9. KA, Armeeoberkommando (AOK), 1912, Chf d GS Ev.B. 3462, Vienna, Dec. 6 and 17, 1912, “Tagesbericht”; Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers (New York: Harper, 2013), 266–272; Samuel R. Williamson Jr., Austria-Hungary and the Origins of the First World War (New York: St. Martin’s, 1991), 124, 128; Gunther E. Rothenberg, The Army of Francis Joseph (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1976), 166–167.
10. Neue Freie Presse, Nov. 21, 1912, and Wiener Sonn-und Montagszeitung, Jan. 6, 1913.
11. Fremden-Blatt, Dec. 16 and 18, 1913.
12. Südslawische Revue, Feb. 1913, 189.
13. KA, B/232:11, Sarajevo, Dec. 2, 1912, FML Appel to Col. Brosch.
14. KA, Militärkanzlei Franz Ferdinand (MKFF) 196, Berliner Tagblatt, Sept. 20, 1912, “Deutschland, England, Europa.”
15. KA, B/677:0-10 (Auffenberg), Bozen, Oct. 28, 1913, Brosch to Auffenberg; SHAT, 7N 1131, Vienna, Mar. 16, 1912, “Le conflit militaire austro-hongrois”; Lawrence Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf: Architect of the Apocalypse (Boston: Humanities Press, 2000), 120.
16. SHAT, 7N 1131, Vienna, Mar. 16, 1912, “Le conflit militaire austro-hongrois.”
17. Rudolf Kiszling, “Alexander Freiherr von Krobatin,” in Neue Österreichische Biographie, 1815–1918 (Vienna: Amalthea, 1923–1987), 17:202–206.
18. Horst Brettner-Messler, “Die Balkanpolitik Conrad von Hötzendorfs von seiner Wiederernennung zum Chef des Generalstabes bis zum Oktober-Ultimatum 1913,” Mitteilungen des österreichischen Staatsarchivs 20 (1967), 180–182.
19. Reichspost, Feb. 22, 1913; Die Zeit, Feb. 13, 1914, “Ein neues 1864”; Rothenberg, Army of Francis Joseph, 164.
20. Rothenberg, Army of Francis Joseph, 165, 168.
21. Moritz Freiherr von Auffenberg-Komarów, Aus Österreichs Höhe und Niedergang: Eine Lebensschilderung (Munich: Drei Masken Verlag, 1921), 250.
22. David Fromkin, Europe’s Last Summer (New York: Vintage, 2005), 90–93; Fritz Fischer, War of Illusions (London: Chatto and Windus, 1975), 161–164.
23. Annika Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke and the Origins of the First World War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 138–144.
24. Neue Freie Presse, Nov. 26–Dec. 17, 1912.
25. “Wenn der Kaiser von Österreich reiten lassen will, wird geritten.” KA, B/1503:5, Sarajevo, Dec. 21, 1912, Potiorek to Conrad.
26. SHAT, 7N 1131, Vienna, Feb. 23, 1913, “Notes sur la situation”; BNA, FO 120/907, Vienna, Aug. 9, 1913, Chung to Cartwright; Neue Freie Presse, Dec. 12 and 13, 1912, “Weltkrieg wegen des Korridors nach Durazzo?”
27. Neue Freie Presse, Dec. 14, 1912; Josef Ullreich, “Mortiz von Auffenberg-Komarów: Leben und Wirken,” phil. diss., Vienna, 1961, 148–170.
28. Williamson, Austria-Hungary and the Origins, 132, 139; SHAT, AAT, 7N 1131, V, Dec. 18, 1912, “Situation militaire”; Allgemeine Zeitung (Munich), Jan. 25, 1913, “Politischer Morphinismus.”
29. Clark, Sleepwalkers, 266–272; Reichspost, Jan. 10, 1913.
30. Neue Freie Presse, Dec. 12, 1912.
31. Reichspost, Jan. 27, 1913; Neue Freie Presse, Feb. 7, 1913.
32. Österreichische Rundschau 39 (1914), June 15, 1914, Politicus, “Imperialismus.”
