The CIA officer connected the listening device to an electrical switch in the wall, so it derived its power from house current. After he installed the device, the officer plastered over the hole in the wall and painted it, matching the old paint perfectly. A pinhole made after the wall was painted conveyed sound to the microphone in the transmitter, which beamed its signal to a nearby listening post.
As it turned out, this failed also. To Bane’s consternation, the KGB officer usually conducted his business outside his home and said nothing useful while on the air.
Before each bug was installed, CIA headquarters approved the plan. Sometimes the CIA decides such an effort is too risky and vetoes the idea. The agency also rules on the level of sophistication for the bugging device. Usually, this depends on how important and sensitive the operation is. The more important, the more likely the most advanced device will be approved.
With the help of the local real estate agent who was now on the CIA payroll, Bane decided that the Soviets and Chinese would most likely settle on two buildings. One was a fifteen-room private home owned by an Asian. The other was an office building next to a golf course.
Bane decided that both buildings should be bugged. By this time, the real estate agent Bane had recruited was working with the Chinese and Soviets almost daily to help them find a place. Bane told him he should push the two locations.
Meanwhile, Bane arranged to meet the son of the owner of the house by having an intermediary introduce them at a bar. Bane knew that the man liked to go to good restaurants, so he invited him to an evening out with his wife. After they had become regular companions over a period of weeks, the man introduced Bane to his father and mother, the owners of the house. Bane began wining and dining them as well.
The CIA approved Bane’s proposal to bug the fifteen-room house, but decided the British should be given the task of bugging the office building. Because a British company owned the building, CIA headquarters figured MI-6 would be in a better position to do the job.
By now, Bane had recruited the son of the owner of the house as an agent, paying him $1,000 in cash as a start. He was ready to pull off what he hoped would be a major success for the CIA. Bane told the son to tell his father that Bane had a friend who was an Italian movie director. The movie director wanted to rent the place for a week so he could polish a screenplay. He would be bringing a couple of movie stars with him. Bane offered to pay the man’s father and mother to move to a hotel for a week. In addition, Bane would pay $5,000 for renting the compound.
As the man conveyed the offer to his parents, Bane alerted Office of Technical Service officers in Europe. He sent them photographs of the inside of the house. Seven officers were assigned to the job.
The owners of the home agreed to the offer. When they moved out, the CIA people moved in. Bane replaced the padlock on the front gate with a CIA lock. Bane also arranged a code with the real estate agent. If anyone was coming to look at the home, he was to phone and say a prearranged phrase. As it turned out, just before the officers were to leave, the Chinese wanted to visit the home. The agent called Bane and gave the signal. Horrified, Bane told him not to let them in.
The Chinese drove up to the home in limousines. The agent tried to open the lock on the gate but found his key would not work. The Chinese would have to come back the next day.
After working steadily throughout the week, the CIA officers had outfitted the entire mansion for sound. The transmitters beamed their signals to a listening post three hundred yards away. Some of the bugs worked off house current, while others had long-lasting batteries. They could be turned on and off remotely to conserve power and further conceal them. If they heard any indication that a sweep might be in progress, the monitors turned them off.
To add a little credibility to the cover story, Bane left the bottoms of two bikinis on the clothesline—evidence that the Italian movie stars had stayed at the home.
After the Chinese finally saw the home, they agreed to rent it. Meanwhile, the Soviets took the office building. The British, however, had done a poor job of bugging the building. The bugs did not work, and the effort was a failure.
Bane set up a listening post some one hundred and fifty yards from the Chinese Communist compound. For the next several years—until the Chinese found a new location—the CIA was able to listen to every conversation in the mission, including those in the code room.
The information was a treasure trove for the CIA. Unlike the Soviets, the Chinese tended to share overall strategies with their embassies. The CIA was able to learn in advance of the Chinese Communist government’s diplomatic overtures and plans, as well as relationships the Chinese had with local officials and with the Soviets.
This is the kind of success that thrills CIA operations officers and wins them awards—the kind that only rarely becomes known. It is one reason CIA officers repeat the maxim “Our failures are publicized; our successes are not.”
If there is any success that surpasses bugging a sensitive diplomatic post, it is recruiting a high-level official or intelligence officer who is willing to continue to work for his own country. That gives the CIA the benefit of being able to instruct the agent to obtain information according to the CIA’s needs. Short of recruiting a high-level official in the Kremlin, nothing could be more sensitive than recruiting a KGB officer in the Soviet embassy in Washington.
3
Courtship
THE BROWN BRICK OFFICE BUILDING AT 6551 LOISDALE Court in Springfield, Virginia, is hardly the sort of place where James Bond would make his headquarters. With tiny vertical windows, it is the plainest of structures, the lobby decorated with thin, slate-blue carpeting and cheap blondwood doors. Known as the Spring Mall Building, the structure could not be more inconspicuous or less inviting—which is the point. For it was from this building that the CIA and the FBI recruited the first KGB officer inside the Soviet embassy in Washington.
