general
origin and meaning of term
view of Romans
bribery
growing strength
confederations
migrations
barbaricum (barbarian lands)
Roman intervention
Roman view of
flight into
turbulence
disturbances
Basternians, German tribe
‘Batavian Island’
Belgic Gauls
Bennachie (see Mons Graupius)
Berbers
Black Sea
character
climate
Greek colonies
Rome
Goths
‘Bohemian campaign’
Boresti, British tribe
Boudicca, British queen
Brigantians, British tribe
Britain
Celticism?
geography and climate
vegetation
agriculture
society
Roman superstition of
buildings
chariots
forts
coinage
the North
‘Scotland’ (see also Agricola)
Druids
Belgic settlement
trade with Rome
arguments for invasion
Caesar
Caligula
Claudius
Bructeri, German tribe
bucolic style
Burabista, Dacian king
Byron, Lord
Caecina, V. Severus
Caesar, Julius
Caledonia
Calgacus, British chieftain
Caligula, emperor (AD 37–41)
cannabis
Caratacus, British prince
Carlisle
Carpathian frontier
Carpathian mountains
Cartimandua, British queen
Cassivelaunus, British leader
Caucasus
Celts (see also Druids, La Tène)
term
origins
place names
settlement
temperament
disunity
cultural achievement
technical development
comparison with Germans
defensive works
‘oppida’
Gaul
Spain
relations with Rome
views of Rome
conquest by Rome
Cerialis, Petilius
Chattans, German tribe
Cherusci, German tribe
Chicorius, Conrad
chieftainly burials
Cicero
Cimbri, German tribe
Claudius, emperor (AD 41–54)
Clunn, J.A.S.
Cogidubnus, British king
Colchester
commerce, Roman-barbarian
Commodus, emperor (AD 180–192)
Constantsa (see Tomis)
Corbulo, Domitius, general
Crimea
Cynobellinus, British king
Dacia
Roman occupation
Dacians
Dacian War, First
Dacian War, Second
Danube
Danube bridge
David, Jacques, painter
Decebal, Dacian king
deductio in plana
deserters, Roman
Dio Cassius, historian
Diodorus Siculus, historian
Dioscurias (Sukhumi)
diplomacy, Roman
divination
Domitia, empress
Domitian, emperor (AD 81–96)
character
Chattan War
Agricola
Dacia
Saturninus
death
Drobetae (Turnu Severin, Romania)
Druids (and see Britain, Druids)
Drusus, stepson of Augustus
economy, Roman
elephants in warfare
Epistulae ex Ponto (see Ovid, Poems of Exile)
Euripides
Exeter
Finns (Fenni)
Flaccus, Roman officer
Flavus, brother of Armin
Florus, author
fortifications, Roman
Fosse Way (England)
Frontier, Roman
emergence
security
Africa
East
failure
Frontinus, Julius, gov. of Britain
frumentarii, secret police
Fuscus Cornelius, praetorian prefect
Galba, emperor (AD 68)
Gaul
Gauls
Georgia
German language
German unification
German War (see Augustus, German War)
Germania (see Tacitus)
Germanic kingdoms
Germanicus, son of Drusus
Germans (see also Augustus’ German War, Basternians, Chattans, Cherusci etc)
development
settlement
migrations
society
women
religion
as drinkers
diet
clothing
buildings
shipbuilding
warfare
liberty
resistance
national identity
Germany
terrain
rivers
population
agriculture
commercial penetration
prospect for conquest
Roman coins
as Roman province
Getans, Sarmatian tribe (see also Ovid)
Gibbon, Edward
golden fleece legend
Goths
Graves, Robert
Greek colonies, Black Sea
Hadrian, emperor (AD 117–138)
background
succession
pacifism
foreign policy
army
Hadrianople, battle
Hallstatt, Celtic culture
Hercynian Forest
Hermannsdenkmal (see also Armin)
Herod Agrippa II
Herodotus
Hildesheim treasure
Hippalus, navigator
Histria, Pontic city
Hod Hill, Dorset
Horace
human sacrifice
Huns
Iazyges, Sarmatian tribe
Illyrican revolt
Indo-European group
Ireland
Iron Gates
Iron Gates Road
Jason
Jerome, St
Jerusalem, siege
Jordanes, historian
Josephus, historian
Jotapata (Judaea) siege
Julia, Augustus’ daughter
Julia, Augustus’ granddaughter
La Tène, Celtic culture
Langobards, German tribe
Lehman-Hartleben K
lex Julia
Lincoln
Lippe, river
Livia, empress
Livy
‘Lollian disaster’
London
Lucan
Lunt fort (near Coventry)
Maiden Castle, Dorset
Main, river
Mainz
maps, Roman
Maraboduus, Bohemian king
marching camps
Marcomannia (Bohemia)
Marcomannic War
Marcus Aurelius, emperor (AD 161–180)
Marius, Caius, general
Massalla, Corvinus, Ovid’s patron
Maximus, T. Claudius, officer
Mommsen, Theodor
Mons Graupius, battle
Moray Firth, Scotland
murus Gallicus (see Celts, defensive works)
Nero, emperor (AD
