‘SONG OF ROLAND’
The ‘Song of Roland’ (in French ‘La Chanson de Roland’) is an heroic poem based on the Battle of Roncesvalles, in 778, during the reign of Charlemagne. It is the oldest surviving major work of French literature.
SUCCUBAE
In folklore traced back to medieval legend, a succubus (plural, succubae or succubi) is a female demon or supernatural being appearing in dreams who takes the form of a human woman in order to seduce men, usually through sexual intercourse. The male counterpart is the incubus.
TABOR
Tabor refers to a portable snare drum played with one hand. The word ‘tabor’ is an English variant of a Latin-derived word (thabor) meaning ‘drum’. It has been used in the military as a marching instrument since antiquity, and also as accompaniment in parades and processions
TALWAR
The talwar is a type of curved sword or sabre from the Indian sub-continent which was used in the Arab world throughout the Middle Ages and is still found in the modern countries of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan.
‘TE DEUM’
The ‘Te Deum’ is an Ambrosian Hymn or A Song of the Church, an early Christian hymn of praise. The title is taken from its opening Latin words: Te Deum laudamus (‘Thee, O God, we praise’). Saint Ambrose was Archbishop of Milan and became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the fourth century. The Ambrosian Chant was named in his honour because of his contributions to the music of the Church.
THEGN
A local village chieftain of Anglo-Saxon England. Not a great landowner or a titled aristocrat but the head of a village. Thus, thegns formed the backbone to the organization of Anglo-Saxon life. While serving with the army, usually as part of their service to the earl of their province, they formed a large part of the king’s elite fighting force, the housecarls.
THEME
The Byzantine Empire was organized into military districts or themes, which reflected different nationalities within the Empire. Themes were responsible for generating their own regiments for the Emperor’s army. In turn, retired soldiers were granted lands in the military theme from which they served. By the end of the eleventh century, there were thirty-eight themes in the Byzantine Empire, each composed of between 4,000 and 6,000 men, giving a standing army of approximately 200,000 men.
TINCHEBRAI, BATTLE OF
The Battle of Tinchebrai was fought on 28 September 1106, in Normandy, between an invading force led by Henry I of England, and his older brother Robert Curthose, the Duke of Normandy. Henry’s knights won a decisive victory, capturing Robert and imprisoning him in England and then Wales until Robert’s death in Cardiff Castle. The battle itself only lasted an hour. Most of Robert’s army was captured or killed. Besides Robert, those captured included Edgar the Atheling and William, Count of Mortain. Most of the prisoners were released, but Robert Curthose and William of Mortain were to spend the rest of their lives in captivity.
TRIREME
Originally an Ancient Greek galley with three rows of oars, each above the other. It was a vessel of war and the oarsmen’s strength could produce a ramming speed of significant impact.
TRUE CROSS
The legend of the True Cross first appeared in the fourth century. Supposedly either fragments of the cross, or the whole cross, on which Christ was crucified at Calvary, these were said to be housed in the Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Around 1009, Christians in Jerusalem hid part of the cross and it remained hidden until the city was taken by the European knights of the First Crusade. Arnulf of Chocques, the first Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, had the Greek Orthodox priests who were in possession of the cross tortured in order to reveal its position. The relic that Arnulf discovered was a small fragment of wood embedded in a golden cross, and it became the most sacred relic of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. It was housed in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre under the protection of the Latin Patriarch, who marched with it ahead of the army before every battle.
It was captured by Saladin during the Battle of Hattin, in 1187. While some Christian rulers, including Richard the Lionheart, the Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelus and Tamar, Queen of Georgia, sought to ransom it from Saladin, the cross was not returned and subsequently disappeared from historical records. However, several fragments of the cross are claimed to be genuine in many Christian places of worship – so much so that, at the end of the Middle Ages, the radical theologian John Calvin said that if all the pieces of the True Cross were to be added together, a ship could be made from the timber.
TURCOPOLES
From the Greek, meaning ‘sons of Turks’, they were locally recruited mounted archers employed by the Christian states of the Eastern Mediterranean. The crusaders first encountered Turcopoles in the Byzantine army during the First Crusade. These auxiliaries were the children of mixed Greek and Turkish parentage and were at least nominally Christian, although some may have been practising Muslims. The Turcopoles served as light cavalry providing skirmishers, scouts and mounted archers, and sometimes rode as a second line in a charge, to back up the Frankish knights and sergeants.
UMAYYAD CALIPHATE
The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was based on the Umayyad dynasty, hailing from Mecca.
