by Amit Katwala
2 https://quantum.country/qcvc
3 https://www.newscientist.com/article/2220968-its-official-google-has-achieved-quantum-supremacy/
Notes to 1 What is quantum computing? pages 9–29
1 https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/30/opinion/google-quantum-computer-sycamore.html
2 https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys2258
3 https://physicsworld.com/a/researchers-make-single-atom-transistor/#:~:text=Researchers%20in%20Australia%20have%20created,creation%20of%20atomic%2Dscale%20electrodes.
4 The Quest for the Quantum Computer, p. 19.
Notes to 2 Building the impossible pages 31–53
1 Computing with Quantum Cats, p. 217.
2 https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.4091
3 p. 255.
4 p. 235.
5 https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/02/26/916744/quantum-computer-race-ibm-google/
Notes to 3 Exponential power pages 55–75
1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlQABw_gCF4
2 https://www.wired.co.uk/article/quantum-computers-ibm-cern
3 https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ibm-barclays-banking-quantum-computing
Notes to 4 Cracking the code pages 77–96
1 https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/quantum-hegemony
2 https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25196/quantum-computing-progress-and-prospects
3 https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/post-quantum-cryptography/workshops-and-timeline
4 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-40294795
Notes to 5 Simulating nature pages 97–114
1 https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25196/quantum-computing-progress-and-prospects
2 https://cen.acs.org/articles/95/i43/Chemistry-quantum-computings-killer-app.html
3 https://www.wired.com/story/opinion-noisy-quantum-computers-chemistry-problems/
4 https://www.zapatacomputing.com/variational-what-now/
5 https://www.wired.co.uk/article/quantum-computers-ibm-cern
Notes to 6 The quantum future pages 115–130
1 https://www.ft.com/content/b9bb4e54-dbc1-11e9-8f9b-77216ebe1f17
2 https://www.bcg.com/publications/2018/next-decade-quantum-computing-how-play
3 https://www.quantamagazine.org/does-nevens-law-describe-quantum-computings-rise-20190618/
4 https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02935-4
5 https://www.businessinsider.com/vcs-are-investing-in-quantum-startups-but-expect-a-quantum-winter-2019-3?r=US&IR=T
Index
The page references in this index correspond to the print edition from which this ebook was created, and clicking on them will take you to the location in the ebook where the equivalent print page would begin. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.
Aaronson, Scott, 18–19
ABB, 27
Adleman, Leonard, 79
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), 51
AES-GCM, 81
agriculture, 98, 104
algorithms, 29, 59–60, 95, 126
artificial intelligence and, 73, 106–7
credit card numbers and, 67
encryption and, 78, 80–83, 84
error correction and, 67
Grover’s, 62–4, 81–2, 118
Hamiltonian simulations, 103–7
optimisation, 71, 112, 117
P versus NP and, 57
Shor’s, 59–62, 64, 78, 81, 117
