by Eamon Duffy
For John Paul’s involvement in the reordering of Eastern Europe, Stehle, Eastern Politics of the Vatican, and P. Michel, Politics and Religion in Eastern Europe, Oxford 1991. On Liberation Theology, A. T. Hennelly (ed.), Liberation Theology: A Documentary History, Maryknoll, New York 1990; P. E. Sigmund, Liberation Theology at the Crossroads: Democracy or Revolution?, New York and Oxford 1990; for Oscar Romero, J. R. Brockman, The World Remains: A Life of Oscar Romero, Maryknoll and London 1982. The politics of canonization are robustly and entertainingly handled in Kenneth L. Woodward, Making Saints: How the Catholic Church Determines Who Becomes a Saint,Who Doesn’t and Why, New York 1996.
For Pope Benedict XVI, John Allen’s Pope Benedict XVI: a biography of Joseph Ratzinger, London 2005, remains valuable. For an unsympathetic portrait written in the light of the resignation, Garry O’Connor, Subdued Fires: an intimate portrait of Pope Benedict XVI, Stroud 2013. Selections of Ratzinger’s own writings by Robert Moynihan, Let God’s Light Shine Forth: the Spiritual Vision of Pope Benedict XVI, New York and London 2005, and John F. Thornton and Susan B. Varenne, The Essential Pope Benedict XVI: His Central Writings and Speeches, New York and London 2009. Introductions to his theology by Aidan Nichols, The Theology of Joseph Ratzinger, revised edition 2007. Indispensable first hand insight into Benedict’s mind in his autobiographical Milestones: Memoirs 1927–77, San Francisco 1998, and the four sets of published interviews: Joseph Ratzinger with Vittorio Messori, The Ratzinger Report: an Exclusive Interview on the State of the Church, San Francisco 1985; Salt of the Earth: Christianity and the Catholic Church at the end of the Millenium: an Interview with Peter Seewald, San Francisco 1997; God and the World: a Conversation with Peter Seewald, San Francisco 2002; Benedict XVI and Peter Seewald, Light of the World: the Pope, the Church and the Signs of the Times, San Francisco 2010.
The best of the surge of hurriedly produced biographies of Pope Francis is Paul Vallely, Pope Francis, Untying the Knots, London 2013. For the man’s own opinions, Francesca Ambrogetti and Sergio Rubin, Pope Francis: Conversations with Jorge Bergoglio, New York 2013; Jorge Mario Bergoglio and Abraham Skorka, On Heaven and Earth, Pope Francis on Faith, Family and the Church in the 21st Century, London 2013.
INDEX
Aachen, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Abercius of Heropolis, (i)
Abyssinia, (i)
Acacius of Constantinople, Acacian Schism, (i), (ii)
Achaia, (i)
Acta Sanctorum, (i)
Action Française, (i)
Acton, Sir John, (i)
Acts of the Apostles, (i)
ad limina visits, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Adoloald, prince of the Lombards, (i)
Aeneas Silvio Piccolomini (Pope Pius II), (i), (ii), (iii)
Aeterni Patris, (i)
Africa, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii)
Agapitus I (535–6) pope, (i), (ii), (iii)
Agapitus II (946–55) pope, (i), (ii)
Agatho (678–81) pope, (i), (ii)
Agca, Mehmet Ali, (i), (ii)
‘aggiornamento’, (i)
Agnes, Empress, (i)
Agnus dei, (i)
Aistulf, King, (i)
Albani, Cardinal, (i), (ii)
Albania, (i)
Albano, (i)
Alberic II of Rome, (i)
Alberic III, (i)
Alberigo, Guiseppe, (i)
Albigensian Crusade, (i), (ii)