33. KA, B/677:0-10 (Auffenberg), Bozen, Nov. 1913, Brosch to Auffenberg.
34. KA, B/1503:5, Sarajevo, Dec. 21, 1912, Potiorek to Conrad.
35. Sean McMeekin, The Russian Origins of the First World War (Cambridge: Belknap, 2011), 21–22.
36. Berliner Zeitung am Mittag, Feb. 4, 1913; Das neue Deutschland, Jan. 7, 1913; Tagespost (Graz), Feb. 1, 1913.
37. Williamson, Austria-Hungary and the Origins, 134; BNA, FO 120/906, Vienna, Feb. 11, 1913, Cartwright to Grey; Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 135–136.
38. Neuen Wiener Journal, May 30, 1913.
39. SHAT, 7N 1131, Vienna, June 1, 1912, “Le premier dreadnought autrichien inutilisable,” and June 6, 1912, “Le dreadnought autrichien.”
40. Clark, Sleepwalkers, 116; BNA, FO 120/906, Vienna, Apr. 18, 1913, Maj. Thos. Cuninghame to Cartwright; Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 128.
41. Neue Freie Presse, May 26, 1913.
42. Neuen Wiener Journal, May 29, 1913.
43. Ibid., May 30, 1913.
44. Neue Freie Presse, May 30, 1914.
45. Georg Markus, Der Fall Redl (Vienna: Amalthea Verlag, 1984), 33–53.
46. Ibid., 188, 200–201.
47. Arbeiter Zeitung, May 29, 1913.
48. BNA, FO 120/906, Vienna, Apr. 18 and June 4, 1913, Maj. Thos. Cuninghame to Cartwright. Conrad’s son had been implicated in the Jandric Affair in April, possibly as a spy, and certainly as a gullible enabler. Markus, Der Fall Redl, 75; István Deák, Beyond Nationalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), 145.
49. Fremden-Blatt, May 30, 1913; Neue Freie Presse, May 31, 1913; Wiener Mittagszeitung, May 31, 1913; Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 125; Markus, Der Fall Redl, 128–129; BNA, FO 120/906, Vienna, June 5, 1913, Maj. Cuninghame to Cartwright; Graydon Tunstall, Planning for War Against Russia and Serbia: Austro-Hungarian and German Military Strategies 1871–1914 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 106–107.
50. Arbeiter Zeitung, May 30, 1913, “Der Generalstabsobert als Spion”; Die Zeit, June 6, 1913.
51. Neue Freie Presse, May 31, 1913; Reichspost, May 31, 1913; Arbeiter Zeitung, May 31 and June 1, 1913; Markus, Der Fall Redl, 268.
52. SHAT, 7N 1131, Vienna, May 29 and June 12, 1913, “L’affaire du Col. Redl.” Markus, Der Fall Redl, 75, 152.
53. BNA, FO 120/907, Vienna, Aug. 30, 1913, Maj. Cuninghame to Cartwright.
54. Moritz Freiherr von Auffenberg-Komarów, Aus Österreichs Höhe und Niedergang: Eine Lebensschilderung (Munich: Drei Masken Verlag, 1921), 232, 241–242; FML Johann Cvitkovic in the Neue Freie Presse, May 31, 1913.
55. Budapester Tagblatt, June 1, 1913.
56. Brettner-Messler, “Die Balkanpolitik,” 213.
57. SHAT, Vienna, Feb. 25, 1897, Cdt de Berckheim, “Péninsule Balkanique.”
58. Arthur Ruhl, Antwerp to Gallipoli: A Year of the War on Many Fronts—and Behind Them (New York: Scribner’s, 1916), 153–155; Norman Stone, “Moltke-Conrad: Relations Between the Austro-Hungarian and German General Staffs 1909–1914,” Historical Journal 9, no. 2 (1966): 212–213.
59. NARA, M 862, roll 940, Mar. 1909, Robert Lansing, “Nationality and the Present Balkan Situation”; Budapest Hirlap, Mar. 23, 1913.
60. Rudolf Jerabek, Potiorek (Graz: Verlag Styria, 1991), 75.
61. BNA, FO 120/906 and FO 120/907, Vienna, Mar. 14, 1913, Cuninghame to Cartwright, and Vienna August 9, 1913, Cuninghame to Cartwright; Fremden-Blatt, Dec. 13–14, 1913; Clark, Sleepwalkers, 99.
62. KA, MKFF 196, Dec. 22, 1912, “Übersetzung aus der ‘Review of Reviews.’”
63. “Der Chef des Generalstabes,” Freudenthaler Zeitung, Oct. 4, 1913; KA, B/677:0-10 (Auffenberg), Bozen, Nov. 1913, Brosch to Auffenberg.
