22. Per Arvelius, e-mail to author, June 21, 2012.
23. Erik Wilsson, e-mail to author, June 15, 2012.
24. Patrick Burns, “Rosettes to Ruin: Making & Breaking Dogs in the Show Ring,” Terrierman’s Daily Dose, n.d., http://terriermandotcom.blogspot.com.
25. J. Jeffrey Bragg, “Purebred Dog Breeds into the Twenty-First Century: Achieving Genetic Health for Our Dogs,” Seppala Kennels, 1996, http://www.seppalakennels.com.
26. Russell Hess, e-mail to author, June 25, 2013.
27. Hancock, The Heritage of the Dog, 142.
28. Janis Bradley, “The Relevance of Breed in Selecting a Companion Animal,” National Canine Research Council, 2011, http://nationalcanineresearchcouncil.com/.
29. Raymond and Lorna Coppinger, Dogs: A Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior & Evolution (New York: Scribner, 2001), 246.
30. Stephen Budiansky, “The Truth About Dogs,” Part III: “The Problem With Breeding,” Atlantic Monthly, July 1999, http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/99jul/9907dogs2.htm.
31. Kenth Svartberg, “Breed-Typical Behaviour in Dogs—Historical Remnants or Recent Constructs?,” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 96, no. 3 (February 2006): 293–313, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.06.014.
32. David Cyranoski, “Genetics: Pet Project,” Nature 466 (August 26, 2010): 1036–38, doi: 10.1038/4661036a.
33. Stafford, The Welfare of Dogs.
34. Roger Caras, A Celebration of Dogs (New York: Times Books, 1982), 190.
35. M. B. Willis, “Genetic Aspects of Dog Behavior with Particular Reference to Working Ability,” in The Domestic Dog, ed. Serpell, chap. 4.
36. United States Border Collie Club, http://www.bordercollie.org.
37. Willis, “Genetic Aspects of Dog Behavior,” 62.
38. “Changes to the Show Border Collie Herding Test,” Kennel Club website, June 8, 2011, http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk.
39. Patrick Burns, “Maybe They Need to Train the Sheep?,” Terrierman’s Daily Dose, October 1, 2011, http://www.terriermandotcom.blogspot.com.
40. Cyranoski, “Genetics: Pet Project.”
41. Charles Krauthammer, “AKC Should Keep Its Snout Away From Border Collies,” Washington Post, July 18, 1994, http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19940718&slug=1920894.
42. Lucy Cockcroft, “Pedigree Dogs Are Becoming Stupid as We Breed Them for Looks, Not Brains,” Telegraph (UK), January 18, 2009, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/4283328/Pedigree-dogs-are-becoming-stupid-as-we-breed-them-for-looks-not-brains.html.
43. Fiona Macrae, “Why a Mongrel Will Always Trump the Pedigree Chump,” Daily Mail (UK), January 27, 2008, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-510703/Why-mongrel-trump-pedigree-chump.html.
44. Jenny Barlos, e-mails to author, November 20–December 2, 2010.
45. Kim Wolf et al., Animal Farm Foundation, interview by author, October 4, 2011.
46. Kelly Gould, e-mail to author, October 2, 2011.
47. Kelly Gould, interview by author, September 28, 2011.
48. Susan Orlean, “Why German Shepherds Have Had Their Day,” New York Times, October 8, 2011, http://mobile.nytimes.com/2011/10/09/opinion/sunday/one-dog-that-has-had-its-day.html.
49. Macrae, “Why a Mongrel Will Always Trump the Pedigree Chump.”
50. Guide Dogs, https://www.guidedogs.org.uk.
51. Chuck Jordan, e-mail to author, March 29, 2012.
52. Joe Flood, “The Expendables: Inside America’s Elite Search and Rescue Dog Training Center,” BuzzFeed, April 26, 2013, http://www. buzzfeed.com/joeflood/the-expendables-inside-americas-elite-search-and-rescue-dog.
