58. S. Ghirlanda et al., “Fashion vs. Function in Cultural Evolution: The Case of Dog Breed Popularity,” PLOS One 8, no. 9 (September 11, 2013): e74770; doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074770, http://www.plosone.org.
59. “Animal Overpopulation: United States Facts & Figures,” Oxford-Lafayette Humane Society, http://www.oxfordpets.com/.
INDEX
Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.
Abercrombie & Fitch, 205, 209–10
Academy for Dog Trainers, 93
Afghan hounds, 115, 139
Airedale terriers, 105, 159, 167
Akitas, 222
alaunts, 58, 59, 60, 194. See also heraldry
Albert, Prince Consort, 68
Alexander the Great, 112
Alexandra (queen), 206
Algernon Lennox, Lady, 140, 251
Allyen, Edward, 67
American Canine Hybrid Club, 231
American Eskimo dogs, 122
American Indian Dogs, 52
American Kennel Club (AKC), 5, 6, 26, 48, 50, 104, 105, 205, 222, 225; and border collies, 95, 96; and Boston terriers, 127, 128–29, 152–53, 154, 156–57, 158–60, 164, 165, 251; Breeders of Merit program, 232; breed misclassification by, 52; and breed standards, 25, 33–34, 38–39, 43, 83–84, 87–88, 102, 120, 121, 122, 158, 159, 165, 169, 225, 230; and bulldogs, 22, 25, 234; and class, 40, 129, 132–33, 134, 135, 139, 156, 158–59, 161, 166, 167–69, 170, 202, 207; and English standards, 133; and eugenics, 77, 84, 87–88, 102; and fraudulent pedigrees, 46; and French bulldogs, 35; health study funding by, 228, 230; on hybrid vigor, 231; incorporation of, 38–39, 156; and Kennel Club (UK), 135; and Labrador standard, 35, 177; and Meet the Breeds, 251; and mongrels, 74, 166, 230; origins of, 38–39, 157, 199; and outcrossing, 91; and puppy mills, 46, 228, 232; vs. purpose breeding, 92, 98; and Pyrenean standard, 171; on retriever trials, 183; and Rhodesian standard, 171; and social clubs, 137, 156. See also DNA testing for disease
American Museum of Natural History, 80
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), 51, 74, 94, 102
American Staffordshire terriers, 59, 111, 159, 170
America’s Gilded Age (Rugoff), 138
Ancestry.com, 223
Animal Farm Foundation, 98
Arkwright, William, 106, 107, 185–86, 197, 198
Arvelius, Per, 91
Ash, Edward, 8, 24, 45, 71, 196
ASPCA. See American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
assistance dogs, 83, 98; Animal Farm Foundation, 98; Assistance Dogs of America, 98; crossbreeding of, 100–101, 102; golden Labrador retrievers as, 100–101, 102; Guide Dogs of America, 101; Guide Dogs (UK), 101; Labrador–German shepherds as, 101; pit bulls as, 98. See also crossbreeding
Assistance Dogs of America, 98
Australian cattle dogs, 119
Axtell, Edward, 152, 157–58, 164, 165
Baker, Robert, 46
Barlos, Jenny, 98
basenjis, 15, 33
basset hounds, 2, 60, 71; and Hush Puppies, 166
beagles, 33, 59, 60, 128, 143, 214
Beaufort, Mowbray Walter Morris, Duke of, 183, 189, 194, 195, 209, 212
Belgian Malinois, 100
Belmont, August, 135, 207
Best in Show (film), 3, 8, 213
Bewick, Thomas, 116
bichon frises, 66, 71, 123
Bird, May, 141
Bismarck, Otto von, 140
Bleus de Gascogne, 170
bloodhounds, 59, 109. See also blood purity
