268 My comments on the state of mental health care in Senegal rely on World Health Organization, “WHO mental health atlas 2011: Senegal,” Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, World Health Organization, 2011.
268 The quote “Without openness to Lebou beliefs and culture . . .” comes from William Louis Conwill’s seminal academic study of the n’deup ritual: William Louis Conwill, “N’deup and mental health: Implications for treating Senegalese immigrants in the U.S.,” International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling 32, no. 3 (September 2010).
An Awakening after the Taliban
283 Statistics on the number of US casualties in Afghanistan rely on US Department of Defense, “Casualty report,” US Department of Defense, November 10, 2015; numbers of troops remaining appear in Matthew Rosenberg and Michael D. Shear, “In reversal, Obama says U.S. soldiers will stay in Afghanistan to 2017,” New York Times, October 15, 2015.
283 Dominic Tierney’s comment “The popular narrative . . .” comes from his article “Forgetting Afghanistan,” Atlantic, June 24, 2015.
284 Murders of female journalists in Afghanistan are described in Declan Walsh, “Second female Afghan journalist killed in five days,” Guardian, June 6, 2007; and Associated Press, “Women journalists targeted in Afghanistan,” NBC News, June 26, 2007.
284 Kubra Khademi’s performance art project and its aftermath are chronicled in Emma Graham-Harrison, “Afghan artist dons armour to counter men’s street harassment,” Guardian, March 12, 2015.
284 For more on the Center for Contemporary Art, see “Introducing the Center for Contemporary Art Afghanistan (CCAA),” ARCH International, no date, at http://archinternational.org.
284 The quote by Munera Yousefzada (“Before I opened the gallery . . .”) comes from Peter Holley, “In Afghanistan, the art of fighting extremism,” Washington Post, September 12, 2015.
284 Turquoise Mountain’s programs are described on its extensive website, http://turquoisemountain.org, and in Daud Rasool, “Rebuilding Afghanistan’s creative industries,” British Council, October 14, 2013.
284 A cofounder of Berang Arts discusses the situation of artists in Afghanistan in Francesca Recchia, “Art in Afghanistan: A time of transition,” Muftah, August 6, 2014.
284 Professor Alam Farhad’s description of the explosion of interest in the arts program at Kabul University is recounted in Mujib Mashal, “Women and modern art in Afghanistan,” New York Times, August 6, 2010.
284 Ali Akhlaqi’s lament (“Kabul is a cursed city of night . . .”) comes from Chelsea Hawkins, “9 artists challenging our perceptions of Afghanistan,” Mic, October 9, 2014.
284 The quote from Shamsia Hassani comes from her interview with Lisa Pollman, “Art is stronger than war: Afghanistan’s first female street artist speaks out,” Art Radar, July 19, 2013.
284 Azim Fakhri’s philosophy (“My feeling is accept what you can’t change . . .”) comes from Hawkins, op. cit.
285 Kabir Mokamel’s “Art Lords” project is described in Fazul Rahim and Sarah Burke, “Afghan artist Kabir Mokamel takes aim at corruption with blast wall art,” NBC News, September 19, 2015.
285 Marla Ruzicka was well loved and widely mourned; see, e.g., Ellen Knickmeyer, “Victims’ champion is killed in Iraq,” Washington Post, April 18, 2005; Robert F. Worth, “An American aid worker is killed in her line of duty,” New York Times, April 18, 2005; Simon Robinson, “Appreciation: Marla Ruzicka, 1977–2005,” Time, April 18, 2005; Jonathan Steele, “Marla Ruzicka,” Guardian, April 19, 2005; Janet Reitman, “The girl who tried to save the world,” Rolling Stone, June 16, 2005; and Sarah Holewinski, “Marla Ruzicka’s Heroism,” Nation, September 18, 2013.
Museum without Walls
291 Up-to-date information about the Benesse Art Site can be found on its website, http://benesse-artsite.jp. For a recent review of Benesse, see Susan Adams, “Treasure islands: Inside a Japanese billionaire’s art archipelago,” Forbes, July 29, 2015. The quote by Soichiro Fukutake comes from Lee Yulin’s dissertation, “Strategies of spatialization in the contemporary art museum: A study of six Japanese institutions” (New York University, 2012).
Song of Solomons
302 For information about UNESCO’s designation of the Marovo Lagoon, see “Tentative lists: Marovo-Tetepare complex,” United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, December 23, 2008.
