Herwig, Holger H. The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914–1918. London: Edw. Arnold, 1997.
Hötzendorf, Franz Conrad von. Aus Meiner Dienstzeit 1906–1918. 4 vols. Vienna: Rikola, 1921–1923.
———. Infanteristische Fragen und die Erscheinungen des Boerenkrieges. Vienna: Seidel, 1903.
———. Mein Anfang. Berlin: Verlag für Kulturpolitik, 1925.
Hoffmann, Max. The War of Lost Opportunities. New York: International, 1925.
———. War Diaries. 2 vols. London: Secker, 1929.
Jelavich, Barbara. History of the Balkans. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Jerabek, Rudolf. “Die Brussilowoffensive 1916: Ein Wendepunkt der Koalitionskriegführung der Mittelmächte.” 2 vols. Dissertation, Vienna, 1982.
———. Potiorek. Graz: Verlag Styria, 1991.
Kerensky, A. F. The Catastrophe. New York: Appleton, 1927.
Kessler, Harry. Journey to the Abyss: The Diaries of Count Harry Kessler, 1880–1918. Ed. and trans. Laird M. Easton. New York: Knopf, 2011.
Knox, Alfred. With the Russian Army 1914–17. 2 vols. London: Hutchinson, 1921.
Kraus, Karl, ed. Die Fackel. 12 vols. Munich: Kösel-Verlag, 1968–1976.
Krauss, Alfred. Die Ursachen unserer Niederlage: Erinnerungen und Urteile aus den Weltkrieg. 3rd ed. Munich 1923.
Lackey, Scott W. The Rebirth of the Habsburg Army. Westport: Greenwood, 1995.
Laffan, R. G. D. The Serbs. New York: Dorset Press, 1989 [1917].
Liddell Hart, B. H. The Real War 1914–1918. Boston: Little, Brown, 1963.
Ludendorff, Erich. My War Memoirs. New York: Harper, 1919.
Lyon, James M. B. “‘A Peasant Mob’: The Serbian Army on the Eve of the Great War.” Journal of Military History 61 (July 1997): 481–502.
Markus, Georg. Der Fall Redl. Vienna: Amalthea Verlag, 1984.
McMeekin, Sean. July 1914. New York: Basic Books, 2013.
———. The Russian Origins of the First World War. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2011.
Menning, Bruce W. Bayonets Before Bullets: The Imperial Russian Army 1861–1914. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991.
Mitrovic, Andre. Serbia’s Great War 1914–1918. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2007.
Mombauer, Annika. Helmuth von Moltke and the Origins of the First World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Morse, John. In the Russian Ranks. New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1918.
Musil, Robert. The Man Without Qualities. 2 vols. New York: Vintage, 1996 [1930–1933].
Neue Österreichische Biographie, 1815–1918. 22 vols. Vienna: Amalthea, 1923–1987.
Norman, Henry. All the Russias. London: William Heinemann, 1902.
Österreichischen Bundesministerium für Heereswesen und vom Kriegsarchiv. Österreich-Ungarns Letzter Krieg 1914–18. 7 vols. Ed. Edmund Glaise-Horstenau, Rudolf Kiszling, et al. Vienna: Verlag der militärwissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen, 1930–1938.
Paléologue, Maurice. An Ambassador’s Memoirs. London: Hutchinson, 1933.
Peball, Kurt. “Der Feldzug gegen Serbien und Montenegro im Jahre 1914.” Österreichische Militärische Zeitschrift Sonderheft I (1965).
Pfeffer, Rudolf. Zum 10. Jahrestage der Schlachten von Zlocsow und Przemyslany, 26–30 August 1914. Vienna: Selbstverlag, 1924.
Pflanze, Otto. Bismarck and the Development of Germany. 2nd ed. 3 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.
Rauchensteiner, Manfried. Der Tod des Doppeladlers: Österreich-Ungarn und der Erste Weltkrieg. Graz: Verlag Styria, 1993.