blood purity, 51, 90, 224; American belief in, 30, 87, 132, 136–39, 141–42, 158, 167; and bloodhounds, 219; blue blood, 80; “The Bluebloods,” 132; as breeding priority, 5, 101–2; and breed standards, 44, 84; Caius on, 46–47; and class, 134–36; and coat style, 131, 177, 181; in dogs vs. wolves, 47, 51–52; vs. health, 5, 6–7, 77, 79, 136, 227; limpieza de sangre, 219; vs. purpose breeding, 90, 100, 102; reexamined, 44–46; and stud books, 45, 91, 135. See also eugenics; inbreeding; pedigrees
blood sport, 18, 67; animal baiting, 16–21, 22, 23, 25, 28, 44, 59, 66, 67, 68, 70, 108, 112, 117, 162, 185, 187; and class, 67–68, 161, 200–12, 218–19; crossbows, 187, 190, 192, 193; deer parks, 191, 200, 219; dog fighting, 160, 161, 185; fox hunting, 52, 59, 64, 68, 78, 87, 183, 185, 186, 187, 218; and game laws, 65, 118, 201, 218; guns and dogs, 63, 169, 179, 182, 183–84, 185, 186, 189, 190, 191–99, 202, 205, 208–10, 212, 256; ritual vs. practical hunting, 91, 179, 181–92, 200–204, 208–10; royal hunting pageants, x, 59, 65, 86, 186–90, 255; and terriers, 90, 108, 117, 126, 161, 175; and war, 194, 195. See also dog shows; retrievers
Blooming Grove Hunting & Fishing Club (Pennsylvania), 205
The Blue Book (dog magazine), 171
Boggles, 231
The Book of Snobs (Thackeray), 55, 216
border collies, 3, 92, 94–96, 104, 109, 159, 175, 178; in mental illness research, 96; US Border Collie Club, 95. See also American Kennel Club
borzois (Russian wolfhounds), 33, 107, 115, 135, 140, 141; Bolshevik extermination of, 220
The Boston Terrier and All About It (Axtell), 152
Boston Terrier Club of America, 154, 156, 165
Boston terriers, x, 125–29, 130, 131, 132, 149, 151–54, 168, 204; The Boston Terrier and All About It, 152; Boston Terrier Club of America, 154, 156, 165; and bulldogs, 128, 153, 161–65; and Buster Brown shoes, 166; and Camel cigarettes, 166; deafness in, 128, 131; ear cropping of, 116; and English white terriers, 128; and fighting dogs, 116, 159–64; and French bulldogs, 128, 153, 155, 162; and lion dogs, 121; promotion of, 127, 160–61, 164, 166–67; standardization of, 129, 130, 131, 152, 154–59, 165, 166; and Studebakers, 166. See also American Kennel Club; extreme anatomies; founding father myths
boxers, 52, 59, 114; blindness in, 233; deafness in, 233; in disease research, 260; health problems in, 4, 232; in sequencing dog genome, 260
Bradbury, William, 143
Bradley, Janis, 93
breed standards: arbitrary nature of, x, 33–35, 42–43, 44–45, 72–73, 83–85, 86, 158, 225; English origins of, 38, 46, 154–55; form vs. function in, 27, 89–96, 99–100, 101–2, 107–9, 130, 260; vs. health, 4, 6, 41–42, 43, 72, 86, 118, 171, 225–27, 229, 232, 233; and other species, 108, 113–15, 120–24, 129–30; recent origins of, 43–44, 49; reform of, 229–30, 234; standardization of dogs, 21, 24, 33–35, 37, 42–43, 60, 66, 165, 166. See also American Kennel Club; blood purity; eugenics; extreme anatomies; reproductive uniformity
The British Dog (Ritchie), 188
Brussels griffons, 41
Bryce, C. A., 88
Buccleuch, Walter Francis Montagu Douglas Scott, 5th Duke of, 34, 181, 204, 206, 251
Budiansky, Stephen, 93
The Bulldog Club Incorporated (UK), 24
Bulldog Club of America, 114, 162, 165