302 Reports of major seismic events in the Solomon Islands include Richard A. Lovett, “Deadly tsunami sweeps Solomon Islands,” National Geographic News, April 2, 2007; James Grubel, “Tsunami kills at least five in Solomons after big Pacific quake,” Reuters, February 6, 2013; Lincoln Feast, “Strong quake hits near Solomon Islands; tsunami warning cancelled,” Reuters, April 12, 2014; and Sandra Maler and Peter Cooney, “Magnitude 6.6 quake hits Solomon Islands in the Pacific: USGS,” Reuters, August 12, 2015.
303 The relocation of Choiseul is reported in Megan Rowling, “Solomons town first in Pacific to relocate due to climate change,” Reuters, August 15, 2014; and Adam Morton, “The vanishing island,” Age, September 19, 2015.
303 World Bank–funded efforts to upgrade infrastructure in order to withstand disasters better are announced in the press release “World Bank, Govt. of Solomon Islands launch two new projects towards improved power supply, disaster & climate resilience,” World Bank, April 1, 2014.
303 Tectonic phenomena endangering the Solomon Islands are discussed in Gerald Traufetter, “Climate change or tectonic shifts? The mystery of the sinking South Pacific islands,” Der Spiegel, June 15, 2012.
Children of Bad Memories
305 Unsourced quotations in my essay about Rwanda come from personal interviews conducted in Rwanda in 2004.
Books consulted on the Rwandan genocide include Alison Liebhafsky Des Forges, “Leave None to Tell the Story”: Genocide in Rwanda (1999); Jean Hatzfeld, Machete Season: The Killers in Rwanda Speak (2005); Elizabeth Neuffer, The Key to My Neighbour’s House: Seeking Justice in Bosnia and Rwanda (2002); Binaifer Nowrojee, Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and Its Aftermath (1996); Philip Gourevitch, We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda (1999); and Jonathan Torgovnik, Intended Consequences: Rwandan Children Born of Rape (2009). For journalistic coverage, see Donatella Lorch, “Rape used as a weapon in Rwanda: Future grim for genocide orphans,” Houston Chronicle, May 15, 1995; Elizabeth Royte, “The outcasts,” New York Times Magazine, January 19, 1997; Lindsey Hilsum, “Rwanda’s time of rape returns to haunt thousands,” Guardian, February 26, 1995; Lindsey Hilsum, “Don’t abandon Rwandan women again,” New York Times, April 11, 2004; and Emily Wax, “Rwandans are struggling to love children of hate,” Washington Post, March 28, 2004.
306 The role of Rwandan media in inciting genocide is discussed in Dina Temple-Raston’s remarkable book Justice on the Grass (2005). See also Russell Smith, “The impact of hate media in Rwanda,” BBC News, December 3, 2003. Also, in his doctoral dissertation, “Propaganda and conflict: Theory and evidence from the Rwandan genocide” (Stockholm University, 2009), political economist David Yanagizawa found a direct correlation between hate radio and violence by analyzing locations of transmission towers and topographical impediments to transmission, and the locations and numbers of subsequent genocide prosecutions.
306 The Rwandan proverb “A woman who is not yet battered is not a real woman” is reported in Nowrojee, op. cit., page 20.
306 General information sources on rape as a tool of war include Susan Brownmiller, Against Our Will (1975); Maria de Bruyn, Violence, Pregnancy and Abortion: Issues of Women’s Rights and Public Health (2003); and the Global Justice Center report The Right to an Abortion for Girls and Women Raped in Armed Conflict (2011).
307 The expression “die of sadness” and the account that follows of atrocities committed against one rape survivor are documented in Nowrojee, op. cit.
307 Statistics on wartime rapes in Rwanda are supporte
d by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs news report “Our bodies, their battle ground: Gender-based violence in conflict zones,” IRIN News, September 1, 2004. Estimates of the numbers of wartime rapes and births come from the introduction by Marie Consolée Mukagendo, “The struggles of Rwandan women raising children born of rape,” in Torgovnik, op. cit.
307 The expression “children of bad memories” (enfants de mauvais souvenir) comes from Nowrojee, op. cit., but is used widely.
307 The phrase “living legacy of a time of death” comes from Wax, op. cit.
308 The quote “I could not even die with this baby inside me . . .” comes from Wax, op. cit.
308 The quote “To be taken as a wife is a form of death . . .” comes from Nowrojee, op. cit.
308 The quote from Catherine Bonnet occurs in Nowrojee, op. cit., page 79, citing to Bonnet’s paper “Le viol des femmes survivantes du génocide du Rwanda,” in Rwanda: Un génocide du XXe siècle (1995), page 18.
308 The quote from Godeliève Mukasarasi (“The women who have had children after being raped are the most marginalized . . .”) comes from Nowrojee, op. cit.
