The Liberty Incident Revealed

by A. Jay Cristol

  Grundman, Moshe, ed. Israel’s Security 1967–1991: An Annotated Bibliography and Research Guide. Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defence, Israel, 1992.

  Gunston, Bill. An Illustrated Guide to the Israeli Air Force. New York: Arco, 1982.

  Halperin, Merav, and Aharon Lapidot. G-Suit: Combat Reports from Israel’s Air War. London: Sphere Books, 1990.

  Hammel, Eric. Six Days in June: How Israel Won the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1992.

  Heikal, Mohamed Hassanein. The Cairo Documents: The Inside Story of Nasser and His Relationship with World Leaders, Rebels, and Statesmen. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1973.

  Henkin, Louis, et al. International Law, 2d ed. St. Paul, Minn.: West, 1987.

  Hersh, Seymour M. The Samson Option: Israel’s Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy. New York: Random House, 1991.

  Herzog, Chaim. The Arab-Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the Middle East. New York: Vintage Books, 1984.

  Hinsley, Harry. The Intelligence Revolution: A Historical Perspective. Colorado Springs: U.S. Air Force Academy, 1988.

  Hogg, Ian V. Israeli War Machine. London: Hamlyn, 1983.

  Horwath, Stephen. To Shining Sea: A History of the United States Navy 1775–1991. New York: Random House, 1991.

  Howard, Michael, and Robert Hunter. Israel and the Arab World: The Crisis of 1967. London: Institute for Strategic Studies, 1967.

  Howarth, David. Famous Sea Battles. London: Artus, 1981.

  Howe, Jonathan Trumbull. Multicrises: Sea Power and Global Politics in the Missile Age. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1971.

  Howe, Russel Warren. Weapons: The International Game of Arms, Money and Diplomacy. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1980.

  Humble, Richard, ed. Naval Warfare. New York: St. Martin’s, 1983.

  International Red Cross Handbook. 12th ed. Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross & League of Red Cross Societies, 1983.

  Ismael, Tareq Y. International Relations of the Contemporary Middle East: A Study in World Politics. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1986.

  Jeffers, H. Paul. The CIA: A Close Look at the Central Intelligence Agency. New York: Lion, 1970.

  Johnson, Lyndon Baines. The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency 1963–1969. New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston, 1971.

  Jones, Dennis. Rubicon One. New York: Beaufort Books, 1983.

  Katz, Samuel M. Soldier Spies: Israeli Military Intelligence. Novato, Calif.: Presidio, 1992.

  Kennedy, William V., et al. Intelligence Warfare: Penetrating the Secret World of Today’s Advanced Technology Conflict. New York: Crescent Books, 1987.

  Lenczowski, George. American Presidents and the Middle East. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1990.

  ———. The Middle East in World Affairs. 4th ed. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1980.

  Lilienthal, Alfred. The Zionist Connection: What Price Peace? New York: Dodd, Mead, 1978.

  Linder, Mark. Little Boy Blue. New York: Random House, 1992.

  Loftus, John, and Mark Aarons. The Secret War against the Jews: How Western Espionage Betrayed the Jewish People. New York: St. Martin’s, 1994.

  Long, Luman H., ed. The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1967. New York: Newspaper Enterprise Association, 1968.

  Lynn-Jones, Sean. Preface to Debating the Democratic Peace: An International Security Reader; edited by Michael Brown, Sean M. Lynn-Jones, and Steven E. Miller. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996.

  Marshall, S. L. A. Swift Sword: The Historical Record of Israel’s Victory, June, 1967. New York: American Heritage, 1967.

  McCain, John, and Mark Salter. Faith of My Fathers. New York: Random House, 1999.

  McGarvey, Patrick J. CIA: The Myth and the Madness. New York: Saturday Review, 1972.

  McGwire, Michael, and John McDonnell, eds. Soviet Naval Influence. New York: Praeger, 1977.

  McNamara, Robert S., with Brian Van de Mark. In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam. New York: Vintage Books, 1995.

  Mercer, Derrik. Chronicle of the Twentieth Century. London: Longman Communications, 1988.

  Merlin, Samuel, ed. The Big Powers and the Present Crises in the Middle East: A Colloquium. Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1968.

  Mersky, Peter B. Israeli Fighter Aces. North Branch, Minn: Speciality, 1997.

  Moore, John Norton, ed. The Arab-Israeli Conflict. Vol. 2, Readings. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974.

  ———. Jane’s Fighting Ships. London: Jane’s, 1987.

  Moore, Molly. A Woman at War. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1993.

  Morris, James M. History of the US Navy. New York: Bison Books, 1984.