Albigensians, (i), (ii)
Alboin, King, (i)
Albrecht of Brandenburg, (i)
Alcuin, (i), (ii)
Alessandro Borgia, (i)
Alexander I (c. 109–c. 116) pope, (i)
Alexander II (1061–73) pope, (i), (ii)
Alexander III (1159–81) pope, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Alexander IV (1254–61) pope, (i), (ii), (iii)
Alexander V (antipope), (i), (ii)
Alexander VI (1492–1503) pope, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)
Alexandria, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Alexius III, Emperor, (i)
Alfonso I of Sicily, (i)
Algiers, toast of, (i)
Alum-mine of Tolfa, (i)
Ambrose of Milan, St, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Ambrosian Library, Milan, (i)
‘Americanism’, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Americas, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Ammianus Marcellinus, (i)
Anacletus I (c. 70–c. 91) pope, (i), (ii)
Anacletus II (antipope), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Anagni, Outrage of, (i)
Anastasius, Emperor, (i)
Anastasius I (399–401) pope, (i), (ii), (iii)
Anastasius II (496–8) pope, (i), (ii)
Anastasius IV, (i), (ii)
Anastasius of Antioch, (i)
Anastasius of Thessalonica, (i)
Anatolia, (i)
Ancona, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)
Angelico, Fra, (i)
Angelo Roncalli ( John XXIII), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
Anglican church, (i)
orders condemned, (i), (ii)
Anglicanorum Coetibus, (i)
Anglicans, inflammatory sentiments concerning, (i)
Anglo-Saxon church, (i), (ii)
Anicetus (c. 155–c. 166) pope, (i), (ii)
Anthinous, Patriarch of Constantinople, (i)
Anthony of Egypt, St, (i)
Antichrist, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
pope as, (i), (ii)
Anti-Modernist Oath, (i), (ii)
Antioch, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii)
antipopes, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
anti-semitism, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Antonelli, Cardinal, (i), (ii)
apocrisiary, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
apostles, twelve, (i), (ii)
apostolic delegates, (i), (ii), (iii)
appellants (against Unigenitus), (i)
Appian Way, (i)
Appolinarius, St, (i)
Apulia, (i)
Aquila, (i), (ii)
Aquilea, (i)
Arabs, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Aragon, kingdom of, (i)
Aran Islands, (i)
Argentina, (i)
Dirty Wars, (i)
return of Juan Peron to, (i)
Arians, Arianism, Arius, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
aristotelianism, (i)
Arles, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Armada, Spanish, (i)
Armagh, (i)
Armenian Catholics, (i)
armies, papal, (i), (ii)
Arnold of Brescia, (i)
Arns, Cardinal Evatisto, (i)
Aruppe, Pedro, (i)
Asia, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
South-East, (i)
assassination attempt: Paul VI, (i)
John Paul II, (i)
Assisi, (i)
Associations Culturelles, (i)
Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, (i)
astrology, (i)
Athanasius, St, (i)
Athenagoras, Partiarch, (i)
Athens, (i)
Attila the Hun, (i), (ii)
Auctorem Fidei, (i)
Augsburg, (i)
Peace of, (i)
Augustine of Canterbury, St, pl. (i)
Augustine of Hippo, St, (i), (ii), (iii)
Augustinus, (i)
Auschwitz, (i)
Australia, (i)
Austria, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Auxentius of Milan, (i)
Avars, (i)
L’Avenir, (i), (ii)