CHAPTER FIVE
1. “Map of the Week: Where the Dogs Are,” Toronto Star, October 23, 2008.
2. William Arkwright, “The Fancier versus the Collie,” Kennel Gazette, August 1888.
3. James Watson, The Dog Book (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1906), 344.
4. William Burrows, “Queen Victoria and Our Collies,” AKC Gazette, July 31, 1924.
5. Arkwright, “The Fancier versus the Collie.”
6. Ibid.
7. Patrick Burns, “Westminster & the Death of the Fox Terrier,” Terrierman’s Daily Dose, July 17, 2004, http://www.terriermandotcom.blogspot.com.
8. Patrick Burns, e-mail to author, March 1, 2012.
9. Annie Coath Dixey, The Lion Dog of Peking (New York: Dutton, 1931), 243.
10. Edward Topsell, Topsell’s History of Beasts, ed. Malcolm South (London: Robert Hale, 1981), 183.
11. “Heraldry, Stourton, 1790,” Ancestry Images, http://www.ancestryimages.com/proddetail.php?prod=e5937&cat=120.
12. Topsell, Topsell’s History of Beasts, 66.
13. Ibid., 65.
14. John Caius, Of Englishe Dogges (Charleston, SC: Nabu Press, 2012; orig. pub. 1576), 25.
15. Freeman Lloyd, “Working with Hounds and Gun Dogs,” AKC Gazette, September 30, 1925.
16. Topsell, Topsell’s History of Beasts, 65.
17. William Taplin, The Sportsman’s Cabinet; or, a Correct Delineation of the Various Dogs Used in the Sports of the Field . . . (London: J. Cundee, 1803), 81.
18. Robert Hubrecht, “The Welfare of Dogs in Human Care,” The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour, and Interactions with People, ed. James Serpell (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995), chap. 13.
19. Thomas Bewick, A General History of Quadrupeds: The Figures Engraved on Wood (Newcastle upon Tyne, England, 1790), 339.
20. Lloyd, “Working with Hounds and Gun Dogs.”
21. Topsell, Topsell’s History of Beasts, 181.
22. René Merlen, De Canibus: Dog and Hound in Antiquity (London: Allen, 1971), 96.
23. H. S. Cooper and F. B. Fowler, Bulldogs and All About Them (London: Jarrolds, 1925), 206.
24. Edward Ash, This Doggie Business (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1934), 150.
25. Bruce Fogle, The Encyclopedia of the Dog (London: DK Publishing, 2000).
26. Roger Caras, A Celebration of Dogs (New York: Times Books, 1982), 63.
27. Anonymous.
28. Senan Molony, “Sun Yat Sen—Will Eat Again,” Encyclopedia Titanica, http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org.
29. “AKC Meet the Breeds: Chow Chow,” American Kennel Club, http://www.akc.org.
30. Greg Craven, “Breeder Buzz: The Dog for Cat People,” Exceptional Canine, http://www.exceptionalcanine.com.
31. “American Eskimo Dog: Breed Standard,” American Kennel Club, http://www.akc.org.
32. Edward Laverack, The Setter: With Notices of the Most Eminent Breeds Now Extant . . . (London: Longmans, Green, 1872), 8, http://books.google.com/books.
33. Tsavo Leonbergers, tsavoleonbergers.com/theleonberger.asp.
34. “Heraldry, King, 1790,” Ancestry Images, http://www.ancestryimages.com.
35. Tracy Miller, “World’s Most Expensive Dog? Tibetan Mastiff Puppy Sells for $2 Million in China,” New York Daily News, March 19, 2014, http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/world-expensive-dog-tibetan-mastiff-sells-2-million-article-1.1726647.
36. “Lyin’ Kings? Chinese Zoo Keeps Dog in Lion Enclosure,” Toronto Star, August 16, 2013, http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/08/16/lyin_kings_chinese_zoo_accused_of_trying_to_pass_off_dog_as_african_lion.html.