64. Wiener Sonn-und-Montagszeitung, Sept. 21, 1913, “Die Lehren der Armee-Manöver.”
65. BNA, FO 120/907, Vienna, Dec. 8, 1913, Maj. Thos. Cuninghame to Sir Maurice de Bunsen; Georg von Alten, Handbuch für Heer und Flotte (Berlin: Deutsches Verlagshaus, 1909–1914), 6:318–319.
66. Churchill, World Crisis, 30.
67. Die Zeit, Sept. 24, 1913; Pester Lloyd, Sept. 27, 1913; Vorwärts (Berlin), Sept. 28, 1913.
68. Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 133.
69. KA, MKFF 198, Budapest, Sept. 30, 1913.
70. KA, B/677:0-10 (Auffenberg), Bozen, Oct. 28, 1913, Brosch to Auffenberg.
71. BNA, FO 120/907, Vienna, Oct. 29, 1913, Cartwright to Grey.
72. KA, MKFF 197, Wiener Sonntag-und-Montagszeitung, Jan. 6, 1913; Williamson, Austria-Hungary and the Origins, 154–155.
73. KA, B/677:0-10 (Auffenberg), Bozen, Dec. 9, 1913, “Der Dumme hats Glück!”
74. BNA, FO 120/907, Vienna, Oct. 28, 1913, Cartwright to Grey.
75. BNA, FO 120/906, Vienna, Jan. 1, 1913, Maj. Thomas Cuninghame to Ca
rtwright; Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 135.
76. Williamson, Austria-Hungary and the Origins, 186–187.
77. SHAT, 7N 1129, Vienna, Mar. 29, 1905, “La situation politique de la Croatie”; Vladimir Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo (London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1967), 132–134.
78. KA, MKFF 202, Vienna, Winter 1910–1911, Brosch, Untertänigstes Referat.
79. Williamson, Austria-Hungary and the Origins, 181–182.
80. Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 77; Gerhard Ritter, The Schlieffen Plan (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979), 74; Timothy C. Dowling, The Brusilov Offensive (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008), 4–5. A Russian corps had 108 field guns in 1914, an Austrian corps 96.
81. KA, MKFF 196, Dec. 22, 1912, “Übersetzung aus der ‘Review of Reviews.’”
Chapter 4: Murder in Sarajevo
1. Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 2:110.
2. Kriegsarchiv, Vienna (KA), B/677:0-10 (Auffenberg), Bozen, Oct. 28 and Nov. 1913, Brosch to Auffenberg; Rudolf Jerabek, Potiorek (Graz: Verlag Styria, 1991), 77–78; Lawrence Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf: Architect of the Apocalypse (Boston: Humanities Press, 2000), 133.
3. Wien Zukunft, Oct. 1, 1913; Neue Freie Presse, Oct. 3, 1913.
4. Österreichischen Bundesministerium für Heereswesen und vom Kriegsarchiv, Österreich-Ungarns Letzter Krieg 1914–18, ed. Edmund Glaise von Horstenau (Vienna: Verlag Militätwissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen, 1931–1938), 1:6–7; Jerabek, Potiorek, 98.
5. Graydon Tunstall, Planning for War Against Russia and Serbia: Austro-Hungarian and German Military Strategies 1871–1914 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 106.
6. KA, Neue Feld Akten (NFA) 2115, 36 I.D., Vienna, July 20, 1914, “Einiges über höhere Kommandos und Personalien der serbischen Armee.”
7. Jerabek, Potiorek, 99–105.
8. KA, Militärkanzlei Franz Ferdinand (MKFF) 202, “Studie Sommer 1907: Operationen gegen Serbien.”
9. Jelavich, History of the Balkans, 2:111.
10. Jerabek, Potiorek, 90.
11. Vladimir Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo (London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1967), 9–10.
12. Jerabek, Potiorek, 84; Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis: The Eastern Front (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1931), 64.
13. Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers (New York: Harper, 2013), 367–376; Sean McMeekin, July 1914 (New York: Basic Books, 2013), 1–20; Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo, 14–16.
14. Carl Freiherr von Bardolff, Soldat im alten Österreich: Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben (Jena: Eugen Diederichs, 1938): 90.
