_____ The Drama of Atheist Humanism. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1995.
_____ Theology in History. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1996.
Neuhaus, Richard John. The Catholic Moment: The Paradox of the Church in the Postmodern World. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1987; revised paperback edition, 1990.
_____ Doing Well and Doing Good: The Challenge to the Christian Capitalist. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
_____ Appointment in Rome: The Church in America Awakening. New York: Crossroad, 1999.
Novak, David. Jewish-Christian Dialogue: A Jewish Justification. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Oakes, Edward T., S.J. Pattern of Redemption: The Theology of Hans Urs von Balthasar. New York: Continuum, 1994.
Oliver, Robert W. The Vocation of the Laity to Evangelization: An Ecclesiological Inquiry into the Synod on the Laity (1987), Christifideles laici (1989), and Documents of the NCCB (1987–1996). Rome: Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana, 1997.
Pasotti, Ezekiel. The Neocatechumenal Way According to Paul VI and John Paul II. Middleborough, UK: St. Paul’s, 1996.
Pinckaers, Servais, O.P. The Sources of Christian Ethics. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1995.
_____ Morality: The Catholic View. Translated by Michael Sherwin, O.P. South Bend, IN: St. Augustine’s Press, 2001.
_____ The Pinckaers Reader: Renewing Thomistic Moral Theology. Edited by John Berkman and Craig Steven Titus. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2005.
Ratzinger, Joseph. Principles of Catholic Theology: Building Stones for a Fundamental Theology. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1987.
———. Milestones: Memoirs 1927–1977. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1998.
———. Eschatology: Death and Eternal Life, 2nd ed. Translated by Aidan Nichols, O.P., and Michael Waldstein. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2007.
Ratzinger, Joseph, and Jürgen Habermas. Dialectics of Secularization: On Reason and Religion. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2006.
Ratzinger, Joseph, and Vittorio Messori. The Ratzinger Report: An Exclusive Interview on the State of the Church. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1995.
Ratzinger, Joseph, and Marcello Pera. Without Roots: The West, Relativism, Christianity, Islam. New York: Basic Books, 2006.
Ratzinger, Joseph, and Peter Seewald. Salt of the Earth: The Church at the End of the Millennium. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1997.
———. God and the World: Believing and Living in Our Time. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2000.
Smith, Janet E. “Humanae Vitae”: A Generation Later. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1991.
Weigel, George. The Courage To Be Catholic: Crisis, Reform, and the Future of the Church. New York: Basic Books, 2002.
———. Against the Grain: Christianity and Democracy, War and Peace. New York: Crossroad, 2008.
Woodward, Kenneth L. Making Saints: How the Catholic Church Determines Who Becomes a Saint, Who Doesn’t, and Why. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996.
VII. The Catholic Church in Central and Eastern Europe, the Cold War, and the Revolution of 1989
Anderson, Martin, and Annelise Anderson. Reagan’s Secret War: The Untold Story of His Fight to Save the World from Nuclear Disaster. New York: Crown, 2009.
Andrew, Christopher, and Vasili Mitrokhin. The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. New York: Basic Books, 2001.
_____ The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World. New York: Basic Books, 2005.
Baran, Zbigniew, and William Brand. Cracow: Dialogue of Traditions. Kraków: Znak, 1991.
Between East and West: Writings from “Kultura.” Edited by Robert Kostrzewa. New York: Hill and Wang, 1990.
Biskup Herbert Bednorz—życie i posługa czwartego biskupa katowickiego. Katowice: Ksiçgarnia św. Jacka, 2008.
Bociurkiw, Bohdan R. The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and the Soviet State, 1939–1950. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, 1996.
Bourdeaux, Michael. The Gospel’s Triumph over Communism. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers, 1991.
Broun, Janice, ed. Conscience and Captivity: Religion in Eastern Europe. Washington, DC: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1988.
A Carnival Under Sentence: Solidarnosc 1980–1981. Warsaw: KARTA Centre/City of Warsaw Museum of History, 2006.
Chronicle of the Catholic Church in Lithuania. (Multiple issues, 1979–1988).
Courtois, Stéphane, et al. The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
Curp, T. David. A Clean Sweep? The Politics of Ethnic Cleansing in Western Poland, 1945–1960. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2006.
Davies, Norman. God’s Playground: A History of Poland. 2 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.
———. Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.
_____ Rising ’44: The Battle for Warsaw. New York: Viking, 2003.
_____ White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War 1919–1920 and the “Miracle on the Vistula.” London: Pimlico, 2003.