37. Topsell, Topsell’s History of Beasts, 127.
38. Unless otherwise specified, terminology for dogs is taken from Gerald and Loretta Hausman, The Mythology of Dogs (New York: St. Martin’s, 1997); AKC “Breed Standards” and AKC Gazette; and oral tradition.
CHAPTER SIX
1. Freeman Lloyd, “Greyhounds in History,” AKC Gazette, March 31, 1926.
2. Alva Rosenberg, “You Can’t Keep a Good Dog Down: Although of Humble Origin, the Boston Terrier Has Instincts of a Gentleman,” AKC Gazette, October 31, 1924.
3. Michael Fox, Behaviour of Wolves, Dogs and Related Canids (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 205.
4. T
emple Grandin and Mark J. Deesing, “Genetics and Animal Welfare,” in Genetics and the Behavior of Domestic Animals, Temple Grandin, ed. (San Diego: Academic Press, 1998; revised 1999), 319–41, http://www.grandin.com.
5. Katharine MacDonogh, Reigning Cats and Dogs: A History of Pets at Court Since the Renaissance (New York: St. Martin’s, 1999), 135.
6. “Boston Terrier Deafness,” Boston Terrier Club of America, http://www.bostonterrierclubofamerica.org.
7. David Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy (New York: Anchor, 1990), 113.
8. Lynn Kipps, “The Great Guisachan Gathering,” Golden Retriever Club of Scotland, http://www.goldenretrieverclubofscotland.com.
9. Carson Ritchie, The British Dog (London: Robert Hale, 1981), 161–62.
10. Judith Lytton, Toy Dogs and Their Ancestors (London: Duckworth, 1911), 53.
11. Westminster Kennel Club, Act of Incorporation, Rules and List of Members (New York: W. F. Weeks, 1885).
12. Cleveland Amory, “The Great Club Revolution,” American Heritage, December 1954.
13. “Membership” and online brochure, Goodwood, http://www.goodwood.co.uk/kennels/membership/membership.asp.
14. Amory, “The Great Club Revolution.”
15. Milton Rugoff, America’s Gilded Age (New York: Holt, 1989), 80.
16. “The Dogs of Celebrities,” Strand Magazine, July–December 1894.
17. Lytton, Toy Dogs and Their Ancestors, 6, 279, 302.
18. “Society at the Dog Show,” New York Times, October 23, 1902.
19. “The Coming Bench Show,” New York Times, May 2, 1880.
20. “Society at the Dog Show.”
21. “Dogs Worthy of Respect,” New York Times, February 24, 1892.
22. “High-Priced Dogs,” New York Times, April, 29, 1883.
23. “Ladies’ Dog Show This Week,” New York Times, November 1, 1903.
24. Ibid.
25. “Ladies Will Show Dogs,” New York Times, October 25, 1903.
26. “High-Priced Dogs.”
27. “Dogs of Noble Parentage,” New York Times, February 12, 1892.
28. “Fashions in Dog Flesh,” New York Times, February 27, 1891.
29. “Dogs Worthy of Respect.”
30. Ibid.
31. “Fashions in Dog Flesh.”
32. “Pets of the Household: Judging the Points of Aristocratic Dogs,” New York Times, October 24, 1884.
33. “The Next Great Dog Show,” New York Times, March 27, 1878.
34. “The Coming Dog Show,” New York Times, May 12, 1878.
35. “Blue-Blooded Animals,” New York Times, March 30, 1879.
36. “The Dog Show,” New York Times, April 27, 1880.
37. “New-York Dog Show,” New York Times, April 22, 1883.
38. “High-Priced Dogs.”
39. MacDonogh, Reigning Cats and Dogs, 106.
40. “Blue-Blooded Animals.”
41. “Ladies Will Show Dogs.”
