 14–27, 42–5. M. Vereté, “Why was a British Consulate Established in Jerusalem?,” English Historical Review 75 (1970) 342–5. M. Vereté, “The Restoration of the Jews in English Protestant Thought, 1790–1840,” Middle Eastern Studies 8 (1972) 4–50.
Ruth Kark, American Consuls in the Holy Land (henceforth Kark) on U.S. missionaries 26–9 on nature of Jerusalem consulates 55, 110–11; on consuls 128–90; on Livermore and American millenarians, quote by U.S. consul in Beirut 212–27, 307–10. On Lieutenant Lynch: Silberman 51–62. James Finn as evangelist, and wife daughter of evangelist, character, brave, tactless, Diness scandal: James and Elizabeth Finn, View from Jerusalem, 1849–58: The Consular Diary of James and Elizabeth Anne Finn (henceforth Finn diaries) 28–35 and 51; blood libel 107–15. Consular rivalries and pretensions: Finn 2.141, 2:221. Shaftesbury, Finn and Gawler’s Hebraism/evangelism: Green 214–19 and 232–3. Return of patriarchs: Mouradian, “Les Chrétiens,” in Nicault, Jérusalem 177–204.
11. Cresson and American millenarianism: Warder Cresson, The Key of David, on Anglican conversion of Jews 327–30; leaving Philadelphia for Jerusalem 2; charges of insanity and defence 211–44. Levi Parsons, Memoir of Rev. Levi Parsons 357–79. On American Second Awakening, first pilgrims Fisk and Parsons, John Adams, Robinson, Livermore, Joseph Smith Blackstone Memorial: Oren, Power 80–92, 142–3. Obenzinger, American Palestine, on early Americans and Cresson 4–5 and 188–27. MacCulloch 903–7. Harriet Livermore—thanks to Kirsten Ellis for access to her unpublished chapters. U.S. missionaries, Silberman 31–6. U.S. Christian Zionism: W. E. Blackstone, Memorial, in Obenzinger, American Palestine 269–70. Herzl and Zionism: Gilbert, Rebirth 217–22. Zangwill, Galveston settlement, Africa, Argentina, Angola and Territorialism: M. Obenzinger, JQ 17 February 2003. Jews in Jerusalem, 1895: 28,000; 1905: 35,000; 1914: 45,000; Krämer 102–3 and 138. Kark 19–37. W. Thackeray, Notes on a Journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo (henceforth Thackeray) 681–99.
H. Melville, Journals 84–94; on Clarel 65–81. Knauf, OJ 74–5. Challenge to U.S. consular flag: Finn diaries 260–77. Finn’s evangelism: Green 219 and 232–33. Mouradian, “Les Chrétiens,” in Nicault, Jérusalem 177–204.
12. Nicholas I: W. Bruce Lincoln, Nicholas I, handsome 49, Victoria 223, Russian God 243–6, Our Russia 251, Paul and knight, quote of Marquis de Castelbajac (French ambassador) 291, Jerusalem and the Eastern Question, French monk, legend of Alexander I and Russian love of Jerusalem 330–4. Orlando Figes, Crimea: The Last Crusade (henceforth Figes) 1–17; on Nicholas 36–7. Pushkin on Jerusalem: letter to P. Chaadayev 19 October 1836: Julian Henry Lowenfield, My Talisman: The Poetry and Life of Alexander Pushkin (New York, 2010), 95. H. Martineau, Eastern Life, 3: 162–5. Fo 78/446, Finn to Aberdeen and Fo 78/205 Finn to Palmerston. Gogol: V. Voropanov, “Gogol v Ierusalime,” Pravoslavny Palomnik (2006) 2, 44–6 and 3. 35–59. 1.99–105. P. A. Kulish, Zapiski iz zhizni N. V. Gogolia sostavlennye iz vospominaniy ego druzey i znakomykh i iz ego sobstvennykh pisem 2.164–89. N. V. Gogol, Polnoe sobranie sochineniy: Pisma, 1848–52 vol. 14. I. P. Zolutusky, Gogol 394–401. Elon, Jerusalem 138–9. Jerusalem Syndrome: Yair Bar-El et al., British Journal of Psychiatry 176 (2000) 86–90.