variational quantum, 109–12, 117–18
Alibaba, 92
Alzheimer’s disease, 106
Amazon, 4, 38, 69
Apollo program (1961–72), 93
artificial intelligence, 2, 73, 106–7, 122, 130
Aspuru-Guzik, Alán, 101, 110
asymmetric encryption, 79–80
atomic clocks, 36, 123
atoms, 14
Austria, 36, 88, 94
Azure, 112, 126
Baidu, 92
Barclays, 126
battery technologies, 97, 105, 108–9, 118, 128
Bell Labs, 58, 59, 62
Bennett, Charles, 86
binary code, 10–11, 21, 22
bits, 10–11, 21, 22
Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire, 9, 31
Boixo, Sergio, 43, 68, 100, 112, 115, 118
Boston Consulting Group (BCG), 117, 118
Boulder, Colorado, 28, 32, 37
Brisse, Matthew, 122
Bristlecone, 45, 46
Brown, Julian, 87
Business Insider, 122
Caltech, Pasadena, 13, 107, 113–14
Canada, 46
cancer, 73, 74
carbon atoms, 39
carbon dioxide fixation, 103
Carminati, Federico, 113–14
Castagnoli, Giuseppe, 27
catalysis, 103
Center for a New American Security (CNAS), 78, 89
CERN, 113
Chapman, Peter, 38, 46–7, 126
chemistry simulations, 98–107
Chen Yu, 34, 130
chess, 3
China, 78, 83–4, 87, 90–95, 121
Chung, Isaac, 39
Cirac, Ignacio, 36
Cirq, 126
classical computers, 9–10, 20, 24, 28, 37, 118, 124
algorithm coding, 73
errors, 66
generative modelling, 74
Grover’s algorithm and, 62, 63–4
Monte Carlo simulations, 72
optimisation problems, 71
superconducting qubits and, 42–3, 45
Shor’s algorithm and, 61
simulations, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104
temperature and, 45
travelling salesman problem, 12
variational quantum algorithms, 109, 110
Clay Mathematics Institute, 55
climate change, 2, 26, 104, 112
cloud computing, 112, 127–8
CNOT gates, 36–7
Computing with Quantum Cats (Gribben), 40, 114
cooling systems, 5, 21, 34, 45, 49, 120
Costello, John, 78
Covid-19 pandemic (2019–21), 107
credit cards, 67
cryostats, 5, 34, 45, 49, 120
cryptography, 2, 26, 28, 58, 59, 64, 77–89, 107, 130
cybersecurity, 61, 75, 77–95
D-Wave, 46
Daimler, 108, 118
decoherence, 33, 39, 40, 131
deep fakes, 74
DeepMind, 107
Deutsch, David, 22–3, 25, 27
diamonds, 35
diffraction grating, 60
dihydrogen, 102, 110
Discover, 2
double slit experiment, 14–19
Dowling, John, 99, 119
Dowling–Neven Law, 119
Ekert, Artur, 28–9, 32, 35, 36, 37, 93, 94, 129
electric vehicles, 97, 108–9
electrical resistance, 41
electrons, 14, 16–18, 26, 37, 98–9
Elsag Bailey, 27
encryption, 2, 26, 28, 58, 59, 64, 77–89, 107, 130
entanglement, 26–7, 88, 92, 131
errors, 47–8, 65–9, 107
ETH Zurich, 105
European Union, 95
ExxonMobil, 126
facial recognition, 73
factoring, 56, 58, 60–61, 68, 78–83
Falcon, 82
FeMoco, 104–5
fertiliser, 98, 104
Feynman, Richard, 12–13, 20, 31, 101
financial crash (2008), 72
Financial Times, 115
Finland, 33, 120
fluorine atoms, 39
Ford, 71
Frodo, 82
Fugaku, 1
Gartner hype cycle, 122
generative modelling, 74, 106
Giustina, Marissa, 101, 125, 127
Global Positioning System (GPS), 123, 125
Goetz, Jan, 33, 120
Google, 4, 125
Cirq, 126
dihydrogen simulation, 110
error rate, 47–8
hydrogen molecule simulation, 46
Maps, 69–70, 109
microwave pulses, use of, 43
quantum lab, 1, 31–2, 45, 110, 115
quantum supremacy, 5, 6, 32, 64, 66, 68, 115–16, 119
superconducting qubits, 42, 43, 44, 52