42. “Dogs of Noble Parentage.”
43. Frank Jackson, Crufts: The Official History (London: Pelham, 1990); William F. Stifel, The Dog Show: 125 Years of Westminster (New York: Westminster Kennel Club, 2001).
44. Gordon Stables, “Breeding and Rearing for Pleasure, Prizes, and Profit,” The Dog Owner’s Annual for 1896 (London: Dean and Son, 1896), 143.
45. “Crufts Winner Accused of Having Facelift,” BBC Newsround, March 31, 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/animals/newsid_2902000/2902169.stm.
46. Lytton, Toy Dogs and Their Ancestors, 281.
47. “Dogs Hold High Carnival . . . Society Visits Aristocratic Canines in the Garden,” New York Times, February 25, 1892.
48. “The Coming Dog Show.”
49. “Looking at the Dogs,” New York Times, May 9, 1883.
50. Jackson, Crufts: The Official History.
51. “The Coming Dog Show.”
52. “Looking at the Dogs.”
53. “Dogs Worthy of Respect.”
54. “Interest in Toy Dogs. Pets in Glass Houses Attract the Crowd on Closing Day,” New York Times, November 7, 1903.
55. “Society Views the Dogs . . . Colored Maid for Toy Dogs,” New York Times, December 19, 1901.
56. Stifel, The Dog Show, 98.
57. “Dogs Hold High Carnival.”
58. “Dogs of Noble Parentage.”
CHAPTER SEVEN
1. Edward Axtell, The Boston Terrier and All About It (Battle Creek, MI: Dogdom, 1910), 146.
2. Alva Rosenberg, “You Can’t Keep a Good Dog Down: Although of Humble Origin, the Boston Terrier Has Instincts of a Gentleman,” AKC Gazette, October 31, 1924.
3. J. Varnum Mott, MD, The Boston Terrier: Its History, Points, Breeding, Rearing, Training and Care . . . (New York: Field and Fancy Publishing, 1906), 42. “If you go outside that number,” ultra-snob Ward McAllister had warned, “you strike people who are either not at ease in the ballroom or else make other people not at ease.” Erich Homberger, Mrs. Astor’s New York (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002), 212.
4. Rosenberg, “You Can’t Keep a Good Dog Down.”
5. Ibid.
6. H. W. Lacy, “Whence Came That Dog of Boston,” AKC Gazette, January 1924.
7. James Watson, The Dog Book (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1906), 523.
8. Joseph Graham, “American Variations of the Sporting Dog,” Outing (1904): 737.
9. Charles Henry Lane, Dog Shows and Doggy People (London: Hutchinson and Co., 1902), 272.
10. “The Next Bench Show. Proposing to Surpass the Great Alexandra Palace Exhibition,” New York Times, February 27, 1881.
11. William F. Stifel, The Dog Show: 125 Years of Westminster (New York: Westminster Kennel Club, 2001), 22.
12. “Fine Dogs to Be Shown,” New York Times, October 12, 1902.
13. “English Judges Stir Dog Fanciers,” New York Times, June 5, 1915.