bulldogs, x, 10–13, 28–30 104, 114, 155; and agricultural fairs, 70–71; and alaunts, 59; artificial insemination of, 11; and Boston terriers, 128, 153, 161–65; Bulldog Club of America, 114, 162, 165; Bulldog Club Incorporated (UK), 24; and Bulldog Gin, 28; Cesarean birth of, 11, 26; in disease research, 232; and early dog shows, 73; forced matings of, 26; and French bulldogs, 15, 35, 36–37, 40, 128; and Mitchell Gold, 166; health problems in, ix, 4, 25, 41, 162, 225, 226, 229, 230, 232, 234, 238; history of, 16–18, 19–28, 67, 68, 108; and JOCKO (underwear), 28; Leavitt bulldogs, 28; and lion dogs, 111, 112, 113; origins of, 16–21; standardization of, 23–26, 27; as team mascots, 16. See also blood sport; Boston terriers; extreme anatomies; French bulldogs
bullmastiffs, 219
bull terriers, 20, 73, 159, 163, 165; aggression in, 27
Burke’s Landed Gentry (social register), 134
Burke’s Peerage (social register), 134
Burns, Patrick, 92, 109
Caius, John, 17, 46, 111, 190, 259
cancer, 4; in breeds vs. nonbreeds, 231–32; in golden retrievers, 4, 5, 224, 227; in Scottish deerhounds
, 4, 59
Cannadine, David, 194, 196
Canning, George, 17
Caras, Roger, 51, 94, 120, 163, 220
Cardigan Welsh corgis, 159. See also extreme anatomies; founding father myths
cardiovascular disease: in breeds vs. nonbreeds, 231, 232; in Brussels griffons, 41; in bulldogs, 41, 162, 238; in French bulldogs, 41; in Newfoundlands, 232; in pugs, 41
Carlisle, Jay F., 206
Cassidy, Jack, 210
Catahoula Leopard Dogs, 113
Cavalier King Charles spaniels, 3, 7, 105, 119, 121, 217, 255; and court paintings, 256, 257. See also founding father myths
Central Park (New York City), 3, 52, 180; dog restrictions in, 175
Charles II, 256
Charles X, 190
Chesapeake Bay retrievers, 119, 210
Chihuahuas, 3, 60, 121, 170
Chiltonfoliat, Lady Ward of, 177
Chinese cresteds, 71, 217, 251. See also founding father myths
Chorkies, 231
chow chows, 100, 113, 115, 119, 121
Clayton, Michael, 243
Clumber spaniels, 193, 222. See also blood sport
cocker spaniels, 33, 60, 114, 115, 128; health problems in, 118; in mental illness research, 93–94; rage syndrome in, 94
collies, 113, 114, 133, 143, 164, 204, 205; Lassie, 107, 109; working vs. show, 51–52, 107–8
comforter dogs, 259
coonhounds, 121
Cooper, Anderson, 76, 77, 89
Coppinger, Raymond, 93
Coton de Tuléars, 119
Country Life in America (magazine), 70
“Craven” (pseud. for John William Carleton), 202
crossbreeding: of bulldogs, 162; of designer dogs, 45, 231; and golden Labrador retrievers, 100–101; of greyhounds, 59; health benefits of, 86, 231–32; and Labrador–German shepherds, 101. See also assistance dogs; blood purity; designer dogs, hybrid vigor
Cruft, Charles, 67, 140, 146–47, 186
Crufts (dog show), 34, 53, 62, 64, 65, 68, 186, 205, 225; BBC boycott of, 5, 95; and blood sport, 66–68, 186; and Cavaliers, 256–57; cheating at, 145; and eugenics, 87, 95, 102; expansion of, 146–47; vs. health, 145; Spratt sponsorship of, 146, 167; in wartime, 221, 222; and Westminster, 5, 87, 132. See also dog shows
curs. See mongrels
Czechoslovakia: dog extermination in, 221
dachshunds, 33, 140, 108, 139; in disease research, 232; health problems in, 225, 226, 229, 232; wartime treatment of, 221, 222. See also extreme anatomies