Sycamore, 1, 5–6, 24–5, 32, 34, 45, 48, 115–16, 121
gravitational fields, 124
Gribbin, John, 40, 42, 114
Grover, Lov, 62–4, 81–2, 118
Haber–Bosch process, 98, 104
Hamilton, William Rowan, 103
Hamiltonian simulations, 103–7, 109
Harry Potter series (Rowling), 50
Harvard University, 107
Hefei, Anhui, 90, 96, 121
helium, 98–9
‘Hello, World!’ programs, 126
Hensinger, Winfried, 52
Higgs boson, 113
Hurley, William, 4, 11, 51, 123
hydrogen, 46, 98, 102
IBM, 4, 42, 44, 46, 47, 125
lithium research, 108–9, 118
magnetic alignment, use of, 39
Monte Carlo simulations, 72
Q network, 46, 112
Qiskit, 126
quantum advantage, 116–17, 132
quantum supremacy, 6, 116
quantum volume, 47
Summit, 1, 5, 6, 9, 11, 55–6
superconducting qubits, 43, 44, 52
Imperial College London, 5
Intel, 4, 20, 51, 99
interference patterns, 16–19, 25–6, 59–60, 63
International Conference on Atomic Physics, 28, 32
Internet, 85, 88
IonQ, 38, 40, 46, 52, 126
ions, 35–9, 40, 42, 51, 52, 53, 120, 121, 123–4, 125, 126, 128
IQM, 33, 120
Japan, 1
Johnson, George, 67
Johnson, Peter, 109
Josephson junctions, 42–5, 120, 133
Josephson, Brian, 41
Kalai, Gil, 65
Kania, Elsa, 78
Knight, Peter, 5
Lancaster University, 47, 90
Large Hadron Collider, 112–13
laser beams, 35
Lewis, Rhys, 123–4
Lichfield, Gideon, 43
lithium, 97, 108–9, 118
Lizard, 82
logic gates, 28–9, 36–7
lung cancer, 73, 74
machine learning, 73, 106–7
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 35, 40, 74, 106
Majorana particle, 50
mapping, 69–70, 71–2, 109, 123
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 13
Matuschak, Andy, 3
medicine, 2, 73, 130
Megrant, Anthony ‘Tony’, 6–7, 22, 25, 33–4, 43, 44, 45, 53
memory qubits, 89
Micius, 83–4, 87, 91, 93, 94
Microsoft, 4, 33, 45, 69, 125
Azure, 112, 126
FeMoco research, 105
miniaturisation, 120
Q#, 125
quantum advantage, 116–17, 132
quantum supremacy, 116
Seattle traffic project, 71–2
topological qubits, 49–51, 126, 133–4
microwaves, 43, 52–3, 133
Millennium Prize Problems, 55
MIT Technology Review, 44
Monte Carlo simulations, 72
Moore, Gordon, 20, 132
Moore’s Law, 20–21, 22, 119, 132
multiverse, 23
NAND gates, 37
Narang, Prineha, 107
National Academies of Sciences (NAS), 81
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 93
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 37, 82–3
National Security Agency (NSA), 77–8, 85, 91–2
natural gas, 98
Nature, 91, 115, 121
Nayak, Chetan, 33, 49, 50–51, 125
Neven, Hartmut, 119
New Scientist, 5
New York Times, 18
Newtonian physics, 14
Nielsen, Michael, 3
nitrogen, 98, 104
nitrogenase, 104
Nobel Prize, 12, 41
noise, 32, 33, 40, 66, 107, 120
noisy intermediate scale quantum (NISQ), 49, 53, 64, 68, 108, 118, 124, 132
non-linearity, 42
NOR gates, 37
nuclear magnetic resonance machines, 39
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1
optimisation problems, 70–71
Oxford University, 28
P versus NP problem, 55–8
Pan Jian-Wei, 88, 91–2, 94, 96
parity bits, 67
Patinformatics, 90, 93
Perelman, Grigori, 55
photons, 18, 26, 59, 84–9, 102
photosynthesis, 105, 111
Photosystem II, 105
Poincaré conjecture, 55
Porter, Ben, 71–2
Preskill, John, 48–9, 65, 122, 132