54–68)
Nerva, emperor (AD 96–98)
Netherlands (see also ‘Batavian Island’)
prehistory
Roman
‘noble savage’
nomad-sedentary conflict
nomadism (see also steppe)
Noricum (Austria)
North Sea
Numantia (Spain)
Octavian (see Augustus)
Osnabrück
Ostrogothic Italy
Ovid
various
youth
earlier work
style
Augustus
arrest
exile
arrival in Tomis
Poems of Exile
pleas for release
climatic descriptions
fears
Getans
steppe
composition
affection for Tomis
death
influence
summary
Papia-Poppaea laws
Parthia
Paulinus, Suetonius, gov. of Britain
pax Romana
definition
disarmament
failure
Plautius, Aulus, general
Pliny the elder
Pliny the younger
Plutarch
Pontic steppe (see steppe)
Pontus Euxinus (see Black Sea)
population
Germany
Britain
Posidonius, author
‘prestige goods dependency’
‘princeps’
principate
Ptolemy, Claudius
Quadans, German tribe
Quietus, Lucius, general
Raetia (Bavaria)
Ravenna
Rhine
as boundary
tributaries
in German war
Richmond, Sir Ian
river transport
Roman (see also agriculture, commerce, diplomacy, economy, fortifications, frontier, maps, principate, strategy, warfare, world conquest and world view)
achievement
and modern empires
authors, bias
barbarian trade (see commerce)
barbarian relations
complacency
deficiencies
empire’s extent
eclecticism
fear of barbarians
law
literature, barbarians in
provinces
propaganda
republic’s collapse
view of barbarians
Romanian language
Romanization
Rossi, Lino
Runic
Sarmatians (see also Dacians, Getans and steppe peoples)
origins and character
cultural condition
horsemanship
weaponry
wagons
religion
health
component tribes
arrival in West
migration halted
attacks on Roman territory
Sarmizegetusa, Dacian capital
Roman capital
Saturninus, Antoninus
Scapula, P. Ostorius, gov. of Britain
Schlüter, Wolfgang
Scott, Sir Walter
Scyths
Segestes (father-in-law of Armin)
Septimius Severus, emperor (AD 193–211)
Servius Tullus, Roman king
Sigimer (father of Armin)
slave trade
Spain
St. Albans
St. Joseph, J.K.
steppe (Eurasian grassland belt)
steppe peoples (see also nomadism)
Strabo, geographer
strategy, Roman
Suebians (German tribes)
Suetonius, historian
Sulmo (Italy)
Tacitus, Cornelius, historian
biographical
style
Agricola
Annals
Germania
on Germans and Germany
on German War
on Gauls
on Sarmatians
on Roman peace
on imperial responsibility
Tanais, Pontic city
Tapae (Dacia)
Teutons (German tribe)
Teutoburg Forest
battle of
location
third century crisis
Thusnelda (wife of Armin)
Thule
Thanet, Kent
Tiberius, emperor (AD 14–47)
German War
retirements
Titus, emperor (AD 79–81)
Tomis
insecurity
and Rome
Ovid’s descriptions
trade (see Roman-barbarian commerce)
Trajan, emperor (AD 98–117)
background and early career
popularity
on Column
on Adamclisi monument
Parthia
death
Trajan’s Column
general
frieze
interpretation
artistic conventions
army
errors
war artist
narrative
frontier on
authorship
Trajan’s Forum
Transylvania
Tristia (see Ovid, Poems of Exile)
Tropaeum Traiani (see Adamclisi)
Vandals
‘Varian disaster’
Varus, P. Quintilius
Vegetius, author
Velleius Paterculus, historian
Venutius, Brigantian pretender
Vercingetorix
Vespasian, emperor (AD 69–79)
earlier career
in Britain
in Judaea
accession
sons
British policy
death
Viking age
Viminiacum (Serbia)
Virgil
Vistula, river
Vitellius, Roman officer
Vitruvius, author
Waal (Vahales) river
Wales, Conquest of
warfare, Roman
Weser, river
Wheeler, Sir Mortimer
Wiehen Hills (Germany)
Wilde, Oscar
wine trade
world conquest, Roman expectation of
world view, Roman
‘year of the four emperors’ (AD 69)
York
Also by Derek Williams
The Reach of Rome
ROMANS AND BARBARIANS: FOUR VIEWS FROM THE EMPIRE’S EDGE 1ST CENTURY AD. Copyright © 1998 by Derek Williams. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. For information, address St. Martin’s Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010.
eBooks may be purchased for business or promotional use. For information on bulk purchases, please contact Macmillan Corporate and Premium Sales Department by writing to [email protected].
First published in Great Britain by Constable and Company Ltd
First U.S. Edition: February 1999
eISBN 9781250083814
First eBook edition: March 2015
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