13. Start of Crimean War: W. B. Lincoln, Nicholas I 330–40. Figes 100–8; Nicholas instability 155–7; Nicholas’ “solely Christian purpose” 157. Writers: Finkel 457–60. Elon, Jerusalem 70–1. Gilbert, Rebirth 67–9, 83–6. Finn 2: 192–32. Fo 195/445 Finn to Clarendon 28 April 1854. Ben-Arieh, 66–8. Derek Hopwood, The Russian Presence in Syria and Palestine 1–49. Lynch diaries quoted in Gilbert, Rebirth 51. Karl Marx, New York Daily Tribune 15 April 1854. Colin Shindler, A History of Modern Israel 23. Americans, Lynch: Oren, Power 137–40. James Finn, wars against Arab/Bedouin warlords of Hebron, Abu Ghosh, fighting and Pasha military expeditions: Finn 230–50. Murders, Holy Fire: Finn diaries 104 and 133–57. On nature of Jerusalem: Finn xxvii, 4, 40–2; on governor’s prison etc. 159–74; Holy Fire fighting 2.458–9; Sudanese guards on Haram 2.237.
Split in Jews between Hassidim and Perushim: Green 116–17; 1839 trip 119–32; Nicholas I and Montefiore 181; 1859–60 purchase of land for Montefiore Cottages 235–57; windmill 324–38; witty reply 1859 to Cardinal Antonelli “Not as much as I gave your lackey” 277. On Montefiore legend in Russia, Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error (henceforth Weizmann) 16. David F. Dorr, A Colored Man Round the World by a Quadroon 183–4 and 186–7. G. Flaubert, Notes de voyage in Les Oeuvres complètes 19. Frederick Brown, Flaubert: A Life 231–9, 247, 256–61; also Elon, Jerusalem 37 and 139–41. Antony Sattin, Winter on the Nile 17–18. Flaubert on Du Camp official mission: Ruth Victor-Hummel, “Culture and Image: Christians and the Beginnings of Local Photography in 19th Century Ottoman Palestine,” in Anthony O’Mahony (ed.), Christian Heritage in the Holy Land 181–91.
Americans: Oren Power 236–47. Melville: Melville, Journals 84–94; on Clarel 65–81. Obenzinger, American Palestine 65–82, including Jew mania; Grant/Lincoln 161; on Blyden and Dorr 227–47. Knauf, OJ 74–5. Alexander Kinglake, Eothen 144–58, 161–2. Lynch, Jewish picnic outside walls: Gilbert, Rebirth 51. On Gogol see note 12 above.
14. End of Crimean War, 1850s: Finkel 457–60. Elon, Jerusalem 70–1. Gilbert, Rebirth 67–9, 83–6. Finn 1.2–4, 78, 2.452. Ben-Arieh, 66–8. Hopwood, Russian Presence 1–49. Mouradian, “Les Chrétiens,” in Nicault, Jérusalem 177–204. Gilbert, Rebirth 51. Figes 415–16; Montefiore Balaclava Railway 418; brawl 464–5.
15. Montefiore: all quotations unless otherwise stated are from the Diaries. Green 176–94, 227, 35–53, 59; fifth visit 1857 63–9; Montefiore windmill and almshouses 1860 109–16; death of Judith 140; sixth visit 1866 171–86; Jerusalem views 338; awning for Wailing Wall and removal of slaughterhouse 332–3; pre-Zionist views, Jewish empire 320; negotiations with Ottomans 324. Rothschilds: Montefiore missions funded; Disraeli comment; reluctance to involve in Jordan; Ferguson, 418–422, and 1131. Melville on Montefiore, “this Croesus—a huge man of 75”: Melville, Journals 91–4. Hurva Synagogue: Gilbert, Rebirth 98–100. Ben-Arieh, 42–4. Visits and tensions: Finn diaries 197, 244; Montefiore and Col. Gawlon Jewish settlements: Green 50–9.
Flaubert, Notes de voyage 19. Brown, Flaubert 231–9, 247, 256–61; also Elon, Jerusalem 37 and 139–41. Flaubert on Du Camp official mission: W. B. Lincoln, Nicholas I, war and death 340–50. Victor-Hummel, “Culture and Image” 181–91.