Dalmatians, 3, 130–31, 145, 153; health problems in, 131, 226
Dandie Dinmont terriers, 71, 167
Daniel, W. B., 190
Darwin, Charles, 62, 81
Dateline (TV program), 46
The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy (Cannadine), 194
Derby, Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of, 135
Derr, Mark, 6, 47, 219
designer dogs, x, 45; American Canine Hybrid Club, 231; Cesarean birth of, 231; health of, 230–31. See also crossbreeding
Dickert, J. E., 148
DNA testing for disease, 6, 224, 228–29
Doberman pinschers, 2; in disease research, 232; ear cropping of, 116; health problems in, 232
Dog Advisory Council (UK), 229
dog fancy, defined, 6
dog shows, xi, 48, 87, 133, 155, 202, 218, 221, 234; and aggression in dogs, 93–94; and agricultural fairs, 63, 68–71, 224; and blood sport, 17, 18, 63, 66–68, 144, 163, 182–83, 185–87, 211; and breed standards, 43; and bulldogs, 21, 23; vs. “canine Olympics,” 53; Centennial Exposition of 1876, 63; cheating in, 144–45, 149; early New York shows, 140–44, 147–49, 163–64; expansion of, 144, 145–47, 149–50; Great American Mutt Show, 74; and honorifics, 56, 60; International Dog Show, 63; Ladies’ Kennel Association of America show, 148–49; Mineola Dog Show, 211; Newcastle upon Tyne, 63, 68, 94, 199; New York Poultry Society, 63; origins of, 38, 46, 49, 62–73; Peterborough Royal Foxhound Show, 64; and pointers, 63, 199; P. T. Barnum’s Great National Dog Show, 63; and retired champions, 99; and social Darwinism, 87–88; and “Talbots,” 59; and working dogs, 27, 106–9. See also Crufts; Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show
Dogues de Bordeaux, 35, 121
Doodleman Pinschers, 231
Downton Abbey (BBC series), 89
Duncan, Mrs. A. Butler, 206
ear cropping, 116–17, 123
Edward VII (Edward Albert, Prince of Wales), 132, 135, 194–95
Elizabeth I, 67, 186–87, 195, 259
Elizabeth II, 5, 114, 178. See also Kennel Club (UK)
The Encyclopedia of the Dog (Fogle), 119
English white terriers, 128. See also Boston terriers
Estonia: dog extermination in, 221
eugenics, 76–77, 137, 157, 166, 200, 202, 211, 225; breeds and races in, 77, 79, 82–84, 87–88, 134, 225; and breed standards, 83–86, 87, 88, 91; errors of, 79; history of, 78–82; mongrelization in, 78, 84, 88; vs. traditional breeding, 89–93; and working dogs, 83, 85, 89–102. See also American Kennel Club; blood purity
extreme anatomies, x, 5, 35, 106, 108–9, 127, 162, ; and agricultural fairs, 69–71; and behavior, 90, 94; and bulldog “expression,” 23–26; and Cesarean birth, 11, 42; defined, 4; vs. health, 25, 27, 41–42, 71–72, 108–9, 118, 119, 171, 226, 227, 229, 230, 232. See also breed standards; inbreeding
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), 101
Feversham, Charles William Duncombe, 2nd Earl of, 177
Field, Marshall, 206
Fogle, Bruce, 119
Fouilloux, Jacques du, 188
founding father myths, 46, 51–52, 160, 217, 251
foxhounds, 59, 60, 64, 66, 86, 115, 171, 218, 219, 251. See also founding father myths
fox terriers, 86, 108, 115, 137, 145
Frasier (TV show), 15
French Bull Dog Club of America, 36, 39, 42