Garton Ash, Timothy. The Polish Revolution: Solidarity. Sevenoaks, UK: Hodder and Stoughton, 1985.
_____ The Uses of Adversity: Essays on the Fate of Central Europe. New York: Vintage Books, 1990.
_____ We the People: The Revolution of’89 Witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin and Prague. Cambridge, England: Granta Books, 1990.
Gorbachev, Mikhail. Memoirs. New York: Doubleday, 1995.
Gromyko, Andrei. Memoirs. London: Hutchinson, 1989.
Gudziak, Borys A. Crisis and Reform: The Kyivan Metropolitanate, the Patriarchate of Constantinople, and the Genesis of the Union of Brest. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.
Havel, Václav. Open Letters: Selected Writings, 1965–1990. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991.
———. Summer Meditations. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992.
Havel, Václav et al. The Power of the Powerless: Citizens Against the State in Central-Eastern Europe. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1985.
Kaufman, Michael. Mad Dreams, Saving Graces—Poland: A Nation in Conspiracy. New York: Random House, 1989.
Kowalska, Faustyna. Diary of Blessed Sister M. Faustyna Kowalska. Stockbridge, MA: Marian Press, 1996.
Krčméry, Silvester. In Prisons and Labour Camps. Bratislava: Milada Cechova, 1995.
Kubik, Jan. The Power of Symbols Against the Symbols of Power: The Rise of Solidarity and the Fall of State Socialism in Poland. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994.
Lewek, Antonin. “New Sanctuary of Poles: The Grave of Martyr-Father Jerzy Popiełuszko” Warsaw: St. Stanisław Kostka Church, 1986 (pamphlet).
Markowski, Stanisław. The Cathedral at Wawel. Kraków: Postscriptum, 1993.
Micewski, Andrzej. Cardinal Wyszyński: A Biography. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984.
Michałowska, Danuta, ed. “ … trzeb da wiadectwo”: 50-lecie powstania Teatru Rapsodycznego w Krakowie. Kraków: ArsNova, 1991.
Michnik, Adam. Letters from Prison and Other Essays. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.
_____ The Church and the Left. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
Mikšosko, Frantisek. You Can’t Destroy Them: Catholic Church in Slovakia, 1943–89. (unpublished manuscript, 1992).
Miłosz, Czesław. The History of Polish Literature. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
Mindszenty, Joseph. Memoirs. New York: Macmillan, 1974.
Nagorski, Andrew. The Birth of Freedom: Shaping Lives and Societies in the New Eastern Europe. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993.
NKVD/KGB Activities and Its Cooperation with Other Secret Services in Central and Eastern Europe 1945–1989. Edited by Alexander Grúňová. Bratislava: Nation’s Memory Institute, 2008.
Nowak, Jan. Courier from Warsaw. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1982.
Paczkowski, Andrzej. The Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom. Translated by Jane Cave. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003.
Pelikan, Jaroslav. Confessor Between East and West: A Portrait of Ukrainian Cardinal Josyf Slipyj. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1990.
Pipes, Richard, ed. The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996.
The Road to Independence: Solidarnosc 1980–2005. Translated by Robert Strybel. Warsaw: Oficyna Wydawnicza Volumen, 2005.
Sakharov, Andrei. Moscow and Beyond: 1986–1989. New York: Vintage Books, 1992.
Sikorska, Grazyna. A Martyr for the Truth: Jerzy Popiełuszko. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1985.
Il Sinodo Pastorale dell’Archidiocesi di Cracovia 1972–1979. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1985.
Solidarnosść upadek komunizmu/Solidarity and the Fall of Communism. Gdańsk: Europejskie Centrum Solidarnosść, 2009.
Szajkowski, Bogdan. Next to God … Poland: Politics and Religion in Contemporary Poland. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1983.
Tischner, Józef. The Spirit of Solidarity. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1984.
Volkogonov, Dmitri. Autopsy for an Empire: The Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime. New York: Free Press, 1998.
Walçsa, Lech. A Way of Hope: An Autobiography. New York: Henry Holt, 1987 … The Struggle and the Triumph. New York: Arcade Publishing, 1991.
Watt, Richard M. Bitter Glory: Poland and Its Fate 1918–1939. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979.
Weigel, George. The Final Revolution: The Resistance Church and the Collapse of Communism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Weiser, Benjamin. A Secret Life: The Polish Officer, His Covert Mission, and the Price He Paid to Save His Country. New York: Public Affairs, 2004.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
It is a pleasure to recognize those whose knowledge, cooperation, and counsel helped bring this amplification and completion of the biography of Pope John Paul II to the public.