Redlich, Josef. Schicksalsjahre Österreichs 1908–19: Das politische Tagebuch Josef Redlichs. 2 vols. Graz: Verlag Böhlau, 1953.
Reed. John. Eastern Europe at War. London: Pluto, 1994 [1916].
Regele, Oskar. Feldmarschall Conrad. Vienna: Herold, 1955.
Reiss, R. A. Report on the Atrocities Committed by Austro-Hungarian Forces. London, 1916.
Ritter, Gerhard. The Schlieffen Plan. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1979.
Rothenberg, Gunther E. The Army of Francis Joseph. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1976.
———. “The Austro-Hungarian Campaign Against Serbia in 1914.” Journal of Military History, April 1989: 127–146.
Ruhl, Arthur. Antwerp to Gallipoli: A Year of the War on Many Fronts—and Behind Them. New York: Scribner’s, 1916.
Rutherford, Ward. The Tsar’s Army 1914–1917. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Ian Faulkner, 1992.
Schorske, Carl E. Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture. New York: Vintage, 1981.
Schwarzenberg, Felix Prinz zu. Briefe aus dem Felde 1914–18. Vienna: Schwarzenbergisches Administration, 1953.
Shanafelt, Gary W. The Secret Enemy: Austria-Hungary and the German Alliance 1914–18. New York: East European Monographs, 1985.
Schön, Joseph. Sabac! Reichenberg: Heimatsöhne, 1928.
Showalter, Dennis E. Tannenberg: Clash of Empires. North Haven: Archon, 1991.
Silberstein, Gerard. The Troubled Alliance: German and Austrian Relations, 1914–17. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1970.
Sked, Alan. The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire 1815–1918. London: Longman, 1989.
Sondhaus, Lawrence. Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf: Architect of the Apocalypse. Boston: Humanities Press, 2000.
Stepun, Fedor. Wie war es möglich: Briefe eines russischen Offiziers. Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag, 1929.
Stevenson, David. Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe 1904–14. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
———. Cataclysm. New York: Basic Books, 2004.
Stone, Norman. “Army and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1900–1914.” Past and Present 33, no. 1 (1966).
———. The Eastern Front 1914–1917. London: Penguin, 1998 [1975].
———. “Hungary and the Crisis of July 1914.” Journal of Contemporary History 1, no. 3 (1966).
———. “Die Mobilmachung der österreichisch-ungarischen Armee 1914.” Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilung, 1974.
———. “Moltke-Conrad: Relations Between the Austro-Hungarian and German General Staffs 1909–1914.” Historical Journal 9, no. 2 (1966): 201–28.
———. World War One: A Short History (New York: Basic Books, 2009).
Strachan, Hew. The First World War, vol. 1, To Arms. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Stürgkh, General Josef. von. Im Deutschen Grossen Hauptquartier. Leipzig: Paul List, 1921.
Taslauanu, Octavian C. With the Austrian Army in Galicia. London: Streffington, 1919.
Taylor, A. J. P. The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918. London: Penguin, 1948.
Tunstall, Graydon. Blood on the Snow: The Carpathian Winter War of 1915. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2010.
———. “The Habsburg Command Conspiracy: The Austrian Falsification of Historiography on the Outbreak of World War I.” Austrian History Yearbook 27 (1996): 181–198.
———. Planning for War Against Russia and Serbia: Austro-Hungarian and German Military Strategies 1871–1914. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.
———. The Verdun of the East: Fortress Przemysl in World War I. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.
Ullreich, Josef. “Moritz von Auffenberg-Komarów: Leben und Wirken.” Dissertation. Vienna, 1961.
Washburn, Stanley. Field Notes from the Russian Front. London: Andrew Melrose, 1915.
———. On the Russian Front in World War I: Memoirs of an American War Correspondent. New York: Robert Speller, 1982.
Wawro, Geoffrey. The Austro-Prussian War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
———. The Franco-Prussian War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
———. Warfare and Society in Europe 1792–1914. London: Routledge, 2000.