VARANGIAN GUARD
The elite bodyguard of the emperors of Byzantium for several hundred years. They were well-paid mercenaries who also shared in the booty of the Emperor’s victories, thus the Guard could attract the finest warriors. Most were drawn from Scandinavia and were often referred to as the ‘Axemen of the North’. Their loyalty was legendary, as was their ferocity. It is thought many of Harold of England’s surviving housecarls joined the Guard after the Battle of Senlac Ridge, in 1066.
VELLUM
Vellum is derived from the Latin word vitulinum, meaning ‘made from calf’, leading to the Old French vélin (calfskin). Vellum is mammal skin prepared for writing or printing, to produce single pages, scrolls, codices or books. It is a near-synonym of the word ‘parchment’, but ‘vellum’ tends to be the term used for finer-quality parchment.
VENTAIL
See ‘hauberk’.
VILLEIN
Villein was a term used in the feudal era to denote a peasant (tenant farmer) who was legally tied to a lord of the manor. Villeins thus occupied the social space between a free peasant (freeman) and a slave. The majority of medieval European peasants were villeins. An alternative term is ‘serf’, from the Latin servus (slave). A villein could not leave the land without the landowner’s consent. The term derives from Late Latin villanus, meaning a man employed at a Roman villa or large agricultural estate
WIMPLE
A wimple is a garment worn around the neck and chin, which usually covers the head. Its use developed among women in early medieval Europe. At many stages of medieval culture it was thought to be unseemly for a married woman to show her hair. A wimple might be elaborately starched, creased and folded in prescribed ways, or supported on a wire or wicker frame (cornette).
Genealogies
HOUSE OF WESSEX
The English Monarchy from the House of Wessex to the Plantagenets
THE ELEVENTH- AND TWELFTH-CENTURY EMPERORS OF BYZANTIUM
Comnenian Dynasty
1081–1118: Alexius I Comnenus
1118–1143: John II Comnenus (the Beautiful)
1143–1180: Manuel I Comnenus (the Great)
1180–1183: Alexius II Comnenus
1183–1185: Andronicus I Comnenus
Angelus Dynasty
1185–1195: Isaac II Angelus
1195–1203: Alexius III
THE TWELFTH-CENTURY PRINCES OF ANTIOCH
1098–1111: Bohemond I (Tancred, Prince of Galilee, regent, 1100–1103; 1105–1112)
1111–1130: Bohemond II (Roger of Salerno, regent, 1112–1119) (Baldwin II of Jerusalem, regent, 1119–1126; 1130–1131)
11
30–1136: Constance (Fulk of Jerusalem, regent, 1131–1136)
1136–1149: Raymond of Poitiers (by marriage)
1153–1160: Raynald of Châtillon (by marriage)
1163–1201: Bohemond III (Raymond of Tripoli, regent, 1193–1194)
THE TWELFTH-CENTURY KINGS OF JERUSALEM
1099–1100: Godfrey (Protector of the Holy Sepulchre)
1100–1118: Baldwin I
1118–1131: Baldwin II
1131–1153: Melisende (with Fulk of Anjou until 1143; with Baldwin III from 1143)
1131–1143: Fulk of Anjou (with Melisende)
1143–1162: Baldwin III (with Melisende until 1153)
1162–1174: Amalric I
1174–1185: Baldwin IV the Leprous (with Baldwin V from 1183)
1183–1186: Baldwin V (with Baldwin IV until 1185)
1186–1190: Sybilla (with Guy of Lusignan)
1190–1192: Conrad I of Montferrat (disputed)
1192–1197: Henry I (II of Champagne) (with Isabella, half-sister of Sybilla)
1197–1205: Amalric of Lusignan (fourth husband of Isabella)
THE LATE-TWELFTH-CENTURY POPES
Number of Succession | Dates | Regional Name
171 | 1 September 1181–25 November 1185 | Lucius III
172 | 25 November 1185–19 October 1187 | Urban III
173 | 21 October 1187–17 December 1187 | Gregory VIII
174 | 19 December 1187–20 March 1191 | Clement III
175 | 21 March 1191–8 January 1198 | Celestine III
176 | 8 January 1198–16 July 1216 | Innocent III
THE TWELFTH-CENTURY KINGS OF FRANCE
1108–1137: Louis VI (the Fat) (son of Philip I)
1137–1180: Louis VII (the Young) (son of Louis VI)
1180–1223: Philip II Augustus (son of Louis VII)
1223–1226: Louis VIII (the Lion) (son of Philip II Augustus)
THE TWELFTH-CENTURY HOLY ROMAN EMPERORS
Salian Dynasty
1086–1125: Henry V (elected 1099)
Supplinburger Dynasty
1075–1137: Lothair II (elected 1125)
Hohenstaufen Dynasty
1093–1152: Conrad III (elected 1138)
1122–1190: Frederick I (Barbarossa) (elected 1152)
1165–1197: Henry VI (elected 1191)
1176–1208: Philip of Swabia (elected 1198)
Welf Dynasty