  Morrison, Samuel Eliot. John Paul Jones: A Sailor’s Biography. Boston: Little, Brown, 1959.

  Narkis, Uzi. The Liberation of Jerusalem. Totowa, N.J.: Valentine, Mitchell, 1983.

  Naval and Maritime Chronology. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1973.

  Neff, Donald. Warriors at Suez: Eisenhower Takes America into the Middle East. New York: Linden, 1981.

  ———. Warriors for Jerusalem: The Six Days That Changed the Middle East. New York: Linden Press/Simon & Schuster, 1984.

  Noel, John V., Jr., and Frank E. Bassett, eds. Knight’s Modern Seamanship. 16th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977.

  O’Ballance, Edgar. The Third Arab-Israeli War. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1972.

  O’Brien, Conor Cruise. The Siege. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986.

  O’Connell, D. P. The Influence of Law on Sea Power. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1975.

  Ofer, Yehuda. Operation Thunder: The Entebbe Raid. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1976.

  Patai, Raphael. The Arab Mind. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1983.

  Pearson, Anthony. Conspiracy of Silence: The Attack on the U.S.S. Liberty. London: Quartet Books, 1978.

  Pett, Saul, ed. Lightning Out of Israel. New York: Associated Press, 1967.

  Polmar, Norman. Guide to the Soviet Navy. 12th ed. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1986.

  ———. The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet. 15th ed. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1993.

  ———. The Naval Institute Guide to the Soviet Navy. 5th ed. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1991.

  Polmar, Norman, and Thomas B. Allen. Spy Book: The Encyclopedia of Espionage. New York: Random House, 1997.

  Polmar, Norman, Warren Mark, and Eric Werthheim. Dictionary of Military Abbreviations. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1994.

  Pope, Dudley. The Battle of the River Plate. New York: Avon Books, 1956.

  Prados, John. Keeper of the Keys. New York: William Morrow, 1991.

  Puschel, Karen L. US-Israeli Strategic Cooperation in the Post-Cold War Era. Jerusalem: Jerusalem Post, 1992.

  Quandt, William B. Decade of Decisions: American Policy toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1967–1976. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977.

  ———. United States Policy in the Middle East: Constraints and Choices. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand, 1970. Rabin, Yitzhak. The Rabin Memoirs. Boston: Little, Brown, 1979.

  ———. The Rabin Memoirs. 2d ed. Bnei Brak, Israel: Steimatzky, 1994.

  Rabinovich, Abraham. The Battle for Jerusalem. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1972.

  ———. The Boats of Cherbourg: The Secret Israeli Operation That Revolutionized Naval Warfare. New York: Seaver Books/Henry Holt, 1988.

  Ranelagh, John. The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986.

  Rausa, Rosario. Skyraider: The Douglas A-1 “Flying Dump Truck.” Baltimore: Nautical & Aviation, 1987.

  Raviv, Dan, and Yossi Melman. Every Spy a Prince: The Complete History of Israel’s Intelligence Community. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990.

  ———. Friends in Deed: Inside the U.S.-Israel Alliance. New York: Hyperion, 1994 />
  Regan, Geoffrey. Blue on Blue: A History of Friendly Fire. New York: Avon Books, 1995.

  ———. Israel and the Arabs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

  Rostow, W. W. The Diffusion of Power 1957–1972. New York: Macmillan, 1972.

  Rubenberg, Cheryl A. Israel and the American National Interest: A Critical Examination. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986.

  Rubenstein, Murray, and Richard Goldman. Shield of David: An Illustrated History of the Israeli Air Force. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1978.

  Rubinstein, Alvin Z., ed. The Arab-Israeli Conflict: Perspectives. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1984.

  Rusk, Dean, as told to Richard Rusk. As I Saw It. New York: W. W. Norton, 1990.

  Russell, John. The Book of Seamanship. New York: Ziff Davis, 1979.

  Sachar, Howard A. Israel and Europe: An Appraisal in History. New York: Vintage Books, 2000.

  Safran, Nadav. From War to War: The Arab-Israeli Confrontation, 1948–1967. New York: Pegasus, 1969.

  ———. Israel: The Embattled Ally. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982.

  Sasson, Jean. Princess: A True Story of Life behind the Veil in Saudi Arabia. New York: William Morrow, 1992.

  Saunders, Harold H. “Regulating Soviet-U.S. Competition and Cooperation in the Arab-Israeli Arena, 1967–86.” In U.S.-Soviet Security Cooperation: Achievements, Failures, Lessons, edited by Alexander L. George, Philip J. Farley, and Alexander Dallin. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

  Schack, Howard H., and H. Paul Jeffers. A Spy in Canaan. New York: Carol, 1993.