prime factors, 56, 58, 60–61, 68, 78–83
protein folding, 107
protons, 98–9, 112
public-key cryptography, 79–83
Q System One, 46
Q-Day, 89
Q#, 125
QCI, 126
Qiskit, 126
quadratic speed-ups, 62, 63–4, 72
Quanta, 119
quantum advantage, 116–17, 132
quantum chemistry simulations, 98–107
quantum decoherence, 33, 39, 40, 120, 131
quantum encryption, 59
quantum entanglement, 26–7, 88, 92, 131
Quantum Information Center, 18
quantum interference, 16–19, 25–6, 59–60, 63
quantum internet, 85, 88
quantum key distribution, 84–9
quantum logic gates, 36, 120
quantum mechanics, 13–19
quantum repeaters, 86
quantum satellites, 83–4, 87, 91, 93, 94, 95
quantum sensors, 124
quantum superposition, 14, 23, 24, 26, 32, 63, 64, 66, 84
quantum supremacy, 5, 6, 32, 48, 53, 64, 66, 68, 115–16, 119, 129, 132
quantum teleportation, 89
quantum volume, 47
quantum winter, 122
qubits, 23–9, 32, 35, 46, 133
decoherence, 33, 39
diamonds, 35
errors, 47–8, 65–9, 107
superconducting, 42–5, 49–52, 93, 110, 121, 128, 133
ion traps, 35–9, 40, 42, 51, 52, 93, 120, 121, 125, 126, 128
lasers, 35
magnetic alignment, 35, 39–40
memory, 89
noise and, 32, 33, 40, 66
topological, 49–51
Quest for the Quantum Computer, The (Brown), 87
resistance, 41
Riel, Heike, 47, 111, 117, 128
Rigetti, 125
Rivest, Ronald, 79
Rocchetto, Andrea, 58, 61, 62, 83
RSA encryption, 78–83
Samsung, 126
Santa Barbara, California, 1, 31, 45, 110, 115
Savoie, Christopher, 71, 74, 100, 106
Schrödinger’s cat, 26
Schrödinger’s Killer App (Dowling), 99
Seattle, Washington, 69, 71
semiconductors, 9
sensors, 124
Shamir, Adi, 79
Shor, Peter, 48, 59–62, 64, 67, 68, 78, 81, 117
Shortcut Through Time, A (Johnson), 67
Sierra, 1
silicon chips, 9
simulations, 19–20, 98–107
Snowden, Edward, 77–8, 85, 91–2
solar panels, 105, 111
Summit, 1, 5, 6, 9, 11, 55–6, 115–16
superconductivity, 40–45, 49–52, 93, 105, 110, 121, 128, 133
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superposition, 14, 23, 24, 26, 32, 63, 64, 66, 84, 133
Svore, Krysta, 49, 50, 125–6
switches, 10–11, 21, 22
Sycamore, 1, 5–6, 24–5, 32, 34, 45, 48, 121
Tencent, 92
thermodynamics, 14
thulium, 99, 103
topological qubits, 49–51, 126, 133–4
Toutov, Anton, 107
transistors, 20–21
translation, 73
travelling salesman problem, 11, 70, 111
Trippe, Anthony ‘Tony’, 93
Turin, Italy, 28, 36
Turing, Alan, 9
United Kingdom, 95, 123
United States
Apollo program (1961–72), 93
Bristlecone, 45, 46
research funding in, 95
Sierra, 1
Snowden disclosures (2013), 77–8, 85, 91–2
Summit, 1, 5, 6, 9, 11, 55–6, 115–16
Sycamore, 1, 5–6, 24–5, 32, 34, 45, 48, 115–16, 121
Universal Quantum, 51–2
University of Innsbruck, 36
University of Melbourne, 101
University of Oxford, 28
University of Southern California, 114
University of Sussex, 51
University of Texas, 18, 58
variational quantum algorithms, 109–12, 117–18, 134
Villa Gualino, Turin, 28
wave functions, 16–18
weather simulations, 19–20
WhatsApp, 80
White, Andrew, 101
WIRED, 65, 107, 113
Woerner, Stefan, 72
Wright brothers, 6
Y2Q, 89
Young, Robert, 47, 65, 90, 95–6, 116
Zapata Computing, 71, 101, 106, 109, 110
Zoller, Peter, 36
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