Avignon, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Balkans, (i), (ii)
Baltic, (i)
&nbs
p; Baltimore, Third Council of, (i)
banner of St Peter, (i)
Barberini family, (i)
Barbie, Klaus, (i)
Barletta, Leonidas, (i)
Basil the Great, St, (i), (ii)
Basle, Council of, (i), (ii), (iii)
Bavaria, (i), (ii)
elector of, (i)
Bayezit, Sultan, (i)
Beards, papal, (i)
Becket, St Thomas, (i)
Bede, Venerable, (i)
Belgium, (i), (ii), (iii)
Belisarius, (i), (ii)
Bellarmine, Cardinal Robert, (i)
Bellone, La, (i)
Benedetto Caetani (Pope Boniface VIII), (i)
Benedict, St, (i), (ii)
Benedict I (575–9) pope, (i)
Benedict II (684–5) pope, (i)
Benedict VI (973–4) pope, (i)
Benedict VII (974–83) pope, (i)
‘His Holiness Pope-emeritus Benedict XVI’, (i)
resignation of, (i)
Benedict VIII (1012–24) pope, (i), (ii)
Benedict IX (1032–18) pope, (i)
Benedict XIII (antipope), (i)
Benedict XIII (1724–30) pope, (i)
Benedict XIV (1740–58) pope, (i)
Benedict XV (1914–22) pope, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Benedict XVI (2005–) pope, (i)
Benetti, Cardinal, (i)
Benigni, Umberto, (i)
Bergamo, (i), (ii)
Bergoglio, Jorge (Pope Francis I), (i), (ii)
as Archbishop of Buenos Aires, (i), (ii), (iii)
Berlin, (i)
Bernard of Clairvaux, St, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
bad mistake of, (i)
Bernardino of Siena, St, (i)
Bernier, Abbe, (i)
Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Berrigan, Dan and Philip, (i)
Bertello, Cardinal, (i)
Berthier, General, (i)
Bertone, Cardinal Tarcisio, (i), (ii), (iii)
Besalu, (i)
Besançon, Archbishop of, (i)
Diet of, (i)
Bessarion, Cardinal John, (i)
Béziers, (i)
Bible, German, (i)
pontific study of, (i)
biblical studies, (i)
Billot, Cardinal, (i)
Biscop, Benedict, (i)
bishops
canonical institutions of, (i), (ii)
emergence of, (i)
papal appointment of, (i), (ii), (iii)
state appointment of, (i), (ii)
Bismarck, Chancellor of Prussia, (i), (ii), (iii)
Black death, (i), (ii)
‘black cardinals,’ (i)
Boethius, (i)
Boff, Leonardo, (i)
Bohemia, (i)
Boleyn, Ann, (i)
Bolivar, Simon, (i)
Bologna, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
University of, (i)
Bolshevism, (i), (ii), (iii)
Bonaparte, Joseph, (i)
Boniface I (418–22) pope, (i), (ii), (iii)
Boniface III (607) pope, (i)
Boniface IV (608–15) pope, (i), (ii)
Boniface V (619–25) pope, (i)
Boniface VIII (1294–1303) pope, (i), (ii)
Book of Common Prayer, (i)
Borgo, (i)
Boris I, King of Bulgaria, (i)
Bormann, Martin, (i), (ii)
Borromeo, St Carlo, (i), (ii)
Botticelli, Sandro, (i), (ii)
‘bourgeois monarchy,’ (i)
boy-scouts, Catholic, (i)
Brady, Cardinal Sean (Archbishop of Armagh), (i)
Brahe, Tycho, (i)
Bramante, (i)
Brazil, Copacabana, (i)
Rio de Janeiro, (i)
World Youth Day, (i)
Breakspear, Nicholas (Pope Hadrian IV), (i), (ii)
breviary, reform of, (i)
brief, papal, (i)
brigands, (i)
Britain, (i)
papal visit to, (i)
Brunhild, Queen, (i)
Bruni, Luigino, (i)
Bruno, Giordano, (i)
Bruno of Toul (Pope Leo IX), (i)
Buber, Martin, (i)
Budapest, (i)
Bulgaria, (i), (ii)
Bullfighting, sinful, (i)
Burgundy, (i)
Burke, Cardinal Raymond, (i)
Cadaver Synod, (i)
Caecilian of Carthage, (i)
Caedwalla, King, (i)
Caelian Hill, (i)
Calabria, (i)
Callistus I (217–22) pope, (i)
Callistus II (1119–24) pope, (i)
Callistus III (1455–8) pope, (i), (ii), (iii)
camalaucum, (i). See also tiara.