  Schiff, Zeev. A History of the Israeli Army (1870–1974). Translated and edited by Raphael Rothstein. San Francisco: Straight Arrow Books, 1974.

  ———. A History of the Israeli Army: 1874 to the Present. New York: Macmillan, 1985.

  Schindler, Dietrich, and Jiri Toman. The Laws of Armed Conflict. 2d ed. Alphen aanden Rijn, The Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1981.

  Schoenbaum, David. The United States and the State of Israel. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

  Schumacher, F. Carl, Jr., and George C. Wilson. Bridge of No Return: The Ordeal of the U.S.S. Pueblo. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971.

  Scott, James. Attack on the Liberty. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009.

  A Seaman’s Guide to the Rule of the Road. 4th ed. Bristol, England: Morgans Technical Books, 1985.

  Shavit, David. The United States in the Middle East: A Historical Dictionary. New York: Greenwood, 1988.

  Shirot, Pincus. Yitzhak Rabin (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Kol Haskanot Shmerot, 1979.

  Shrader, Charles R. Amicicide: The Problem of Friendly Fire in Modern War. Fort Leavenworth, Kans.: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1982.

  Silverberg, Robert. If I Forget Thee, O Jerusalem: American Jews and the State of Israel. New York: William Morrow, 1970.

  Simon, Reeva S., Philip Mattar, and Richard W. Bulliet. Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 1996.

  Slater, Leonard. The Pledge. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970.

  Slater, Robert. Rabin of Israel. New York: St. Martin’s, 1993.

  ———. Warrior-Statesman: The Life of Moshe Dayan. New York: St. Martin’s, 1991.

  Smith, Charles D. Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. New York: St. Martin’s, 1988.

  Snyder, Frank M. Command and Control: The Literature and Commentaries. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University, 1993.

  Sontag, Sherry, and Christopher Drew. Blind Man’s Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage. New York: HarperPaperbacks, 1999.

  Soustelle, Jacques. The Long March of Israel. New York: American Heritage, 1969.

  Spanier, John. American Foreign Policy since World War II. 11th ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1988.

  Spick, Mike, and Barry Wheeler. The New Illustrated Guide to Modern Aircraft Markings. New York: Smithmark, 1992.

  Spiegel, Steven L. The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict: Making America’s Middle East Policy, from Truman to Reagan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.

  Spiro, David E. “The Insignificance of the Liberal Peace.” In Debating the Democratic Peace: An International Security Reader, edited by Michael Brown, Sean M. Lynn-Jones, and Steven E. Miller. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996.

  Stebbins, Richard P. The United States in World Affairs 1967. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1968.

  Steven, Stewart. The Spy-Masters of Israel. New York: MacMillan, 1980.

  Stevenson, William. Israeli Victory. London: Corgi Books, 1967.

  ———. Zanek! A Chronicle of the Israeli Air Force. New York: Viking, 1971.

  Taylor, Alan. The Superpowers and the Middle East. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1991.

  Taylor, James. Pearl Harbor II: The True Story of the Sneak Attack by Israel upon the U.S.S. “Liberty,” June 8, 1967. Washington, D.C.: Mideast, 1980.

  Taylor, W. R., ed. Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the Present. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1969.

  Teveth, Shabtai. Moshe Dayan: The Soldier, the Man, the Legend. London: Quartet Books, 1974.

  Tully, Andrew. The Super Spies: More Secret, More Powerful than the CIA. New York: William Morrow, 1969.

  U.S. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment. Who Goes There: Friend or Foe? OTA-ISC-537. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993.

  U.S. Department of the Navy. Blue Jackets Manual. 11th ed. Annapolis, Md.: U.S. Naval Institute, 1943.

  ———. Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations. NWP-9. Washington, D.C., 1987.

  ———. Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations. NWP-9 (Rev A). Washington, D.C., 1989.

  ———. Law of Naval Warfare. NWP 10–2. Washington, D.C., 1955.

  Warner, Oliver. Great Sea Battles. New York: Exeter Books, 1981.

  Watts, Allan. Instant Wind Forecasting. London: Adlard Coles Nautical, 1875, 1991.

  Wells, Anthony R. “The June 1967 Arab-Israeli War.” In “Superpower Naval Confrontation,” edited by Stephen S. Roberts. In Soviet Naval Diplomacy, edited by Bradford Dismukes and James M. McConnell. New York: Pergamon, 1979.

  Westwood, J. W. The History of the Middle East Wars. New York: Exeter Books, 1984.

  Wheeler, Barry C. An Illustrated Guide to Aircraft Markings. New York: Prentice Hall, 1986.