In Rome: Here, the first word of thanks must go to Pope John Paul II. Shortly before his death, I told him that I would finish the task I had begun in 1995; this book is the fulfillment of that promise. As he had been during the preparation of Witness to Hope, the late Pope was unfailingly gracious as I chronicled the last years of his pontificate and probed his mind on a host of issues, dilemmas, and crises. At no time during this process did John Paul II try to bend my analysis or judgment in a certain direction. As it had been with Witness to Hope, so it was with The End and the Beginning: in the Pope’s view, this work was my responsibility, and I was free to make the judgments that seemed appropriate to me. In the last years of the pontificate, we spent dozens of hours together over meals and in other settings, in the Vatican and at Castel Gandolfo, such that I was able to experience firsthand the remarkable witness he gave through his suffering and death. I treasure the memory of our conversations, and to honor his own unflinching integrity, I have tried to be as honest as possible in chronicling his late years and assessing his legacy.
Cardinal Stanisław Dziwisz, now archbishop of Kraków, was always gracious and helpful in arranging my visits with John Paul II; during our discussions, I often benefited from his insights, which were considerable (and occasionally pungent). Stanisław Dziwisz’s self-sacrifice on behalf of the man he served for almost four decades drew widespread and well-deserved respect, and I am happy to add my own words of thanks to him for his cooperation and friendship over many years.
The prefect of the papal household, Archbishop James M. Harvey, was a constant source of insight, wise counsel, and good company, for which I am deeply grateful.
The faculty, staff, and students of the Pontifical North American College helped make the many days I spent as their guest very pleasant indeed. Some who were particularly helpful are acknowledged below individually, but to all on the Gianicolo—Ad multos annos!
During the drama of April 2005 I was a guest in Rome of the Religious Sisters of Mercy of Alma, Michigan, to whom I am most grateful for their generous hospitality. Special words of thanks must go to Mother Mary Quentin Sheridan, R.S.M., and Sister Mary Christine Cremin, R.S.M.
Rome is indeed the crossroads of the Catholic world, and I should like to thank the following individuals for their cooperation in the preparation of this work, during their and my time in Rome over the past decade (ecclesiastical titles are current as of late 2009): Sister Rebecca Able, O.S.B., John L. Allen, Jr., Cardinal Francis Arinze, Cardinal William Baum, Alejandro Bermudez, Rocco Buttiglione, Cardinal Edward Cassidy, Cardinal Darío Castrillón Hoyos, Archbishop Claudio Celli, Msgr. James Checchio, Cardinal Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne, Bishop James Conley, Cardinal Desmond Connell, Roberto de Mattei, Archbishop Joseph Augustine Di Noia, O.P., Jean Duchesne, Bishop Brian Farrell, L.C., Archbishop Rino Fisichella, Archbishop Michael Fitzgerald, M.Afr., Father Kevin Flannery, S.J., Msgr. Anthony Frontiero, Msgr. Thomas Fucinaro, Father Robert Gahl, Father Daniel Gallagher, Father Alberto Garbin, Cardinal Francis E. George, O.M.I., Father Richard Gill, L.C., Ambassador Mary Ann Glendon, Nina Sophie Heereman, Cardinal Lubomir Husar, M.S.U., Gregory Jewell, Cardinal Walter Kasper, Father Mark Knestout, Father Uwe Michael Lang, Cardinal Karl Lehmann, Elizabeth Lev, Sandro Magister, Archbishop Dominique Mamberti, Father Paul Mankowski, S.J., Marta Brancatisano Manzi, Cardinal Joachim Meisner, Father Krzystof Mięsozerny, Archbishop J. Michael Miller, C.S.B., Msgr. Christopher Nalty, Joaquín Navarro-Valls, Ambassador James Nicholson, Suzanne Nicholson, Virginia Coda Nunziante, Father Paul O’Callaghan, Msgr. Sławomir Oder, Cardinal Marc Ouellet, P.S.S., Cardinal George Pell, Marcello Pera, Father Thomas Powers, Roberto Presilla, Father Joseph Previtali, Philip Pulella, David Quinn, Archbishop Malcolm Ranjith, Ambassador Francis Rooney, Kathleen Rooney, Cardinal Antonio María Rouco Varela, Cardinal Camillo Ruini, Cardinal Stanisław Ryłko, Father Samir Khalil Samir, S.J., Cardinal Leonardo Sandri, Father Martin Schlag, Cardinal Achille Silvestrini, Msgr. K. Bartholomew Smith, Vittorio Sozzi, Cardinal James Francis Stafford, Father Jeffrey Steenson, Ambassador Hanna Suchocka, John Thavis, Bishop Daniel Thomas, Father Richard Tomasek, S.J., Father Christian Troll, S.J., Michael Waldstein, Father John Wauck, Msgr. Peter Wells, and Father Thomas D. Williams, L.C.
