146. Bṛhadbrahma Saṃhitā 3.2.52–56.
147. Bṛhadbrahma Saṃhitā 3.2.56; 3.2.58–77. Cf. Vṛndāvana Māhātmya of the Padma Purāṇa (Veṅk) Pātāla 70.25–47.
148. Bṛhadbrahma Saṃhitā 3.2.79–151. The Vṛndāvana Māhātmya does not include a parallel section discussing these fourfold manifestations of Nārāyaṇa’s abode.
149. See Bṛhadbrahma Saṃhitā 3.2.56–58.
150. Vṛndāvana Māhātmya of the Padma Purāṇa (Veṅk) Pātāla 72.134–147. I will discuss in Chapter 6 the role of maṇḍala visualization as a meditative practice in the Vṛndāvana Māhātmya.
151. For an overview of Gauḍīya cosmography as represented by Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja in the Caitanya Caritāmṛta, see Chapter 1, pp. 48–49.
152. Caitanya Caritāmṛta 2.17.146–2.18.146.
153. Dimock 1999: 31–32.
154. See Entwistle 1987: 144, 257–258; Haberman 1994: 63–66, 68. For a discussion of alternative constructions of Caitanya’s visit to Vraja, see Entwistle 1987: 256–257; Carney 1992.
155. Caitanya Caritāmṛta 2.17.146–219.
156. Caitanya Caritāmṛta 2.17.213–216.
157. Caitanya Caritāmṛta 2.18.1–13. In Caitanya Caritāmṛta 3.6.286–288 Caitanya refers to a Govardhana stone (śilā) as the body (kalevara or vigraha) of Kṛṣṇa.
158. Caitanya Caritāmṛta 2.18.14–48. According to Rādhāgovinda Nātha, Caitanya’s reluctance to set foot on Mount Govardhana was due to his belief that the mountain was the body of Kṛṣṇa (Dimock 1999: 598 n. 20).
159. Caitanya Caritāmṛta 2.18.49–63. I will discuss the significance of Akrūra-tīrtha in a later section of this chapter.
160. Caitanya Caritāmṛta 2.18.65–67. For a discussion of the anubhāvas and sāttvika-bhāvas in the rhetoric of bhakti-rasa theory, see Chapter 2, pp. 91–93, 102–103.
161. Caitanya Caritāmṛta 2.18.64–146.
162. Caitanya Caritāmṛta 2.17.154; 2.18.102–103; 2.18.108–111; 2.18.4.
163. Caitanya Caritāmṛta 2.18.102–107.
164. Caitanya Caritāmṛta 2.18.108–111.
165. See Caitanya Caritāmṛta 2.1.26–29, quoted earlier in the Introduction, p. 27.
166. Growse 1883: 241.
167. For a brief overview of the history and significance of the Govindadeva temple in Vṛndāvana, see Haberman 1994: 29–38. For extended studies of the historical odyssey of the Govindadeva mūrti, see Case 1996; Horstmann 1999; Packert 2010: 123–175.
168. See Entwistle 1987: 147, 166–167, 402, 185.
169. Among recent studies of the Rādhāramaṇa temple, see Case 2000: 73–97; Valpey 2006: 43–78; Packert 2010: 28–73.
170. See Haberman 1994: 101–103; Entwistle 1987: 148, 338–340.
171. See Caitanya Caritāmṛta 3.13.88–134, in which Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja gives a brief account of Raghunātha Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmin’s interactions with Caitanya and his role in Vṛndāvana. See also De 1961: 125; Entwistle 1987: 148.
172. See Brzezinski 1992: 19–22; Gupta 2007: 6–10; Haberman 1994: 34–35, 102; Entwistle 1987: 148, 166–167, 406.
173. Haberman 1994: xi–xii. For discussions of the life, works, and contributions of Nārāyaṇa Bhaṭṭa, see Haberman 1994: 55–63; Entwistle 1987: 252–255.
174. See De 1961: 153; Caitanya Caritāmṛta 2.1.35.
175. Regarding the manuscript versions of the text, Entwistle (1987: 235, with n. 350) notes three manuscripts that do not name Rūpa Gosvāmin as the author, two that are dated 1624 and 1717 and a third that is undated. However, De (1961: 153, with n. 7) mentions another undated manuscript of the Mathurā Māhātmya that is attributed to Rūpa Gosvāmin.
176. I will discuss later a number of the shared verses that are critical to Jīva Gosvāmin’s arguments regarding the ontology of Vraja. For a list of verses cited by Jīva Gosvāmin in the Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha that are also found in the Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin but are not found in any other versions of the Mathurā Māhātmya, see Entwistle 1987: 235 n. 34.
177. See Bhaktirasāmṛtasindhu 1.2.92; 1.2.235–237; 1.2.243; Laghubhāgavatāmṛta 1.5.480; 1.5.497. I will discuss later in this chapter Rūpa Gosvāmin’s representations of Vraja in the Laghubhāgavatāmṛta and the Bhaktirasāmṛtasindhu.
178. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 107 cites an unidentified passage from the Gautamīya Tantra and 384–388 cites an unidentified passage from the Bṛhadgautamīya Tantra. I will discuss the passage from the Bṛhadgautamīya Tantra later.