16. Archaeologists and emperors, spiritual imperialism: Wasserstein 50–65. Robinson: Silberman 37–47, 63–72; Wilson 79–85; Warren 88–99; British Palestine Archaeology 79, 86, 113–27; Bliss on Mount Zion 147–60; German archaeology 165–70. French: Ben-Arieh 169; frenzy to identify biblical sites 183–5. Saulcy: Goldhill, City of Longing 216. Gilbert, Rebirth, on Robinson and Smith xxii, 4–7 and 65–7; on Warren 128–35; Jewish principality a separate kingdom guaranteed by the Great Powers 128–32. American missionaries and archaeologists, Robinson: Oren, Power 135–7; U. S. Grant and American visitors 236–8. Lane Fox, Unauthorized Version 216–19. Kark on Robinson 29–30. Obenzinger, American Palestine, on Titus Tobler 253. Ben-Arieh, 183–5. Ruth Hummel, “Imperial Pilgrim: Franz Josef’s Journey to the Holy Land in 1869,” in M. Wrba (ed.), Austrian Presence in the Holy Land 158–77. Russians: Simon Dixon, “A Stunted International: Russian Orthodoxy in the Holy Land in the 19th Century,” draft paper. Romanov pilgrimages: N. N. Lisovoy and P. V. Stegniy, Rossiya v Svyatoy Zemle: Dokumenty i materialy 1.125–7; Grand Duke Constantine 1859 visit 128–35. Hopwood, Russian Presence, Grand Duke Constantin
e 51. Russian pilgrims: Bertha Spafford Vester, Our Jerusalem (henceforth Vester) 86–7. Spiritual imperialism: Wasserstein 50–65.
British, American and German archaeology, Silberman 113–27; 147–53–70; Moabite Stone 100–12; Moses Shapira 131–40. Americans: Obenzinger, American Palestine, 161. Consuls and Selah Merrill: Kark 128–30 and 323–5. British royals: Gilbert, Rebirth 109–14 and 177–80. Rider Haggard, A Winter Pilgrimage 267. Edward Lear in Elon, Jerusalem 142; 1881 Crown Prince Rudolf 144–5. Kitchener/Gordon: Gilbert, Rebirth 187. Pollock, Kitchener: Saviour of the Realm 29–37 and 31. Kitchener photographs Muristan, in Boas, Jerusalem 160. Gordon in Goldhill, City of Longing 21; Elon, Jerusalem 147; Grabar, 16.
17. 1860–9: Hummel, “Imperial Pilgrims” 158–77. Russians: Dixon, “A Stunted International.” Lisovoy and Stegniy, Rossiya v Svyatoy Zemle 1.125–45. Hopwood, Russian Presence 51. Vester 86–7. Wasserstein 50–65.
18. Edward W. Blyden, From West Africa to Palestine 9–12 on Jerusalem mind; arrival 165; Holy Sepulchre 166; Bible in hand 170; black Muslims 180; Wall 280–3; second coming 199. Obenzinger, American Palestine 161–2; Blyden and Dorr 227–47. Mark Twain, Mediterranean Hotel and Ariel Sharon: see Haaretz 15 July 2008. Quotations from Mark Twain, The Innocents Abroad, or the New Pilgrims’ Progress. Green: Judith Montefiore 140; visit 1866, 171–86; views 338; awning for Wailing Wall and removal of slaughterhouse; 332–3. U. S. Grant, Twain, Lincoln: Oren, Power 189, 236–8, 239–47. On archaeology, picturesque visions, new travel: Mazower Salonica 205–21.
19. Yusuf Khalidi and Ottoman Jerusalem: Alexander Scholch, “An Ottoman Bismarck from Jerusalem: Yusuf Diya al-Khalidi,” JQ 24, Summer 2005. K. Kasmieh, “The Leading Intellectuals of Late Ottoman Jerusalem,” in OJ 37–42. Execution: Warren quoted in Goldhill, City of Longing, 146. Conrad, “Khalidi Library,” OJ 191–209. Arab mansions, Ben-Arieh, 74–6. Martin Drow, “The Hammams of Ottoman Jerusalem,” OJ 518–24. Arab mansions: Sharif M. Sharif, “Ceiling Decoration in Jerusalem During the Late Ottoman Period: 1856–1917,” in OJ 473–8. Houses, slaves, women: Susan Roaf, “Life in 19th-Century Jerusalem,” in OJ 389–414. Clothes: Nancy Micklewright, “Costume in Ottoman Jerusalem,” in OJ 294–300. Ott, “Songs and Musical Instruments of Ottoman Jerusalem,” in OJ 301–20. Wasif Jawhariyyeh, Al Quds Al Othmaniyah Fi Al Muthakrat Al Jawhariyyeh on Jewish Purim shared with other sects 1.68; Jewish Picnic at Simon the Just tomb and singing of Christian, Muslim and Spanish Jewish songs 1.74; musicians, belly dancers, Jews and Muslims 1.148. Salim Tamari, “Jerusalem’s Ottoman Modernity: The Times and Lives of Wasif Jawhariyyeh,” and “Ottoman Jerusalem in the Jawhariyyeh Memoirs,” JQ 9, Summer 2000. Vera Tamari, “Two Ottoman Ceremonial Banners in Jerusalem,” in OJ 317. Joseph B. Glass and Ruth Kark, “Sarah la Preta: A Slave in Jerusalem,” JQ 34, Spring 2009. Sephardic Jews shared festivals, circumcision, matzah, welcome after haj, Sephardis pray for rain at request of Muslim leaders, Valero relations with Nashashibis and Nusseibehs: Ruth Kark and Joseph B. Glass, “The Valero Family: Sephardi–Arab Relations in Ottoman and Mandatory Jerusalem,” in OJ 21, August 2004. Greek Orthodox anti-Semitism/Easter songs—reported by British visitors 1896: Janet Soskice, Sisters of the Sinai 237. On Arabs calling Jews “Jews sons of Arabs” see Wasif Jawhariyyeh, diary, note 4, Zionism section. Weddings: Pappe 53 and 97–8.