308 The work of Avega is described in Alexandra Topping, “Widows of the genocide: How Rwanda’s women are rebuilding their lives,” Guardian, April 7, 2014.
309 Jean Damascène Ndayambaje examines psychological roots of the Rwandan genocide in his thesis, “Le genocide au Rwanda: Une analyse psychologique” (National University of Rwanda, 2001).
310 The loaded baby names chosen by some Rwandan rape survivors are catalogued in Wax, op. cit.
319 Figures on annual growth of GDP and ease of doing business in Rwanda rely on “Rwanda overview,” World Bank, October 6, 2015; and “Ease of doing business in Rwanda,” World Bank, 2015.
319 Assassinations, atrocities, invasions, and exploitation by Paul Kagame’s regime are outlined in Howard W. French, “Kagame’s hidden war in the Congo,” New York Review of Books, September 24, 2009; Judi Rever and Geoffrey York, “Assassination in Africa: Inside the plots to kill Rwanda’s dissidents,” Globe & Mail, May 2, 2014; Siobhan O’Grady, “Former Rwandan official worries that Kagame’s administration is backsliding into mass murder,” Foreign Policy, September 29, 2014; and Global Campaign for Rwandan Human Rights, “Crimes and repression vs. development in Rwanda: President Paul Kagame’s many shadows,” Africa Faith & Justice Network, July 13, 2015.
319 Information on relative rates of political exclusion, and the reference to Rwanda as “a country on lockdown,” come from Marc Sommers, “The darling dictator of the day,” New York Times, May 27, 2012.
319 The claim that Paul Kagame sought to abolish term limits in Rwanda in response to “popular demand” comes from Agence France-Presse, “US opposes third term for Rwanda’s Kagame: Diplomat,” Guardian (Nigeria), June 5, 2015. The success of his campaign is reported in Clement Uwiringiyimana, “Rwandan parliament agrees to extend Kagame’s rule,” Reuters, October 29, 2015. The referendum required to approve extension of term limits is described in British Broadcasting Corporation, “Paul Kagame’s third term: Rwanda referendum on 18 December,” BBC News, December 9, 2015.
319 The inability of Rwanda’s Green Party to obtain legal counsel for a lawsuit challenging the abolition of term limits is reported in Agence France-Presse, “Rwanda opposition says can’t find lawyer for Kagame 3rd term case—one said ‘God was against it,’ ” Mail & Guardian, July 8, 2015.
Circle of Fire: Letter from Libya
356 For contemporary reports on the attack on the US consulate in Benghazi, see Associated Press, “Assault on U.S. consulate in Benghazi leaves 4 dead, including U.S. Ambassador J. Christopher Stevens,” Associated Press / CBS News, September 12, 2012; Luke Harding and Chris Stephen, “Chris Stevens, US ambassador to Libya, killed in Benghazi attack,” Guardian, September 12, 2012; and David Kirkpatrick and Steven Lee Myers, “Libya attack brings challenges for U.S.,” New York Times, September 12, 2012. In 2015, former secretary of state Hillary Clinton defended her actions prior to and following the attack before the US Congress; see Byron Tau and Peter Nicholas, “Hillary Clinton defends actions in Benghazi,” Wall Street Journal, October 22, 2015; and Stephen Collinson, “Marathon Benghazi hearing leaves Hillary Clinton largely unscathed,” CNN Politics, October 23, 2015.
356 The capture of Sirte by ISIL (also known as ISIS or Daesh) forces is reported in “ISIL ‘brutally’ quells rebellion in Libya’s Sirte,” Al Jazeera, August 17, 2015.
356 The relationship between ethnic conflict and human trafficking is explored in Callum Paton, “Libya: Scores killed in ethnic clashes for control of south’s people-trafficking routes,” International Business Times, July 23, 2015.
356 Amnesty International documented the assassination of hundreds of Libyan citizens by Islamist forces in “The state of the world’s human rights,” Amnesty International, March 11, 2015.
357 The quote from the French foreign minister (“two governments, two parliaments, and complete confusion”) comes from Nathalie Guibert, Yves-Michel Riols, and Hélène Sallon, “Libya’s Tripoli and Tobruk dilemma no nearer to resolution,” Guardian, January 27, 2015. Responses to proposals for a “unity government” are discussed in Suliman Ali Zway and Carlotta Gall, “Libyan factions reject unity government plan,” New York Times, October 20, 2015. Khalifa Haftar’s threats to form yet another government were reported in Mary Fitzgerald, “Libyan renegade general Khalifa Haftar claims he is winning his war,” Guardian, June 24, 2014.