Under the CIA’s charter, the agency may not exercise law enforcement or police powers or undertake internal security functions. But that does not mean it cannot operate within the United States. Obviously, in order to operate at all, the CIA must have a headquarters in the U.S. and train people in the U.S. The CIA’s charter does not specifically say the CIA may not gather intelligence in the U.S. Rather, the history of the legislation makes it clear the CIA may gather intelligence within the United States so long as the target is foreign.13 That understanding was codified by Executive Order 12333, which President Reagan signed on December 4, 1981. It says the CIA may operate domestically in order to collect “significant” foreign intelligence, so long as the effort does not involve spying on the domestic activities of Americans.
The CIA’s internal regulations—most of them classified—make this clearer. They say that if a CIA officer intends to recruit a U.S. citizen or enlist the cooperation of a U.S. firm, he must identify himself as being with the CIA.
For years, through what used to be called the Foreign Resources Division within the Directorate of Operations, the CIA has operated within the U.S. by recruiting foreigners visiting in the U.S.—diplomats of other countries, for example, or visiting scientists. The greatest percentage of these recruits who become agents or spies for the CIA are military personnel being trained in the U.S. When they return home, these agents continue to work for the CIA. As a side benefit, they may also report on foreign targets of interest—for example, what is happening within the Chinese Communist embassy in Washington—while they are stationed in the U.S.
The very existence of the Foreign Resources Division—now called a branch within a new Domestic Resources Division—is a closely guarded secret. Usually, the only references in the press to domestic operations of the CIA are to what was previously called the National Collection Division, now a branch within the Domestic Resources Division. Also located within the Directorate of Operations, this component operates overtly, asking Americans who travel overseas to report on what they see once they return. During the w
ar in the Gulf, the domestic collection office obtained plans for Iraqi targets from American and other businessmen who had helped build them.
The two components—the National Collection Branch and the Foreign Resources Branch—maintain separate offices in major cities throughout the country. The offices operate under commercial cover. That means the offices purport to be private companies. For example, in the 1980s, the Foreign Resources office for the Washington area was identified only as a consulting firm in the Air Rights Building at 7101 Wisconsin Avenue in Bethesda, Maryland. Here, in a building sheathed with brown-tinted glass, the station chief, deputy station chief, and a communicator maintained their offices. In addition, three other nearby offices, also operating as national companies, targeted people from the Soviet bloc, East Asia, and the Third World. A lawyer was recruited to act as a front man for the companies.
Each CIA officer in the Washington office had three aliases used in conducting his work—one as a businessman, one as an ordinary government employee, and one as a CIA official. Meetings were never conducted at the office. Rather, the CIA officers arranged to meet contacts at lunch or in other social settings.
Besides the one in Washington, the CIA maintains FR stations—formerly known as bases—in such cities as Boston, New York, Chicago, St. Louis, Houston, Miami, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Seattle. The two biggest stations are in Washington, which has some thirty officers, and New York, which has nearly forty.
The Domestic Resources Branch has more offices and a larger staff. Even though it operates under commercial cover, its activities are more open. Identifying themselves as CIA officers, its staff members ask American businessmen and university professors for information they pick up on their travels.
By contrast, the Foreign Resources Branch recruits foreigners to become agents or spies. In deciding which foreigners to recruit, each station has a wish list. The list ranks the importance of each target country, from one to five. Traditionally, the Soviets have been number one and still are within FR. But with the end of the Cold War, the Chinese, Japanese, and Cubans were given higher priority in many overseas locations.
In recruiting people, the CIA officers in the FR office go to receptions and parties where foreign diplomats may show up. They strike up conversations with them and try to gauge their susceptibility. Pretending to be employees of private companies, they invite them to lunch or dinner. Eventually, they make a pitch, offering a steady income if they agree to spy for the U.S. The amount varies with the country and the status of the individual being recruited. Typically, it is a few hundred dollars a month. Money is seldom a motivating factor with Soviets or Communist Chinese. Rather, they agree to spy for ideological reasons or disagreements with their bosses.
Each year, FR recruits two hundred to three hundred people as CIA agents or spies. Over the years, FR has recruited Czech, Hungarian, Polish, and other Soviet-bloc diplomats as spies.
During the early 1980s, roughly half of those recruited accepted money and training and then vanished once they returned home. Yet case officers and station chiefs still received credit for the recruitments.
“What was happening,” a former operations officer said, “was FR officers would recruit these guys, they would go back, and the local station couldn’t find them. They would arrange to meet on the third Thursday of the month, and they wouldn’t show. Or they would show up and wouldn’t be cooperative.”
To improve performance, the CIA put a new system into effect. No one would get credit for a recruitment until the agent had produced useful intelligence or had cooperated over a period of time.
If the fact that the CIA recruits spies in the U.S. sounds surprising, the idea of the CIA teaming up with the FBI to do so, given the historic relationship between the two agencies, is even more astonishing. Under the long reign of FBI director J. Edgar Hoover, the FBI and the CIA were frequently at loggerheads. At one point, Hoover actually forbade FBI agents to communicate with the agency, forcing them to meet with CIA officers clandestinely.