1176–1218: Otto IV (elected 1198, as rival to Philip of Swabia; elected 1209 as sole Emperor)
THE TWELFTH-CENTURY KINGS OF NAVARRE
1134–1150: García Ramírez (the Restorer) (son of Ramiro Sánchez of Monzón and Cristina Rodríguez Díaz de Vivar, daughter of El Cid)
1150–1194: Sancho VI (the Wise) (father of Bérengère)
1194–1234: Sancho (the Strong) (brother of Bérengère)
THE TWELFTH-CENTURY KINGS OF SICILY
House of Hauteville
1105–1154: Roger II (the Great)
1154–1166: William I (the Bad)
1166–1190: William II (the Good)
1190–1194: Tancred of Lecce
1192–1194: Roger III (son of Tancred, co-regent)
1194: William III (brother of Roger, deposed)
House of Hohenstaufen
1194–1197: Henry I of Sicily (Holy Roman Emperor, elected 1190; married Constance, daughter of Roger II)
1197–1250: Frederick I of Sicily (Holy Roman Emperor, elected 1212)
THE TWELFTH-CENTURY RULERS OF CYPRUS
Prior to 1184, Cyprus had been part of the Byzantine Empire since the division of the eastern and western parts of the Roman Empire, in 395. It remained Byzantine despite frequent Arab and Muslim raids and incursions, which caused great destruction and major loss of life.
In 1185, Isaac Comnenus, the great-grandson of John II Comnenus, Emperor of Byzantium from 1118 to 1143, inveigled his way into position as the island’s ruler, declaring himself Emperor in 1189.
House of Comneni
1189–1191: Isaac (Emperor)
House of Lusignan
1192–1194: Guy
1194–1205: Amalric (The Lusignans ruled Cyprus until 1489)
THE TWELFTH-CENTURY GRAND MASTERS OF THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR
1118–1136: Hugh de Payens (Founder and First Master)
1136–1147: Robert de Craon
1147–1151: Everard des Barres
1151–1153: Bernard de Tremelay
1153–1156: André de Montbard
1156–1169: Bertrand de Blanchefort
1169–1171: Philip of Milly
1171–1179: Odo de St Amand
1181–1184: Arnold of Torroja
1185–1189: Gerard de Ridefort
1191–1193: Robert de Sablé
1193–1200: Gilbert Horal
1201–1208: Phillipe de Plessis
THE TWELFTH-CENTURY GRAND MASTERS OF THE KNIGHTS HOSPITALLER
1099–1120: The Blessed Gerard (Founder and First Master)
1120–1160: Raymond du Puy de Provence
1160–1163: Auger de Balben
1162–1163: Arnaud de Comps
1163–1170: Gilbert d’Aissailly
1170–1172: Gastone de Murols
1172–1177: Jobert of Syria
1177–1187: Roger de Moulins
1187–1190: Armengol de Aspa
1190–1192: Garnier de Nablus
1193–1202: Geoffrey de Donjon
Acknowledgements
To all those who have made this possible – dear friends, loving family, dedicated professionals – I will always be grateful.
With much love and grateful thanks.
About the Author
Stewart Binns began his professional life as an academic. He then pursued several adventures, including that of a schoolteacher, specializing in history, before becoming an award-winning documentary-maker and latterly an author. His television credits include the ‘In-Colour’ genre of historical documentaries, notably the BAFTA and Grierson winner Britain at War in Colour and the Peabody winner The Second World War in Colour.
He also launched Trans World Sport in 1987, Futbol Mundial in 1993, the International Olympic Committee Camera of Record in 1994 and the Olympic Television Archive Bureau in 1996.
Currently chief executive and co-founder, with his wife, Lucy, of the independent production and distribution company Big Ape Media International, Stewart has in recent years continued to specialize in historical documentaries, including a series on the Korean War, the history of Indo-China and a major study of modern Japan.
His previous novels Conquest, Crusade and Anarchy were published to great acclaim.
Stewart’s passion is English history, especially its origins and folklore. His home is in Somerset, where he lives with his wife and twin boys, Charlie and Jack.
www.stewartbinns.com
Copyright
PENGUIN BOOKS
Published by the Penguin Group
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Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England
www.penguin.com
First published 2013
Copyright ©
Stewart Binns, 2013
Cover illustration by Larry Rostant
All rights reserved
The moral right of the author has been asserted
Typeset by Palimpsest Book Production Ltd, Falkirk, Stirlingshire
ISBN: 978-1-405-91361-4
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