  Windchy, Eugene G. Tonkin Gulf. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1971.

  Wouk, Herman. The Hope. Boston: Little, Brown, 1993.

  Wright, Quincy. “The Middle East Crisis.” In The Arab-Israeli Conflict. Vol. 2, Readings, edited by John Norton Moore. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974.

  Wylie, J. C. “The Sixth Fleet and American Diplomacy.” In Soviet-American Rivalry in the Middle East, edited by J. C. Hurewitz. New York: Praeger, 1969.

  Yonay, Ehud. No Margin for Error: The Making of the Israeli Air Force. New York: Pantheon Books, 1993.

  Young, Peter. The Israeli Campaign 1967. London: William Kimber, 1967.

  Zmora, Ohad. The Victory: The Six-Day War of 1967. Tel Aviv: E. Lewis Epstein, 1967.

  Articles

  “Ahead of the News: U.S.S. Liberty: Caught in Political Currents?” Newsweek. June 26, 1967, 13.

  Anderson, Jim. “New Light Shed on Israeli Attack on U.S. Spy Ship.” United Press International. March 18, 1984.

  Belyayev, I., and Ye. Primakov. “Kak Izrail nachal agressiyu” [How Israel began the aggression]. Pravda, July 27, 1967. Translated by Gregory Koldys.

  Berger, Thomas J. “Parting Shot: Case Closed on USS Liberty.” Soldier of Fortune 14, no. 3 (March 1989): 96.

  Berman, Sylvan M. “An Historical Note: The 1967 Israeli Attack on the American Electronic Spy Ship Revisited.” International Problems 18 (Fall 1979): 59–63.

  Bouchard, Joseph F. “Accidents and Crises: Panay, Liberty, and Stark.” Naval War College Review 41, no. 4 (Autumn 1988): 87–102.
<
br />   Buckley, William F., Jr. “The Week.” National Review, June 27, 1967, 673.

  Caldwell, Robert J. “It’s Time to Tell the Truth about Israel’s Attack on the Liberty.” San Diego Union, June 14, 1987.

  “C.I.A. Papers Cite Israelis in Attack on U.S. Navy Ship.” New York Times, September 19, 1977. (Colebrook, New Hampshire) News and Sentinel. January 27, 1988.

  Crowley, Dale. “Liberty Survivor Fixes the Blame.” Colebrook (N.H.) News and Sentinel, January 27, 1988.

  Ennes, James M., Jr. “The Israeli Assault on the U.S.S. Liberty.” Retired Officer, June 1985, 22–24.

  ———. “Israeli Attack on U.S. Ship Reveals Failure of C3.” Defense Electronics 13 (October 1991): 60–71.

  ———. “Spies Expect to Be Shot but the USS Liberty Was Humiliated.” Dossier, no. 5 (1983): 5–9.

  ———. “The U.S.S. Liberty.” Link 25, no. 2 (May/June 1992): 5–6.

  ———. “The USS Liberty Affair.” Link 17, no. 2 (May/June 1984): 1–13.

  ———. “The USS Liberty: Back in the News.” American-Arab Affairs, no. 15 (Winter 1985–86): 19–29, 104–106.

  ———. “The USS Liberty: Israel Can’t Seem to Get Its Story Straight.” American-Arab Affairs, no. 17 (Summer 1986): 16–25, 131–40.

  “An Error of War—and U.S. Seamen Die.” U.S. News & World Report, June 19, 1967, 10.

  Evans, Rowland, and Robert Novak. “Remembering the Liberty.” Washington Post, November 6, 1991.

  Le Figaro. June 8, 1967. Edition de 5 heures.

  “Finis.” Newsweek, July 3, 1967, 24.

  Fishel, Reverdy S. “The Attack on the Liberty: An ‘Accident’?” Intelligence and Counterintelligence 8, no. 3 (Fall 1995): 345–52.

  Fraser, R. R. “Parting Shot: No Justice for USS Liberty.” Soldier of Fortune, 13, no. 9 (September 1988): 96.

  Furmess, Adrian. “Misfortune or Murder?” TV Times (London), January 24–30, 1987.

  Goodman, Hirsh. “The Battle over the Liberty.” Jerusalem Report, December 19, 1991, 40.

  ———. “Messrs. Errors and No Facts.” Jerusalem Report, November 21, 1991, 42.

  Goodman, Hirsch, and Zeev Schiff. “The Attack on the Liberty.” Atlantic Monthly, September 1984, 79–84.

  Greenhouse, Linda. “The Roots and the Rudiments of Compensation to Foreigners.” New York Times, July 13, 1988.