Camerlengo, (i)
Campagna, (i)
Canon law, (i), (ii), (iii)
Code of 1917, (i)
canonisation, (i), (ii)
Canons, (i), (ii)
of Constantinople, (i)
Canossa, (i), (ii)
Canterbury, (i), (ii), (iii)
Gospels, pl. (i)
Capitalism, (i), (ii)
Capitol, (i)
Cappellari, Dom Mauro (Pope Gregory XVI), (i)
Caprara, Cardinal, (i)
Caprocorum, (i)
Caput orbis, (i)
Caraffa, Gianpietro (Pope Paul IV), (i)
Caranza, Cardinal, (i)
Carbonari, (i)
Cardenal, Fr. Ernesto, (i)
Cardinals, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii)
Carey, George, Archbishop of Canterbury, (i)
Caritas in Veritate, (i)
Carlos IV, of Spain, (i)
Carnival, Roman, (i)
Caroline Islands, (i)
Carthage, (i), (ii)
Castel Gandolfo, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Castro, Fidel, (i)
Cathars, (i)
Catherine of Aragon, (i)
Catherine of Siena, St, (i)
Catholic Action, (i), (ii), (iii)
Catholic League, French, (i)
Catholicism,182
Celestine I (422–32) pope, (i), (ii)
Celestine III (1191–8) pope, (i)
Celestine V (1294) pope, (i), (ii)
Celibacy, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Cellini, Benvenuto, (i)
Cem, (i)
Cencius, (i)
Centre Party, (i), (ii)
Ceolfrid, (i)
Cesare Borgia, (i)
Cesena, (i)
Chalcedon, Council of, (i)
Chamberlain, Neville, (i)
chandelier, St Peter’s, (i)
chapter, episcopal election by, (i)
Chapters, Three, (i)
Charlemagne, (i), (ii), (iii)
Charles II of Sicily, (i)
Charles V, (i), (ii), (iii)
Charles VIII of France, (i)
Charles X of France, (i), (ii)
Charles, King of Hungary, (i)
Charles the Bald, (i), (ii), (iii)
Charles the Fat, (i)
Chenu, Marie-Dominique, (i)
Chi ro, (i)
Chiaramonte, Barnaba (Pope Pius VII), (i), (ii)
Chiesa, Giacomo della (Pope Benedict XV), (i)
Childeric III, King, (i)
China, bishops for, (i)
missions in, (i)
Chosroes, King, (i)
Christ the King, Feast of, (i)
Christian Democracy, (i), (ii), (iii)
Christian Democratic Party, (i), (ii)
Christian League, (i)
Chur, diocese of, (i)
Church and State, separation in France, (i)
‘Church of silence,’ (i)
Circus of Nero, (i)
Cistercians, (i), (ii)
Civil Constitution of the Clergy, (i)
civil marriage, (i), (ii), (iii)
Clairvaux, (i)
Claudius, Emperor, (i)
Clement I (c. 91–c. 101) pope, St, (i), (ii)
Clement II (1046–7) pope, (i)
Clement III (1187–91) pope, (i)
Clement III (antipope), (i), (ii), (iii)
Clement IV (1265–8) pope, (i)
Clement V (1305–14) pope, (i)
Clement VI (1342–52) pope, (i)
Clement VII (antipope), (i)
Clement VII (1523–34), (i)
Clement VIII (1592–1605) pope, (i)
Clement XI (1700–21) pope, (i), (ii)
Clement XIII (1758–69) pope, (i)
Clement XIV (1769–74) pope, (i)
‘Clementines,’ (i)
Clermont, Council of, (i)
Cluny, (i), (ii), (iii)
end of, (i)
Cnut, King, (i)
Cold War, (i), (ii)
Collegiality, episcopal, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
subverted, (i)
Cologne, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
archbishop of, (i), (ii)
Church struggle, (i)
Colonna family, (i), (ii), (iii)
Columbanus, St, (i), (ii), (iii)
Colombia, (i)
Columbus, Numidian bishop, (i)
Combes, Emile, (i)
Commodus, Emperor, (i)
communion, child, (i)
frequent, (i)
Communione e Liberazione, (i)
Communium Rerum, (i)
Communism, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
Soviet, (i)
Conciliar movement, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Concilium, (i)
Conclaves, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
Concordats, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Bologna 1516, (i), (ii)
France 1801, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Concordia discordantium canonum, (i)
Congar, Yves, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Congregation for Bishops, (i)
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
see also Inquisition
Conrad II, Emperor, (i)
Consalvi, Cardinal Ercole, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Consilium de Emendenda Ecclesia, (i)
Constans, Emperor, (i)
Constans II, Emperor, (i)
Constantine, Emperor, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
Constantine (antipope), (i)
Constantine IV, Emperor, (i)
Constantinople, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)
1st Council of, (i), (ii)
2nd Council of, (i), (ii)
Fall of, (i), (ii)
Latin kingdom, (i)
Sack of, (i), (ii)
Constantinopolitan/Nicene creed, (i)
Constantius, Emperor, (i), (ii)
Constituent Assembly, (i)
Constitutional Church, (i), (ii)