Nusseibehs’ castle house: Sari Nusseibeh, Country 48–9. Khalidis, Khalidi Library: Nazmi al-Jubeh, “The Khalidiyah Library,” JQ 3, Winter 1999. Conrad, “Khalidi Library,” OJ 191–205. Author interview with Haifa Khalidi. Ajami, “Hidden Treasure,” Saudi Aramco World Magazine. Kasmieh, “Leading Intellectuals of Late Ottoman Jerusalem,” OJ 37–42. Husseinis: Illan Pappe, “The Rise and Fall of the Husaynis,” Part 1, JQ 10, Autumn 2000; “The Husayni Family Faces New Challenges: Tanzimat, Young Turks, the Europeans and Zionism, 1840–1922,” Part 2, JQ 11–12, Winter 2001. New wealth of the Families: Pappe 87–91.
Nahda: Rogan 138–9. Nationalism: Krämer 120–8, all nations develop in the light of history, modern articulation of imagined communities etc., but opposition not yet based on Arab Palestinian identity. Nabi Musa: Wasserstein 103. Privatization of waqfs: Gabriel Baer, “Jerusalem Notables and the Waqf,” in Kushner, Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period 109–21. Yankee Doodle: Vester 181; Nabi Musa/Sufis 114–17; kerosene lamps 69; Ramadan fair, peepshows, horseraces 118. Clan-fighting around Jerusalem: Rafeq, OJ 32–6.
Photography: Victor-Hummel, “Culture and Image” 181–91.
Abdul Hamid: Finkel 488–512. Herzl on Abdul Hamid. Tuchman 292. Jonathan Schneer, The Balfour Declaration: The Origins of the Arab–Israeli Conflict (henceforth Schneer), on Abdul-Hamid 17–18. Cohen, Sacred Esplanade 216–26. Eclectic building in imperial age: Kroyanker 101–41. On numbers of foreign monasteries and monks: Mouradian, “Les Chrétiens,” in Nicault, Jérusalem 77–204. 17,000 Jews: Brenner 267.
American Colony: this account is based on Vester. Family: Vester 1–64; the Husseini house 93 and 187; Gordon 102–4; Jacob and Hezekiah, Siloam Tunnel 95–8; simples and lunatics 126–41; Dutch countess 89. Detroit News 23 March 1902. See: J. F. Geniesse, American Priestess. On Overcomers vs. Selah Merrill, anti-Semitism: Oren, Power 281–3. Kark 128–30 and 323–5. Husseinis and schools: Pappe 104–7.
Schick and his buildings, new styles of late nineteenth century including French, British, Russian, Greek and Bokhara areas: Kroyanker 101–41. Abdul Hamid: Finkel 488–512. Archaeological national expeditions and rivalries: Silberman 113–27; 147–70; 100–12. Kark on consuls/Selah Merrill 128–30; 323–5.
20. Gilbert, Rebirth 14 and 177–80; Kitchener/Gordon 187. Haggard, Winter Pilgrimage 267. Edward Lear in Elon, Jerusalem 142; Rudolf 144–5. Pollock, Kitchener 29–37. Kitchener photographs Boas, Jerusalem 160. Gordon in Goldhill, City of Longing 21; Elon, Jerusalem 147; Grabar, Shape of the Holy 16. Russians: Dixon, “A stunted international.” Russians and Westerners: Stephen Graham, With the Russian Pilgrims to Jerusalem (henceforth Graham)—clothes, sea journey, obsession with death 3–10; Montenegrin guide 35; life in Compound 40–2; Romanov visits and charges in Compound 44–6; ludicrous English tourists 55; Holy Sepulchre 62–4; corruption in Jerusalem, the Jew Factory, corrupt degenerate priests 69–76; pageant of Easter and Holy Fire 101–10; Arab women selling booze in Compound 118; Holy Fire 126–8; meetings in the street 130–2. Lisovoi and Stegnii, Rossiia v Sviatoi Zemle 1.125–7; diary of Archimandrite Antonin 1881 and visits of Grand Duke Sergei 1888 1.147–60. Palestine Society and Russian Compound: Hopwood, Russian Presence 70–115. Christopher Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint and Martyr: Sergei character and first visit 85–101; visit with Ella 143–53; Jewish pogrom Moscow 162–6. Tsarist policies and pogroms: Brenner 238–43. Vester 86–7. Jewish aliyah: Ben-Arieh 78. Modernization and Ottoman reforms, Arab reactions: Krämer 120–8. Nusseibeh, Country 48–9. Al-Jubeh, “Khalidiyah Library.” Kasmieh, “Leading Intellectuals of Late Ottoman Jerusalem,” OJ 37–42. Anti-Zionist measures: Pappe 115–17.