That changed dramatically when William H. Webster became FBI director, succeeding Clarence M. Kelley. In 1980, the CIA and the FBI created a secret joint operation to recruit Soviet spies in Washington—a move that would have been unthinkable under Hoover. The operation, in the form of a squad within the FBI’s Washington metropolitan field office, was the idea of George Kalaris, who had been chief of the CIA’s counterintelligence staff, and James Nolan, the FBI’s deputy assistant director in the counterintelligence division. In part, it represented an effort to overcome the historical enmity between the two agencies.
Normally, the CIA recruits agents in the U.S. so they can spy overseas. It is the FBI that is charged, as part of its counterintelligence program, with developing agents to engage in counterspying within the U.S. But Nolan and Kalaris, who had become friends in the course of work, decided it made sense to pool the knowledge and resources of the FBI and the CIA to recruit Soviets to work for the intelligence agencies while still stationed on American soil.
Code-named COURTSHIP the joint operation is designated squad CI-11 within the FBI’s Washington metropolitan field office. Besides secretaries and an administrative officer, the squad consists of nine professional employees—five FBI agents and four CIA officers. The squad is headed by an FBI agent whose deputy is a CIA officer. Each of the CIA officers and FBI agents assigned to the squad has three different covers. They could pose as employees of another government agency, as employees of a private company, or as FBI or CIA officers—under aliases. To back up their cover stories, they have VISA cards, social security numbers, and driver’s licenses, all in false names. The credit limit on the VISA cards was only $1,000 until FR objected, and the limit was raised to $2,000.
Until recently, the squad was based in the Loisdale Court building behind the Hilton Inn off exit 57 on Interstate Route 95 in Springfield, Virginia. In contrast to the spartan appearance of the building and its lobby, COURTSHIP’s suite was lavishly furnished with Oriental rugs and screens confiscated during raids. A receptionist sat behind a glass window inside a reception area. Only the members of the squad could enter the inner offices. At the time COURTSHIP was recruiting a KGB officer in the Soviet embassy in Washington, it was operating out of the Springfield office building, behind the sign of a consulting firm.
As its name implies, the purpose of the squad is to court Soviet spies—either officers of the KGB or the GRU, the Soviet military intelligence organization. Normally, when a Soviet is assigned to work in Soviet establishments in the United States for the first time, one of the FBI’s counterintelligence squads is assigned to watch him. For a year, the FBI studies his activities to determine if he is an intelligence officer. If the FBI decides he is, the FBI assigns him to an appropriate counterintelligence squad for further observation and possible recruitment. Each of the twenty squads specializes in a particular intelligence service and division within that service. Even if the FBI decides he is not a spy, he is still assigned to a squad for observation.
Under the rules established by the FBI and CIA, the COURTSHIP squad has first choice in picking the intelligence officers that appear most susceptible to recruitment. Once an intelligence officer is recruited by COURTSHIP, he is reassigned to the appropriate FBI squad based on his KGB or GRU affiliation.
In determining which KGB officers would most likely agree to spy for the U.S., the COURTSHIP squad consults with psychologists from the CIA and the FBI and reviews all the available information about him. Each officer looks for different signs of receptivity. Some are interested in Soviets who have never been outside the Soviet Union before, who dress well, and who seem to be interested in American society. Others swear these qualities bear no relation to whether a Soviet will agree to be recruited. As a rule, the squad targets only one Soviet at a time. If the recruitment effort fails, they assign the Soviet to the appropriate FBI squad and target another individual.
The squad never uses outright blackmail or other forms o
f coercion. It is an article of faith within the U.S. intelligence community that blackmail never works. The CIA once spent months trying, to no avail, to recruit a KGB officer in Southeast Asia who was believed to be a homosexual. However, a vulnerability such as cheating on an expense account or becoming involved in repeated car accidents with an embassy vehicle may be used to coax a prospective agent into cooperating.
Money is one way to recruit an agent. It also contributes to compromising agents in case they later have second thoughts about cooperating. But even large sums do not work if a prospective agent does not already have misgivings or complaints about his situation.
Just before he was to be sent home in 1982 after a lengthy tour in the United States, the FBI sought to recruit Dmitri I. Yakushkin, the KGB resident or station chief in Washington. For the purpose, the FBI had been authorized to offer $20 million—a reasonable figure when one considers that Yakushkin could have revealed almost every detail of the KGB’s operations against the U.S.
Shortly before Yakushkin was to leave for Moscow, two FBI agents approached him when he and his wife, Irina, were shopping at the Safeway on Wisconsin Avenue in Washington’s Georgetown section. As Irina went off in another direction and Yakushkin was fondling the oranges, an FBI agent approached him.
“I am a special agent of the FBI, and I wondered if I could have an opportunity to talk to you,” the FBI man said. He asked Yakushkin if he would agree to meet with the special agent in charge of the Washington field office.
“What is your name?” the KGB man asked.
The agent gave a false name.
“May I see your ID to prove you are an FBI agent?”
Sheepishly, the agent showed it to Yakushkin. The KGB officer saw that the FBI agent had given a phony name.
“I’m sorry; I kind of made that up,” the agent said.
Inside the CIA Page 5