Wildman, Allan K. The End of the Russian Imperial Army. 2 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.
Williamson, Samuel R., J
r. Austria-Hungary and the Origins of the First World War. New York: St. Martin’s, 1991.
Index
Aerenthal, Count Alois Lexa von, 48, 49, 54–55, 58–59, 62–64, 66–69, 74, 78, 372
Aircraft, 140, 174–176
Albania, 8, 52, 73–74, 76, 77, 79, 82, 90, 93, 94, 103, 256, 365
Albrecht, Archduke, 89, 137
Alekseev, General Mikhail, 185, 347
Alliance systems. See Triple Alliance and Triple Entente
Andrássy, Count Gyula, 4, 5
Apis, Colonel, 67, 99–100, 108
Appel, General Michael, 64, 76, 77, 107, 114, 141
Armeeoberkommando (AOK). See Conrad von Hötzendorf; General Franz; and Friedrich, Archduke
Arms race, xx, 12, 29, 111, 118–119
Artillery
Austrian artillery, 29, 56–58, 60, 93, 110, 181, 195, 198, 199, 226, 227, 248, 257, 261, 306, 362–363
German artillery, 370–371
Russian artillery, 197, 198, 226
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand. See Sarajevo, assassination plot and Franz Ferdinand
Atrocities, 135, 139, 142, 160, 161, 162–164, 165 (photo), 167, 170, 231–232, 233 (photo), 257–258, 263–264, 299, 305, 321, 322, 325
Auffenberg, General Moritz von, 36–38, 40, 92–93, 137, 143
Auffenberg Affair, 9, 38, 81, 84, 213, 362
July Crisis, 110, 113, 115, 117
Komarów, 131, 135, 178, 180, 181, 190, 200, 202, 203 (map), 204–217, 226, 234, 247
Rawa-Ruska, 232–236, 234, 236, 238, 239, 240, 245–247, 248, 250–251
War Minister, 34, 48, 60, 64, 70, 78, 81, 102
Ausgleich (1867), 3–5, 6, 7, 24–25, 41–47, 95
Austria-Hungary, 4
Balkan Wars, 73–77, 90–91
bureaucracy, 32–34, 58, 230
Dualism, xix, 4, 6, 7–8, 24–25, 27, 31–32
financial problems, 6–7, 29–30, 64, 80–81, 94
Hungarian obstruction, 3–8, 12, 24–25, 32, 41–43, 47, 54–55, 91, 123 (see also Hungary)
internal politics, 26–29, 32–34, 41–43, 47, 96
“Magyarization,” 4–5, 16–17, 35, 41–43, 47
military weakness, xxiii, 8–9, 28–32, 38–40, 79, 94–95 (see also Austro-Hungarian military)
problem of nationalism, 2–3, 5, 15, 16 (map), 17–19, 26–33, 41–43, 47, 64, 67–68, 80, 113, 380–381, 384 (map)
rivalry with Serbia, xix, 51–52, 54–55, 63, 66–69, 79, 90–91, 93, 98, 107
war aims, 109–110
war plans. See War plans
Austro-Hungarian military, 22–23, 31–32, 36–38, 59–60
artillery. See Artillery
atrocities. See Atrocities
casualties. See Casualties
cliques, 38–40
Common or joint k.u.k. Army, 6–7, 12, 24, 29–32, 34–38, 89
cooperation with the German army, 65–66, 122, 126–129, 169–170, 171, 178, 247, 249–250, 269, 270–272, 276, 277, 283–284, 287, 291, 300–301, 313–314, 336, 339, 341–345, 351–352, 358, 369–373, 380–381
corruption, 9, 38, 40–41
general staff, 38–40
Honvéd, 3, 6, 29–30, 123
Landwehr, 6, 123
language problems, 22–23, 31, 34–37, 159, 163–164, 190, 261–262, 363, 368
low status, 36–38, 40–41
military weakness, xxiii, 6–7, 8, 12, 22–23, 25, 29, 35–36, 55–60, 61–62, 91, 93, 132–133, 151