357 Saif Qaddafi’s troubling words (“There will be civil war in Libya . . .”) are recorded in Lindsey Hilsum, “Saif al-Islam Gaddafi: The prophet of his own doom,” Guardian, August 5, 2015.
357 Saif Qaddafi describes the amputation of his fingers by his captors in Fred Abrahams, “In his first interview, Saif al-Islam says he has not been given access to a lawyer,” Daily Beast, December 30, 2012.
357 The conviction and sentencing of Saif Qaddafi is reported in Chris Stephen, “Gaddafi’s son Saif al-Islam sentenced to death by court in Libya,” Guardian, July 28, 2015; and Hilsum, op. cit.
357 The chant of the August 2015 pro-Qaddafi demonstrators (“Zintan, Zintan, free Saif al-Islam”) was described in Hilsum, ibid.
All the Food in China
370 Food-oriented television programming in China is described in Li Xiaoyu, “A bite of food culture,” BJ Review, July 2, 2015.
370 Statistics on the proportion of Chinese who regularly share photos of their meals online rely on Angela Xu, “China’s digital powered foodie revolution,” Lab Brand, January 6, 2015.
370 Efforts to persuade UNESCO to include Chinese cuisine on its list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity are described in Li, op. cit.
370 The growing popularity of organic food in China is the subject of Cai Muyuan, “Eat green, think greener,” China Daily Europe, June 5, 2015.
370 The apparent health benefits of spicy food are documented in Jun Lv et al., “Consumption of spicy foods and total and cause specific mortality: Population based cohort study,” British Medical Journal 351 (August 4, 2015).
370 Shanghai’s dominance in Asian restaurant ratings is reported in Jessica Rapp, “Locavores, health food, and celebrity chefs: The hottest trends in Shanghai’s dining scene,” Jing Daily, August 24, 2015.
370 The widespread contamination of Chinese soil is discussed in British Broadcasting Corporation, “Report: One fifth of China’s soil contaminated,” BBC News, April 18, 2014.
370 Sources on food adulteration in China include Yanzhong Huang, “The 2008 milk scandal revisited,” Forbes, July 16, 2014; Peter Foster, “Top 10 Chinese food scandals,” Telegraph, April 27, 2011; Associated Press, “Vinegar contaminated with antifreeze kills Chinese Muslims at Ramadan meal,” Guardian, August 22, 2011; Patrick Boehler, “Bad eggs: Another fake-food scandal rocks China,” Time, November 6, 2012; Patrick Boehler, “Police seize chicken feet in storage since 1967, smuggled from Vietnam,” South China Morning Post,
July 8, 2013; British Broadcasting Corporation, “Chinese police arrest 110 for selling ‘contaminated pork,’ ” BBC News, January 12, 2015; and Elizabeth Barber, “ ‘Gutter oil’ scandal raises food-safety fears once again in greater China,” Time, September 8, 2014.
370 Chinese skepticism regarding the “organic” label is noted in Dominique Patton, “Cashing in on health scares, China online food sales boom,” Reuters, August 11, 2013.
370 The popularity of imported food, particularly fruit, is the subject of Rebecca Kanthor, “In China, imported fruit is the must-have luxury item for the New Year,” The World, Public Radio International, February 20, 2015; and Nan Zhong, “China has a healthy appetite for food imports,” China Daily, March 2, 2015.
371 The secretive cultivation of organic food for the Chinese political elite is described in Barbara Demick, “In China, what you eat tells who you are,” Los Angeles Times, September 16, 2011.
371 For more information on the increasing popularity of alternatives to rice in the Chinese diet, see Te-Ping Chen, “In latest mash-up, China puts spotlight on spuds,” Wall Street Journal, August 17, 2015.
371 Recent increases in obesity and diabetes in China are discussed in Laurie Burkitt, “Selling health food to China,” Wall Street Journal, December 13, 2010; and Lily Kuo, “By 2015, China will be the world’s largest consumer of processed food,” Quartz, September 23, 2013.
Adventures in Antarctica
395 Global warming’s impact on the ability of scientists to reach their posts in Antarctica is the subject of Michael Safi, “Antarctica’s increasing sea ice restricting access to research stations,” Guardian, May 11, 2015.
396 The deterioration of the West Antarctic ice sheet is discussed in Chris Mooney, “Scientists declare an ‘urgent’ mission—study West Antarctica, and fast,” Washington Post, September 29, 2015.
396 The potential fate of the Totten Glacier is described in James Hamblin, “How the most important glacier in east Antarctica is melting,” Atlantic, March 20, 2015; this article is also the source of the quote from NASA.
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