by Joshua Bloom
Badillo, Herman
Baines, Darrell
Baker, Curtis Lee
Baker, Ella
Bakersfield, Black Panther chapter
Balagoon, Kuwasi (Donald Weems)
Balboa High School in San Francisco, student strikes
Baldwin, James
Ballard, Roy
Baltimore: Black Panther chapter, black vote (1976); police brutality, rebellion (1968); suspected informant,
Bancroft Library, UC Berkeley
Bandung Conference (1955)
Banks, Chuck
Baraka, Amiri/LeRoi Jones
Bardacke, Frank
BART employment, Justice on Bay Area Rapid Transit,
Bartholomew, Anthony
Bartholomew, Stephen Kenna
Basta Ya! newspaper
“Battle of Algiers,”
Bay, Robert,
Beard, Tony
beatings of activists: of antiwar activists; at Black Congress conflicts; of Cambridge, Massachusetts protestors; at Democratic Convention (1968); of Hamer; of Hunters Point supporters, of Daniel King; police-ordered; in prisons; of San Francisco State student strikers and allies; at school vs. blacks; of Young Lords by police
beatings of blacks—by police; Bull Connor; Chicago; Lumumba; Newark; New York; Oakland; Pratt; Sacramento; Seattle; for tenants’ rights activism; Watts
Beckford-Smith, Ruth,
Bee, Carlos
Belafonte, Harry
Belgium, revolutionary movements,
Bell, Lance
Bell, Sylvester
Bennett, Fred
Berkeley: Berkeley High School; Black Panther community programs, City Council member Dellums, SDS Black Power Conference (1966), See also University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley Barb
Berkeley High School
Bernstein, Felicia
Bernstein, Leonard
Berry, Lee (Mkuba)
Berry, Thomas (Mshina)
Bevel, James
Biggs, Robert
Bird, Joan
Black America, colony of; Newton as leader and defender of; Pan-African Cultural Festival and; plebiscite campaign, RAM on; SDS’s “The Black Panther Party: Toward the Liberation of the Colony,” urban rebellions protesting; Vietnamese plight compared with. See also Black Liberation Struggle; Black Panther Party political ideology—anti-imperialism; self-determination
black anticolonialism; Africa, urban rebellions. See also anti-imperialism; Black America, colony of; Black Panther Party political ideology—anti-imperialism; revolutionary movements; self-determination
Black Arts Conference, Second
Black Bourgeoisie (Frazier)
Black Christian Nationalist Movement
black community: Black Panthers as representative of; Black Power’s vision of community empowerment; Chicago; church mobilization, concessions to, Detroit; FBI manipulating; middle class, Newark; New Haven; Newton’s “On the Defection of Eldridge Cleaver from the Black Panther Party and the Defection of the Black Panther Party from the Black Community,” plebiscite; political representation gaining; Richmond, San Francisco; Sun Reporter newspaper, theft prevented by Black Panthers; today; trials by peer group; Winston-Salem; after World War II. See also Black America, colony of; Black Liberation Struggle; black political organizations; community programs; self-determination—black community; urban ghettos; urban rebellions; vanguard party, Black Panther
black community moderates: Black Panthers supporters, in black political organizations; in Civil Rights Movement; concessions influencing, vs. guerilla warfare; student strikes supported by. See also National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP); Urban League
black community support for Black Panthers: black political organizations; Coalition to Defend the Panthers; for community programs; from moderates, resilience of Black Panthers resting on, vs. state repression, withdrawn
Black Congress, Los Angeles,
Black House
Black Liberation Alliance
Black Liberation Army (BLA),
Black Liberation Struggle, black culture and black politics; Black Panther community programs galvanizing; Black Panther newspaper as voice of; Black Panther Party commitment; Black Panthers representing; Black Power; Eldridge Cleaver committing to; Cuba’s support for; Democratic Party issues over; gender and sex issues related to; global anti-imperialist links, Hugginses; Hutton killing; limitations of Civil Rights Movement; Malcolm X and; march from Memphis to Jackson (1966); Newark; New Left supporting; Newton as leader of; phases; poverty focus, turning away from integrationism; turning away from nonviolence; Warden influence; white allies; written accounts. See also antiwar activism allied with black struggle; black anticolonialism; black nationalists; Civil Rights Movement; vanguard party, Black Panther
Black Macho and the Myth of Super-woman (Wallace)
“black macho” politics: Black Panther Party accused of. See also masculinism
black migration; to California; for employment; to Newark; during World War II
“Black Mother” (Bunchy Carter)