mobilization in 1914, xxiii, 100–102, 110, 111–113, 115–118, 122–133, 126–133
morale problems, 227, 248, 251, 256, 257, 262–263, 282–283, 299, 303–305, 307–309, 318, 333–335, 353–354, 361–364, 368, 376–378, 379–380
prewar maneuvers, 61–62, 90, 91–93, 96, 99, 100, 102
scandals, 83–84, 86–90
shell shortage, 60, 156, 170–171, 248, 250, 257, 261, 267–268, 280, 286, 319, 321, 363
tactics. See Tactics
war plans. See War plans
Austro-Prussian War (1866), xix, xxii, 1–3, 4, 7–8, 11–12, 17–21, 23, 38, 58, 61–62, 156, 177, 193, 215, 243, 338
Badeni, Count Casimir, 27, 28, 33, 383, 385
Balkan League (1912–1913), 73–74, 90, 255
Balkan policy of Austria, 8, 25–26, 43–44, 49, 52–55, 58–60, 62–63, 66–69, 73–77, 98, 109, 255, 267, 324–325, 372
Balkan Wars (1912–1913), xxii, 8, 12–13, 60, 65, 73–77, 83, 90–91, 113, 141, 154
See also First Balkan War (1912)
See also Second Balkan War (1913)
Bardolff, Col. Karl, 31–32, 100
Beck, General Friedrich, 17, 23, 38–40, 84, 88, 91, 92, 139, 141
Below, General Otto von, 345
Berchtold, Count Leopold, 48, 76, 79, 255, 271, 313, 323, 327, 336, 338, 341–342, 364
Balkan Wars, 77–79, 94
July Crisis, 106–109, 113, 116–119
Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von, 111, 118–119, 271
Beust, Count Friedrich von, 3–4
Bilinksi, Ritter Leon von, 113, 153
Bismarck, Count Otto von, 1, 7, 19–20, 26, 119, 136
Black Hand, 67, 95, 99–100, 106
“Blank check,” 64, 109–110, 112, 118
Böhm-Ermolli, General Eduard von, 124, 138, 166, 171, 180, 188, 352
Lemberg battles, 217, 218, 224, 226, 228
Rawa-Ruska, 232, 244
Boer War (1899–1902), 65, 121
Bolfras, General Arthur, 39, 79, 120, 139, 140, 167–168, 209, 251–255, 257, 266–267, 307, 313, 321, 336, 337, 350, 352, 364, 378
Boroevic, General Svetozar, 205, 206, 207–208, 250 (photo), 252
Carpathian battles, 349–350, 352
Rawa-Ruska, 232, 237, 238, 239, 242, 244, 246–247, 248
San battles, 282–283, 303–304
Bosnia-Herzegovina,
internal problems, 67–68
occupation (1878) and annexation (1908), 8, 25–26, 43–44, 54–55, 58–60, 62–63, 66–68, 77, 145
See also Balkan policy of Austria
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918), 380–381
Brosch von Aarenau, Colonel Alexander, 94, 195, 208–209, 239–240
Franz Ferdinand’s influential aide, 31, 39–41, 47, 78, 82
Brudermann, General Rudolf, 92–93, 131, 223 (photo)
Lemberg battles, 180, 204, 208, 211–213, 217, 221, 224–229, 378
Rawa-Ruska, 232, 236–237, 242, 246
Brusilov, General Aleksei, 176, 185, 186, 213, 280, 355
Lemberg battles, 221, 224, 226, 227–228
Rawa-Ruska, 232, 236, 243, 247–248, 249
Brusilov Offensive (1916), 369, 379
Bülow, Prince Bernhard von, 341, 365
Bulgaria, 44, 52, 63, 69, 73–74, 83, 90–91, 95, 134, 150, 255, 267, 315, 316, 323
Burián, Count István, 113, 116, 166, 342, 365, 372
Caporetto, Battle of (1917), 369, 370, 374, 375
Carpathians, Battle of (1914–1915), 341–360, 346 (map), 349 (photo), 353 (photo).