PART NINE: ZIONISM
1. Herzl, Zionism 1880s: Shindler, History 10–17. Assyrian profile: Jabotinsky quoted in Colin Shindler, The Triumph of Military Zionism 54–61, including Christmas tree. Desmond Stewart, Herzl 171–222, 261–73. Zionism, Herzl, new fashion for racial anti-Semitism: Brenner 256–67. Relations with Rothschilds, Ferguson 800–4. Tuchman 281–309. Jewish majority by 1860?: Paolo Cuneo, “The Urban Structure and Physical Organisation of Ottoman Jerusalem in Context of Ottoman Urbanism,” in OJ 218. Hassidics and other groups arrive: Gilbert, Rebirth 118–23 and 165–73; Hebrew culture 185–9, 207–15. Jewish immigration and population figures: Ben-Arieh 31–40 and 78 on First Aliyah figures. First Aliyah, Hess, pogroms and reaction of Tolstoy/Turgenev: Shmuel Ettinger and Israel Bartal, “First Aliyah, Ideological Roots and Practical Accomplishments,” in Cathedra 2.197–200. Yemenite aliyah: Nitza Druyon, “Immigration and Integration of Yemenite Jews in 1st Aliyah,” in Cathedra 3.193–5. Immigration of Bokharans: author interview with Shlomo Moussaieff. Karl Baedeker (
1876), 186 Spanish Jews vs. squalid Polish brethen. Kalischer, Alkalai and early proto-Zionists: Green 322–4. Evangelist Zionism: W. E. Blackstone, in Obenzinger, American Palestine 269–70. Herzl and Zionism: Gilbert, Rebirth 217–22. Zangwill, Galveston settlement, Africa, Argentina; Angola and Territorialism: Obenzinger, JQ 2003. Jews in Jerusalem 1895: 28,000; 1905: 35,000; 1914: 45,000: Krämer 102–11, 138; pogroms and rise in Jewish population 197–9. Martin Gilbert, Churchill and the Jews, Churchillian Territorialism in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica 249. Kark 19–37. Jewish neighbourhoods: Gilbert, Rebirth 140–5. Tom Segev, One Palestine Complete: Jews and Arabs under the British Mandate 221–3. Jewish suburbs: Ben-Arieh 48–58. Herzl on extra-territorial Temple Mount: Wasserstein 320. Weizmann, Trial and Error: on Herzl style, character, not of people 41, 63; Sir Francis Montefiore, Rothschilds, Herzlian Zionism 62–5. Early Zionist distaste for Jerusalem: Sufian Abu Zaida, “ ‘A Miserable Provincial Town’: The Zionist Approach to Jerusalem 1897–1937,” JQ 32, Autumn 2007. Rothschild bids to buy Wall: Pappe 116–17.
2. Kaiser and Herzl in Jerusalem: New York Times 29 October 1898. Cohen, Sacred Esplanade 216–26. Travel agent Cook: New York Times 20 August 1932. Thomas Cook: Gilbert, Rebirth 154–60. Luxury Thomas Cook and Rolla Floyd tents: Vester 160–1. Luxury tourist tents: Ruth and Thomas Hummel, Patterns of the Sacred: English Protestant and Russian Orthodox Pilgrims of the Nineteenth Century, photograph. Kaiser, Jews and Herzl: John Rohl, Wilhelm II: The Kaiser’s Personal Monarchy 1888–1900 944–54; on Church of Redeemer 899; I alone know something; all of you know nothing 843; on Jews 784. Kaiser and anti-Semitism: John Rohl, The Kaiser and His Court 190–212; on sexual hijinks at court/poodle 16. German architecture: Kroyanker 24. Visit to Temple Mount: OJ 270–1. Vester 194–8. Silberman 162–3. Sean McMeekin, The Berlin–Baghdad Express, on Kaiser in Jerusalem and letters to tsar 14–16.
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