black nationalists; Black Christian Nationalist Movement; Black Nationalist Malcolmites; Black Panther differences with; Black Panther ideological phase, Eldridge Cleaver and; cultural, Detroit; FBI targeting, King and SCLC vs.; Los Angeles; Malcolm X; New York; Nixon’s “Law and Order” platform vs.; Pan-Africanism; Seattle chapter members; SNCC and; Soulbook: The Revolutionary Journal of the Black World magazine; and Vietnamese National Liberation Front; Warden; women. See also Black Panther Party; Black Power; COINTELPRO (FBI) vs. political organizations; Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM); revolutionary black nationalism; US
Black Panther newspaper; arrests for selling; Attica Prison uprising; Avakian’s “White ‘Mother Country’ Radical Responds to Editorial,” Baltimore police brutality; Bell killed while selling; black political organizations; “Bootlicker” column; Carmichael as Black Panther Party for Self-Defense Field Marshall; Bunchy Carter and John Huggins’s “A Political Assassination,” Chicago chapter, Chicago distribution; Chicago shootings by police; circulation; Eldridge Cleaver’s candidacy for president (1968); Eldridge Cleaver’s help at beginning, Eldridge Cleaver’s “White ‘Mother Country’ Radicals,” collection, community programs, demilitarized image; Douglas graphics, editor Howard; first issue (April 25, 1967), “Free Kathleen Cleaver and All Political Prisoners” cover, “Free the Latino Seven” headline; gender attitudes; guerilla warfare; “Huey Must Be Set Free!” headline; Ericka Huggins image; George Jackson’s death; Los Angeles Black Panther arrests (1969); “Massacre at Attica” cover; name change (“for Self-Defense” dropped); national distribution manager Napier; Newark rebellion; Newton’s “Fear and Doubt,” Newton’s “The Functional Definition of Politics,” Newton’s “In Defense of Self-Defense,” Newton’s “On the Defection of Eldridge Cleaver from the Black Panther Party and the Defection of the Black Panther Party from the Black Community,” Newton’s “The Correct Handling of a Revolution,” nonblack liberation struggles, North Vietnamese, O’Neal article; Pan-African Cultural Festival; “Paper Panthers” graphic; PFP-Black Panther coalition; “Police Slaughter Black People” headline; Pratt underground; purges; Rules of the Black Panther Party, San Francisco police officer shot in Mission (May 1, 1969); San Francisco State student strike, Scandinavian Left allies; school programs; Seale’s “The Coming Long Hot Summer,” Seale’s speech on Sacramento gun law delegation, second issue (May 15, 1967), Los Siete de la Raza; “The Significance of the Black Liberation Struggle in Newark” headline; “Survival Pending Revolution” headline, Ten Point Program, “traditional politics,” UFAF conference; weapons (in 1971 before demilitarization), women; Young Lords in Chicago and Rainbow Coalition
Black Panther Party; as black community representative; clothes styles, conflicts with black political organizations, Cubs, decline and demise/unraveling (1970s), greatest strengths after 1971; as local Oakland community organi
zation once again (mid-1972); logo/symbol, figs, name change (“for Self-Defense” dropped); New York Times coverage (1970), rise to political power, salute, written accounts, See also Black Panther Party political practices;
Black Panther Party allies; armed self-defense alienating; black political organizations; broad insurgency created by, Coalition to Defend the Panthers; for community programs; concessions leading to loss of, donors, factionalism within Party affecting; FBI targeting, for and against immediate insurrection; after Newton’s release; nonviolence policy and; purges explained to; repression’s effectiveness related to; resilience resting on, SNCC merger (1968), vs. state repression, See also black community support for Black Panthers; factionalism among black political organizations; rallies
Black Panther Party allies—cross-racial; antiwar activists, Asian American, of Chicago chapter, Chicago Eight, Coalition to Defend the Panthers; for community programs; FBI driving wedges; FBI targeting, “Free Huey!” campaign, gay liberation, Hutton Park rallies, interdenominational group of ministers and priests (1969); Latino/Chicano, for New Haven Panthers and Seale defense, “Rainbow Coalition,” resources provided by; San Francisco State College; vs. state repression, student strike; UFAF, white moderates; Women’s Liberation Movement, See also Black Panther Party allies—Left; Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)—Black Panther support; white New Left support for Black Panthers