French bulldogs, 31–33, 43, 44, 115, 118–19, 141, 214, 215, 216; and Boston terriers, 128, 153, 155, 162; and bulldogs, 15, 35, 36–37, 40, 128; French Bull Dog Club of America, 36, 39, 42; health problems in, 4, 41–42; and lion dogs, 122; recent comeback of, 221; standardization of, 35–41, 45. See also extreme anatomies
French Revolution, 54, 133, 171; and animal massacres, 219; and hunting rights, 189
Gallant, Johan and Edith, 26
Galton, Francis, 81
gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV). See twisted stomach
genetic diversity, 227, 230; and sequencing dog genome, 260; vs. superficial diversity, 86. See also crossbreeding; hybrid vigor; inbreeding
The Gentleman’s Dog (Bryce), 88, 203–4
gentrification: of Boston terriers, 163; and breed popularity, 105; of landraces, 51
George III, 56
George V, 205
George VI, 206
German shepherds, 52, 77, 92, 100, 102, 104, 109, 128, 241; crossbreeding of, 101; in disease research, 232; health problems in, 4, 100, 108–9, 221, 224–25, 232; renamed Alsatians, 221; Rin Tin Tin, 108–9. See also extreme anatomies
Goelet, Robert, 207
Goldendoodles, 98
golden Labrador retrievers, 100–101, 102. See also assistance dogs; crossbreeding
golden retrievers, xi, 2, 7, 13, 75, 85, 86, 89, 94, 97, 98, 100, 106–7, 177, 179, 217; aggression in, 48, 83, 93–94, 160–61, 241; and agricultural fairs, 71; and AKC art collection, 50, 77; AKC recognizes, 205; in cities, 175; crossbreeding of, 98, 100–101, 102; and fraudulent pedigrees, 46; and gentrification, 105; Guisachan gathering of, 134; health problems in, 4, 5, 118, 186–87, 224, 227; and lion dogs, 121, 122; in mental illness research, 93–94; Tweedmouth barons and, 134; and wolves, 48. See also blood sport
Good Morning America (TV show), 74
Goodwood Estate, 137
Gordon setters, 52, 114
Gould, Kelly, 99, 100
Gould, Stephen Jay, 82
Great American Mutt Show, 74
Great Danes (Danish boarhounds, Germ
an mastiffs), 119, 122, 140, 141, 175
Grey, Frederick Oliver Robinson, 4th Earl de, 194
greyhounds, 60, 114, 117, 175, 191, 255; and class, 59, 66, 86, 115, 129, 187, 201, 219. See also blood sport; heraldry; lurchers
Grogan, John, 229
Guest, Christopher, 8
Guide Dogs of America, 101
Guide Dogs (UK), 101
Guinness, Mrs. Benjamin, 141
Gun Dog Magazine, 183, 191
Gyselear, Kees de, 220
Hammacher Schlemmer, 224
Hancock, David, 85, 87, 92, 166
Harriman, William Averell, 82, 206
Harrison, Jemima, 231
Harrison, Mrs. R. T., 148
Havaneses, 221
hemophilia, 79, 136, 227; in German shepherds, 232
Henri III, 192
heraldry, 57–62, 72, 111, 115, 171, 194; alaunts in, 58, 59, 60; “Arms of Dr. F. G. Hardy,” 61–62; in dog grooming, 171; greyhounds in, 59, 60; Heralds’ College (College of Arms), 57, 61; modern breeds in, 60–62; Shrewsbury (earls of), 59; Stourton crest, 111; Talbot hounds in, 59, 60; wolves in, 58
Hess, Russell, 92
Hill-Wood, Lady, 206
The History of Four-Footed Beasts (Topsell), 110
honorifics, 56; and dog breeds, 57–62. See also heraldry
Hooper, Robert, 251
horses, 82, 111, 29, 120, 186, 187, 189; and canine form, 114, 115, 171, 217; and class, 59, 66, 115, 129, 153, 164, 169, 171, 218; and zebra hybrids, 113. See also breed standards
A Matter of Breeding Page 28