Casualties, xxi
Austrian, 168, 192 (photo), 200, 205, 219 (photo), 223, 246, 247, 251, 259, 265–268, 269–270, 285, 306, 307, 309, 312, 327, 335–336, 338–339, 358, 359–360, 364, 375–376
German, 271, 301, 302
Russian, 193, 200, 226, 246, 247, 293, 301, 302, 306, 360, 370, 381–382
Serbian, 168, 268, 319, 325, 336
Cavalry, 174, 176, 177 (photo)
Cer Mountains, Battle of (1914), 149, 151–155, 164–165, 166
Churchill, Winston, xxi, 17, 64, 94, 109, 111, 209, 275
Ciganovic, Milan, 108
Clemenceau, Georges, 373
Colerus, General Emil, 223, 225, 280
Congress of Berlin (1878), 51–52, 63
Congress of Vienna (1815), 2
Conrad von Hötzendorf, General Franz, 91, 100, 245 (photo), 311 (photo), 374–375
Carpathian battles, 343–345, 346 (map), 349–353, 358–36
0
deployment in Galicia, 169–170, 171, 172 (map), 173–174, 178–179, 180, 181, 185–186
July Crisis, 110
Lemberg battles, 189, 204, 207, 211–213, 217, 221, 224, 225–226, 227, 228, 229, 230–231, 234, 245 (photo), 378
Komarów, 193–194, 200, 201–202, 204, 206–207, 208–209, 211–212, 214, 247
Krásnik, 188–189, 193–194, 200, 201–202
Lodz, 299–301
mistress. See Reininghaus, Gina von
misunderstanding of modern war, 102–103, 176
mobilization errors, xxiv, 96–97, 102, 110, 111–113, 115–118, 122–135, 169–171, 178–179, 228, 299
pessimism, 94, 119, 121, 202, 209, 270–271, 339, 364
prewar reputation, xxiv, 34, 39, 48, 58, 60–61, 65, 84, 121–122
push for war, 63–65, 69–70, 78, 80–81, 82, 90, 106–107, 113
Rawa-Ruska, 195, 232–233, 237–239, 240, 243–244, 245 (photo), 247, 249–250, 378
Redl Affair, 84, 86–90
San battles, 275–276, 283–286, 293, 297, 302–303, 305–307, 309
Serbian invasions, 137–140, 150, 155, 156, 167, 327–328, 337–338 (see also Potiorek, General Oskar)
wartime leadership, 131–135, 198, 200, 201–202, 204, 206–207, 208–209, 212, 214, 238, 239, 240, 243–245, 247, 249–252, 253–255, 261, 270–271, 277, 293, 302–303, 311–313, 337–339, 341–345, 364–365, 367–368, 378, 379
Conrad von Hötzendorf, Lieutenant Herbert, 239
Conrad von Hötzendorf, Lieutenant Kurt, 84, 86. See also Jandric Affair
Crna Ruka. See Black Hand
Cult of the Offensive, 61–62, 65, 102–103, 196, 209, 217, 254, 268
Czech defeatism, 163, 242, 285–286, 353, 359, 367
Czech nationalism, 19–21, 27, 31, 33, 35, 80, 96
Czernin, Count Ottokar, 373, 385
Czibulka, General Claudius, 318
Danilov, General Yuri, 183, 185, 197, 347
Dankl, General Viktor, 115, 131, 135, 191 (photo), 209, 210, 240, 275, 280, 282, 283, 285, 299, 307
Krásnik, 180, 188–191, 194, 198–204, 213, 226, 236, 238
Delegations, Austro-Hungarian, 32, 37, 44, 91, 96
Dimitrijevic, Colonel Dragutin. See Apis, Colonel
Disraeli, Benjamin, 20–21
Eichhorn, General Hermann von, 345
Evert, General Aleksei, 199, 201, 204, 295, 303
A Mad Catastrophe Page 50