Black Panther Party allies—international, Algeria, anti-imperialist, armed self-defense in common with; China, Cuba, National Student Union in Kamerun (now Cameroon); Newton-Cleaver feud and; North Korea, Pan-African Cultural Festival, resilience resting on; Scandinavia, for Seale and New Haven Panthers; U.S. diplomatic relations leading to loss of; Vietnamese, See also antiwar activism; global anti-imperialism; Third World
Black Panther Party allies—Left; antiwar; Black Panther leadership of/vanguard of, of Black Panther Party for Self-Defense (1967); Black Power; Eldridge Cleaver relations with, factionalism and; Kenner; New Haven Panthers and Seale, New York Black Panther Party allies—Left (continued) police repression; PFP, Progressive Labor Party turn, vs. state repression; UFAF, See also Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)—Black Panther support; white New Left support for Black Panthers
Black Panther Party appeal, armed self-defense creating, armed self-defense support eroding; to blacks in the military; broad, to “brothers on the block,” concessions eroding, insurgency evaluated by; in response to state repression, of revolutionary black men; as victims; to young blacks. See also allies; mobilization; resonance
Black Panther Party appeal—members attracted to the Party; by armed self-defense practices; Black Panther newspaper and; “brothers on the block,” Elaine Brown; Bunchy Carter; Kathleen Neal Cleaver; by community programs; by Audrea Dunham/Jones; greatest growth during greatest state repression (mid-1968 through 1970), Hampton; Hugginses, Hutton as first recruit to Black Panther Party for Self-Defense; after Hutton and Martin Luther King assassinations, infiltrators; Warren Kimbro; Miranda; Murray; during Newton’s prison term; New York chapter; Rackley; after Sacramento gun law delegation; Seattle chapter; women; young blacks. See also mobilization; resonance
Black Panther Party beginnings. See also Black Panther Party for Self-Defense
Black Panther Party chapters and offices; Baltimore, Central Committee tensions with, chairmen usually subordinate to captains, Chicago, closing; community programs central to; Denver, Des Moines; Detroit, east Oakland; falling apart; Indianapolis, informants infiltrating, insurrectionary acts; Jersey City, New Jersey; in low-income areas; last closing (1982); Los Angeles (Southern California chapter), figs; Newark; nonblacks not allowed in, Oakland beginnings; Oakland endings; Oakland office, Omaha, openings, persisting as Party declined; purges, raids by law enforcement, figs, Richmond; Sacramento; San Diego, San Francisco, San Quentin; Vallejo; weekly reports to National Headquarters; white allies guarding offices; Winston-Salem; women’s key role in building and leading; written accounts. See also Boston Black Panther chapter; Chicago Black Panther Party of Illinois; Cleveland Black Panther chapter; Connecticut Black Panthers; New York Black Panther Party; Philadelphia Black Panther chapter; Seattle Black Panther chapter; Southern California chapter of the Black Panthers
Black Panther Party community programs, black community support drawn by; Black Panther newspaper coverage, broad insurgency created by, under Elaine Brown; Chicago chapter, clothing distribution, discipline and, Hilliard championship of; housing; lead-abatement projects; local allies for; New Haven chapter, New York chapter, outlasting Party’s active involvement; political ideology of; Seattle chapter, self-defense focus replaced by; sickle-cell-anemia programs; Sickle Cell Anemia Research Foundation; state repression vs.; stoplight campaign; “survival programs,” , variety of; Winston-Salem chapter; women running. See also Free Ambulance Program; Free Breakfast for Children Program; Free Busing to Prison Program; Free Clinics; Free Clothing Program; free community services; Free Food Distribution Program; Free Pest Control Program; Free Pluming and Maintenance Program; Free Shoe Program
Black Panther Party factionalism. See factionalism within Black Panther Party
Black Panther Party finances; annual budget (1970); discipline and; donors, Horowitz and, New Haven chapter; poverty focus and, Pratt underground; public funding to run service programs; rules about; tensions over. See also free community services; fund-raising; legal costs
Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, becoming Black Panther Party; Black Panther Party of Northern California rift, campus outreach; Central Committee communications secretary Kathleen Cleaver, Field Marshall Carmichael; guns, figs; “ideological support for racial equality,” law observed by; Left relations (1967); Oakland office; patrolling police, public relations; Richmond self-defense (1967), See also Black Panther newspaper; Black Panther Party; Black Panther Party beginnings; Sacramento gun law delegation (1967)