14. Lacy, “Whence Came That Dog of Boston.”
15. Ibid.
16. Axtell, The Boston Terrier and All About It, 13, 41–43.
17. Stories about “founding fathers” of dog dynasties, while convenient for narrative purposes, should be taken with a grain of rock salt. These tales are tall and require the same suspension of disbelief as the claim one breeder made to me (at the AKC’s “Meet the Breeds” event in New York City) that George Washington himself was responsible for singlehandedly creating the American version of the foxhound. As per standard myth-making procedure, breeders, breed clubs, and the AKC trace the arrival of the proto-Boston terrier to Anglophile Robert C. Hooper, who supposedly imported the first dog from England in the 1860s and started this noble race on a path to perfection. Hooper was a wealthy landowner in the Boston area, but though the Times obituary credits him as being “prominent in the horse circles and club life of the city” and “one of the original promoters of the revival of steeplechases in the United States,” there’s no mention of him being the first man to own any sort of dog. Nor will we ever know the precise social background of all Pekingese dogs in the world, which, according to the Times, were descended from Queen Victoria’s own personal pet (never known to have mated), or be certain of the imperial origins of Lady Algernon’s famous “Goodwood line” (dogs whose apparent ancestors were recently shown to have never mated). England’s Corgi Club had high hopes that a recent archeological find in a Welsh bog would link, once and for all, the pets free-ranging in Buckingham Palace to the queen’s ancestral home. An old bone was unearthed, but that bone was dropped for mysterious reasons and no DNA tests were run. Likewise, so-called “Chinese crested” dogs probably never got closer to an Asian palace than a royal Wee-Wee Pad in Chinatown, and I would go so far as to venture that self-evident facts about retriever bloodlines traceable to Malmesburys, Buccleuchs, and Tweedmouths are in the same category of myth or half-truth. Robert Hooper obituary, New York Times, August 14, 1908; “Famous Dog-Mother,” New York Times, February 25, 1912; David Feller, “Imperial Legacy,” AKC Ga
zette, October 2008; “Ninth Century Bones May Be of First Royal Corgi,” Associated Press, April 21, 2004, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/4798993/#.U_ZCFvldV1Y; Jacqui Mulville, Cardiff University, Wales, e-mail to author, January 16, 2012; Patrick Burns, “Mutant Dog Confused for Mutant Pig,” Terrierman’s Daily Dose, June 9, 2012, http:www.terriermandotcom.blogspot.com.
18. Lacy, “Whence Came That Dog of Boston.”
19. Angela G. Ray and Harold E. Gulley, “The Place of the Dog: AKC Breeds in American Culture,” Journal of Cultural Geography 16, no. 1 (Fall–Winter 1996): 89–106, DOI: 10.1080/08873639609478348.
20. Watson, The Dog Book, 521.
21. Axtell, The Boston Terrier and All About It, 146.
22. Feller, “Imperial Legacy.”
23. James Watson, “The Origins of the French Bulldog,” Country Life in America, June 1915.
24. Watson, The Dog Book, 528.
25. Lacy, “Whence Came That Dog of Boston.”
26. Mott, The Boston Terrier, 50.
27. Freeman Lloyd, “Working with Hounds and Gun Dogs,” AKC Gazette, September 30, 1925.
28. Gordon Stables, “Breeding and Rearing for Pleasure, Prizes, and Profit,” The Dog Owner’s Annual for 1896 (London: Dean and Son, 1896), 177.
29. Lacy, “Whence Came That Dog of Boston.”
30. Roger Caras, A Celebration of Dogs (New York: Times Books, 1982), 121.
31. “Looking at the Dogs,” New York Times, May 9, 1883.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Axtell, The Boston Terrier and All About It, 10.
35. Rosenberg, “You Can’t Keep a Good Dog Down.”
36. Stables, “Breeding and Rearing for Pleasure, Prizes, and Profit,” 177.
37. Lacy, “Whence Came That Dog of Boston.”
38. Axtell, The Boston Terrier and All About It, 4.
39. Lacy, “Whence Came That Dog of Boston.”
40. Rosenberg, “You Can’t Keep a Good Dog Down.”
41. Lacy, “Whence Came That Dog of Boston.”
42. David Hancock, The Heritage of the Dog (Boston: Nimrod, 1990), 312.
43. Advertisement for R. F. Helmer, Syracuse, NY, Dogdom Monthly, April 1920, 85.
44. AKC Gazette, January 31, 1924.
45. Fred Kelly, “What a Man Badger Would Be!,” AKC Gazette, September 30, 1924.
46. Sutherland Cuddy, “Herman and His Dog,” AKC Gazette, August 31, 1926.
A Matter of Breeding Page 26