15. Die Fackel 7, no. 400 (July 10, 1914): 1–4, “Franz Ferdinand und die Talente.”
16. Jerabek, Potiorek, 95.
17. KA, B/1503:5, Vienna, July 9, 1914, Conrad to Potiorek, sehr geheim; Clark, Sleepwalkers, 392.
18. KA, B/1503:6, Vienna, July 27, 1914, FZM Krobatin to FZM Potiorek.
19. KA, B/232:11, Karton 15, Sarajevo, July 25, 1914, GdI Appel to Col. Brosch-Aarenau.
20. Andre Mitrovic, Serbia’s Great War 1914–1918 (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2007), 17, 64.
21. Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Vienna (HHSA), Politisches Archiv (PA) I, 810, Int. LXX/1, Belgrade, June 30, 1914, Storck to Berchtold.
22. McMeekin, July 1914, 109–116; Samuel R. Williamson Jr., Austria-Hungary and the Origins of the First World War (New York: St. Martin’s, 1991), 192.
23. Annika Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke and the Origins of the First World War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 151–152; Gunther E. Rothenberg, The Army of Francis Joseph (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1976), 168.
24. Clark, Sleepwalkers, 381–403; Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo, 289–291; Williamson, Austria-Hungary and the Origins, 193; Mitrovic, Serbia’s Great War, 5–6.
25. HHSA, PA I, 810, Int. LXX/1, Vienna, July 7, 1914, GdI Conrad to Berchtold.
26. David Fromkin, Europe’s Last Summer (New York: Vintage, 2005), 155.
27. Mitrovic, Serbia’s Great War, 10.
28. Ibid., 11.
29. Norman Stone, “Hungary and the Crisis of July 1914,” Journal of Contemporary History 1, no. 3 (1966): 161; Churchill, World Crisis, 53.
30. Mitrovic, Serbia’s Great War, 10. Fromkin, Europe’s Last Summer, 157.
31. Fromkin, Europe’s Last Summer, 157.
32. Sean McMeekin, The Russian Origins of the First World War (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2011), 42–46; McMeekin, July 1914, 393–394; Churchill, World Crisis, 77.
33. David G. Herrmann, The Arming of Europe and the Making of the First World War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 221.
34. Moritz Freiherr von Auffenberg-Komarów, Aus Österreichs Höhe und Niedergang: Eine Lebensschilderung (Munich: Drei Masken Verlag, 1921), 256.
35. Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 194.
36. Churchill, World Crisis, 65.
37. Mitrovic, Serbia’s Great War, 4.
38. Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 191–192.
39. Clark, Sleepwalkers, 517; Fromkin, Europe’s Last Summer, 156; Williamson, Austria-Hungary and the Origins, 195; Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 103.
40. Service Historique de l’Armée de Terre, Vincennes (SHAT), AAT, EMA, 7N 847, Marseille, Mar. 22, 1917, 2ème Bureau, “2ème Bureau analysé des cahiers de notes d’un officier hongrois prisonnier de guerre.”
41. Williamson, Austria-Hungary and the Origins, 198–199.
42. Stone, “Hungary and the Crisis of July 1914,” 163.
43. HHSA, PA I, 810, LXX/1, Belgrade, July 8, 1914, Wilhelm Storck to Berchtold.
44. Auffenberg-Komarów, Aus Österreichs, 257.
45. Williamson, Austria-Hungary and the Origins, 203.
46. HHSA, PA I, 810, LXX/1, Vienna, July 20, 1914, Berchtold to Giesl; Stone, “Hungary and the Crisis of July 1914,” 166.
47. KA, B/232:11, Karton 15, Sarajevo, July 25, 1914, GdI Appel to Col. Brosch-Aarenau.
48. McMeekin, July 1914, 181; Williamson, Austria-Hungary and the Origins, 203.
49. HHSA, PA I, 811, LXX/2, July 25 and 27, 1914, “Antwortnote”; Clark, Sleepwalkers, 423–430, 457–469.
50. Auffenberg-Komarów, Aus Österreichs, 259–260.
51. British National Archives, Kew (BNA), Foreign Office (FO) 371/1900, London, Sept. 1, 1914, Bunsen to Grey.
52. KA, Armeeoberkommando (AOK) 1914, Evidenzbureau (EVB) 3506, Vienna, Aug. 4, 1914; Kurt Peball, “Der Feldzug gegen Serbien und Montenegro im Jahre 1914,” Österreichische Militärische Zeitschrift Sonderheft I (1965): 20–21; Jerabek, Potiorek, 22.
53. KA, MKFF 202, “Studie Sommer 1907: Operationen gegen Serbien”; General Josef von Stürgkh, Im Deutschen Grossen Hauptquartier (Leipzig: Paul List, 1921), 158.