Prior to his election as Pope Benedict XVI, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger was kind enough to continue the conversations that had proven so helpful to me in preparing Witness to Hope, and that were equally helpful in conceiving The End and the Beginning.
In Poland: I have now spent, all told, more than two and a half years of my life in Poland, where I have always found a cordial welcome. In the preparation of this volume, special thanks must go to the surviving members of the first generation of Karol Wojtyła’s Środowisko, who shared decades of reminiscences with me, as well as the books they assembled to create a public record of a remarkable set of friendships. Piotr Malecki and Teresa Malecka were unfailingly helpful in arranging for me to meet with Wujek’s friends, among whom I must thank in particular Danuta Ciesielska (widow of the Servant of God Jerzy Ciesielski), Stanisław Rybicki, Danuta Rybicka, Maria Rybicka, and Karol Tarnowski.
Part One of this book—the retelling of the story of Karol Wojtyła’s forty-four-year contest with communism—was made possible in part by the scholarly courtesy and insight of Andrzej Grajewski, who generously shared with me many of the fruits of his research at the Institute of National Remembrance in Warsaw and in the Stasi files in Berlin. I am also grateful to Dr. Grajewski for his measured and careful reading of these and other sensitive materials, and I trust that my approach to the interpretation of these documents meets the high standards he has established in his own work.
I am also grateful to the following for their help in, or about, Poland: Paweł Adamowicz, Anne Applebaum, Alicja Baluch, T. David Curp, Rafał Dutkiewicz, Msgr. Marek Gancarczyk, Archbishop Tadeusz Go
cłowski, C.M., Jarosław Gowin, Hanna Gronkiewicz-Walz, Stanisław Grygiel, Father Tomasz Jaklewicz, Elżbieta Kot, Father Jarosław Kupczak, O.P., Cardinal Franciszek Macharski, Paweł Malecki, Wiktor Micherdziński, Zbigniew Minda, Jacek Popiel, Jacek Puchla, Bishop Tadeusz Rakoczy, Stanisław Rodziński, Radek Sikorski, Father Adam Sulikowski, O.P., Father Robert Woźniak, Henryk Woźniakowski, Father Maciej Zięba, O.P., and Archbishop Damian Zimoń. Thanks, too, to the members of the Polish Province of the Order of Preachers who, in addition to the Dominicans named here, offered hospitality and fellowship on many occasions.
In the United States: My thanks to Annelise Anderson and Martin Anderson, Joe and Lori Anderson, Joseph Bottum, Don J. Briel, Fred and Peggy Clark, the late Cardinal Avery Dulles, S.J., Scott Faley, Peter Flanigan, Russell Hittinger, Jim and Claudia Holman, Leon R. Kass, Henry Kissinger, Charles Krauthammer, Hugh McDonald, Jon Meacham, Archbishop Celestino Migliore, Bishop William F. Murphy, Father Jay Scott Newman, Robert Niehaus, Michael Novak, the late Jan Nowak-Jeziorański, Archbishop Edwin O’Brien, Robert and Lydia Odle, Edmund Pellegrino, James Piereson, Father Ronald Roberson, C.S.P., William E. Simon, Jr., and the board and staff of the William E. Simon Foundation, John and Cindy Sites, Janet Smith, Father David Toups, Andreas Widmer, Robert Louis Wilken, and Archbishop Donald Wuerl for various insights, answers, courtesies, and support. I remain grateful as well to the priests and people of St. Jane Frances de Chantal parish in Bethesda, Maryland, with whom I pray and by whom I am nourished; Msgr. Donald S. Essex has been pastor and friend throughout both Witness to Hope and The End and the Beginning.
Elsewhere: I am grateful for various forms of assistance received from Father Iwan Dacko, Father Raymond J. de Souza, Theresa Krystiniak Gerson, Father Borys Gudziak, Walter Hooper, Daniel Johnson, Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O’Connor, Archbishop Vincent Nichols, Archbishop John Onaiyekan, Mario Paredes, Archbishop Ioan Robu, Father Thomas Rosica, C.S.B., Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, O.P., Anthony Sivers, Archbishop Beniamino Stella, Jack Valero, and Archbishop Rowan Williams.
The End and the Beginning Page 79