Black Panther Party gender issues. See black women—Black Panther Party; gender issues—Black Panther Party
Black Panther Party newspaper. See Black Panther newspaper
Black Panther Party political ideology, vs. capitalism, community programs; factionalism over, Marxism, Newton’s articles, nonviolence vs. insurrection; racial equality; “revolutionary intercommunalism,” split over, See also armed resistance to authority; Black Panther Party political practices; revolutionary black nationalism—Black Panther Party; Ten Point Program; vanguard party, Black Panther
Black Panther Party political ideology—anti-imperialism, antiwar allies; of armed self-defense; across class and race; global allies, , liberals ridiculing; loss of appeal of, Marxist; Murray; resilience, San Francisco State students and; state repression fueling; unchanging core
Black Panther Party political practices, black moderates supporting Panthers in spite of, concessions eroding appeal of, disruptive capacity of, draft resistance; efficacy, fund-raising; impractical both before and after the late 1960s; away from insurrection; Intercommunal News Service; law knowledge; political context, political opportunity thesis; poverty focus and identification, public speaking, San Francisco State student strike; social democracy; “traditional politics,” urban rebellions influencing; young blacks attracted by. See also Black Panther newspaper; Black Panther Party community programs; Free Ambulance Program; Free Breakfast for Children Program; Free Busing to Prison Program; Free Clothing Program; Free Clinics; free community services; Free Food Distribution Program; “Free Huey!” campaign; Free Pest Control Program; Free Pluming and Maintenance Program; Free Shoe Program; gender issues—Black Panther Party; mobilization; rallies; resilience; revolutionary black nationalism—Black Panther Party; Ten Point Program
Black Panther Party political practices—armed self-defense; aboveground; allies backing away from; appeal of, Black Liberation Army (BLA) and, Black Panther newspaper (May 15, 1967), in cars, Chicago; community programs replacing; concessions eroding appeal of; CORE event; court causes chosen over; critical to power a
nd growth (1970); demilitarization of image vs.; Detroit, factionalism over; guerilla warfare, ,51; gun supply (1967); Hilliard participation; at home/Executive Mandate #3, Hutton (1968), after King assassination; lawful; vs. legal struggle; leverage through; members attracted by; Newton developing, Newton vs. Officer Frey (October 1967), Newton-Seale incident vs. Oakland police (early 1967); Newton’s “In Defense of Self-Defense,” after Newton’s release; nonviolence chosen instead of; vs. office raids by police, outlawed, patrolling police preliminary to, people’s army; photos, figs; political opportunity thesis; Ramparts office; repression’s effectiveness related to; “revolutionary suicide,” Richmond (1967), Rules of the Black Panther Party; Seale’s UC Berkeley speech on; Seattle chapter; Shabazz escort at San Francisco Airport (1967), SNCC merger and; social democracy vs., Ten Point Program; training in; UFAF conference; unraveling of Party without; Vietnam War compared with; women, See also Black Panther Party political ideology; guns; insurrections; Sacramento gun law delegation
Black Panther Party, state repression of; allied support in response to, allies related to effectiveness of; Chicago, CIA; vs. community programs; Defense Intelligence Committee; Democratic Party supporting; Detroit rebellion; discipline of members in response to, disinformation campaigns; gender issues and; greatest growth of Party during greatest repression (mid-1968 through 1970), Hampton and Clark killings, home invasion, House Committee on Internal Security, IRS; Justice Department, National Security Agency; vs. New Haven Panthers and Seale, Nixon; office raids, figs, political context influencing effectiveness of; Pratt targeted; task force on extremism; wiretapping. See also COINTELPRO (FBI) vs. Black Panther Party; informants and provocateurs; state repression; violence
Black Panther Party schools; alternatives for blacks before Panthers; GED (high school equivalency) program; liberation schools, Oakland Community School/Children’s Institute/Intercommunal Youth Institute (IYI),
Black Panther Party of Harlem (RAM-affiliated)
Black Panther Party of Lowndes County
Black Panther Party of Northern California, RAM-affiliated,