54. István Burián, Austria in Dissolution 1915–18 (New York: George Doran, 1925), 8–9.
55. Norman Stone, “Moltke-Conrad: Relations Between the Austro-Hungarian and German General Staffs 1909–1914,” Historical Journal 9, no. 2 (1966): 215.
56. McMeekin, July 1914, 252–255.
57. HHSA, PA I, 810, Int. LXX/1, Vienna, July 7, 1914, GdI Conrad to Berchtold.
58. Österreich-Ungarns Letzter Krieg 1914–18, 1:24.
59. Auffenberg-Komarów, Aus Österreichs, 262.
60. Stone, “Moltke-Conrad,” 216–217.
61. Auffenberg-Komarów, Aus Österreichs, 264–265.
62. BNA, FO 371/1900, London, Sept. 1, 1914, Bunsen to Grey.
63. Herrmann, Arming of Europe, 214.
64. Capt. B. H. Liddell Hart, The Real War 1914–1918 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963), 31–2; Patricia Clough, “Found: The Secret of World War I,” Sunday Times, Aug. 14, 1994; Jerabek, Potiorek, 108; Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 106–107; Herrmann, Arming of Europe, 205–206, 217–218.
65. Geoffrey Wawro, Warfare and Society in Europe 1792–1914 (London: Routledge, 2000), 200–211; Herrmann, Arming of Europe, 200–201, 212; Mombauer, H
elmuth von Moltke, 172.
66. HHSA, PA I, 837, Munich, Aug. 14, 1914, Vélics to Berchtold.
67. HHSA, PA III, 171, Berlin, May 16, 1914, Szögenyi to Berchtold; PA I, 842, Berlin, Oct. 6, 1915, Hohenlohe to Burián; PA I, 837, Munich, Aug. 5, 1914, Vélics to Berchtold.
68. Herrmann, Arming of Europe, 218.
69. BNA, FO 371/1900, London, Sept. 1, 1914, Bunsen to Grey; HHSA, PA I, 819, Vienna, Aug. 2, 1914, Tisza to Berchtold; KA, B/1503:6, Vienna, Aug. 6, 1914, GdI Arthur Bolfras to FZM Potiorek.
Chapter 5: The Steamroller
1. Gunther E. Rothenberg, The Army of Francis Joseph (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1976), 177.
2. Charles Emmerson, 1913 (New York: Public Affairs, 2013), 115.
3. Alfred Knox, With the Russian Army 1914–17 (London: Hutchinson, 1921), 1:xvii.
4. Service Historique de l’Armée de Terre, Vincennes (SHAT), EMA, 7N 846, 2ème Bureau, Rome, April 13, 1916, Col. François, “Cohesion de l’Armée Austro-Hongroise.”
5. Georg Markus, Der Fall Redl (Vienna: Amalthea Verlag, 1984), 43.
6. SHAT, EMA, 7N 846, May 14, 1917, “Armée Autrichienne”; Rothenberg, Army of Francis Joseph, 113–114, 173–174, 182; Alfred Krauss, Die Ursachen unserer Niederlage: Erinnerungen und Urteile aus den Weltkrieg, 3rd ed. (Munich, 1923), 90–91.
7. Rothenberg, Army of Francis Joseph, 159.
8. Kriegsarchiv, Vienna (KA), Militärkanzlei Franz Ferdinand (MKFF) 202, Vienna, Winter 1910–1911, Brosch, Untertänigstes Referat; Österreichischen Bundesministerium für Heereswesen und vom Kriegsarchiv, Österreich-Ungarns Letzter Krieg 1914–18, ed. Edmund Glaise von Horstenau (Vienna: Verlag Militätwissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen, 1931–1938), 1:173; Nikolai N. Golovine, The Russian Army in the World War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1931), 34.
9. Rothenberg, Army of Francis Joseph, 159.
10. Annika Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke and the Origins of the First World War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 114.
11. Scott W. Lackey, The Rebirth of the Habsburg Army (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1995), 152; Rudolf Jerabek, Potiorek (Graz: Verlag Styria, 1991), 100–101; Rothenberg, Army of Francis Joseph, 158; Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 81.
12. Norman Stone, “Moltke-Conrad: Relations between the Austro-Hungarian and German General Staffs 1909–1914,” Historical Journal 9, no. 2 (1966): 205–208.
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