179. For a discussion of the problems with attributions in the Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin, see Entwistle 1987: 235–238. Regarding specific issues pertaining to the Gosvāmins’ citations of verses from the Padma Purāṇa, see pp. 217–219.
180. Regarding the shared material that is found in both the Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin and the Mathurā Māhātmya of the extant Varāha Purāṇa, Entwistle (1987: 236) remarks: “Variant readings in the verses they [the two Māhātmyas] share in common with Lakshmidhara’s māhātmya, and differences in the pairing and sequence of full and half lines, suggest that this [Rūpa’s] version of the māhātmya and the one in the extant Varāhapurāṇa have been derived independently from a common source. This source contained some of the material from an older Varāhapurāṇa that was used by Lakshmidhara.” For a brief discussion of Lakṣmīdhara’s Mathurā Māhātmya, see pp. 210–211, with n. 70.
181. Entwistle 1987: 236.
182. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 3–17, 22–29.
183. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 86–99.
184. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 98, citing an unidentified verse from the Saura Purāṇa. See also 33–34, which cites a passage from the Ādivarāha Purāṇa that is a variant of Mathurā Māhātmya of the Varāha Purāṇa 167.2–3, quoted earlier.
185. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 100–107.
186. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 108–123.
187. For a definition of the four puruṣārthas, ends of human existence, see Chapter 4, n. 131.
188. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 110, citing an unidentified verse from the Padma Purāṇa. As I will discuss in a later section of this chapter, this verse is also cited in Bhaktirasāmṛtasindhu 1.2.235–237 along with two other verses from the Padma Purāṇa that are cited in Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 132, 136.
189. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 111–123.
190. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 132–135.
191. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 132, citing an unidentified verse from the Padma Purāṇa. As I will discuss in a later section, this verse is also cited in Bhaktirasāmṛtasindhu 1.2.235–237 along with two other verses from the Padma Purāṇa that are cited in Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 110, 136.
192. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 331–345.
193. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 141–153. Whereas in 141 and 153 Mathurā-maṇḍala is described as twenty yojanas, in 154 the region is said to be twelve yojanas.
194. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 154, 156–161, citing an unidentified passage from the Mathurā Khaṇḍa of the Skanda Purāṇa. Cf. the variant of this passage in Mathurā Māhātmya of the Varāha Purāṇa 161.14–20, quoted earlier on p. 212.
195. Upadeśāmṛta 9.
196. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 198–295.
197. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 219–229.
198. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 239–250, 231–232.
199. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 253–289; cf. 208–211.
200. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 347–417.
201. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 347, 198–207.
202. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 363–367.
203. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 373–415.
204. Mathurā Māhātmya of
Rūpa Gosvāmin 373–388.
205. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 375–379, citing an unidentified passage from the Mathurā Khaṇḍa of the Skanda Purāṇa.
206. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 389–394. Cf. Mathurā Māhātmya of the Varāha Purāṇa 151.49, which cites a verse extolling the merits of obtaining darśana of the mūrti of Govinda in Vṛndāvana, a variant of which is cited in 389 of Rūpa’s Māhātmya, where its source is identified as the Ādivarāha Purāṇa. This verse is also cited by Rūpa in Bhaktirasāmṛtasindhu 1.2.166.
207. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 390–392, citing an unidentified passage from the Mathurā Khaṇḍa of the Skanda Purāṇa; 393–394, citing an unidentified passage from the Saura Purāṇa.
208. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 395–402. Cf. Mathurā Māhātmya of the Varāha Purāṇa 154.7–8, which cites a passage regarding an unnamed kuṇḍa, a variant of which is cited in 395–396 of Rūpa’s Māhātmya, where its source is identified as the Ādivarāha Purāṇa. In addition to Brahma-kuṇḍa in Vṛndāvana, a second Brahma-kuṇḍa forms part of the Govardhana network, as we shall see, and is extolled by Rūpa in Mathurā Māhātmya 432–434.
209. See Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 400–402, quoted on p. 247.
210. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 403.
211. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 404–410.
212. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 413–415.
213. See Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 405, 407–408, quoted on p. 247.
214. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 418–442.
215. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 418–422, 429–430, citing a series of unidentified verses from the Ādivarāha Purāṇa. Variants of these verses are cited in Mathurā Māhātmya of the Varāha Purāṇa 162.1; 162.11–12; 162.23–24; 162.13; 162.17; 162.15.
216. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 432–434. Cf. Mathurā Māhātmya of the Varāha Purāṇa 162.2–3, which cites a passage regarding an unnamed kuṇḍa, a variant of which is cited in 433–434 of Rūpa’s Māhātmya, where its source is identified as the Ādivarāha Purāṇa. As mentioned earlier in n. 208, this Brahma-kuṇḍa forms part of the Govardhana network and needs to be distinguished from the Brahma-kuṇḍa that is in Vṛndāvana.
217. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 435–436. Cf. Mathurā Māhātmya of the Varāha Purāṇa 162.22, which cites a verse regarding an unnamed kuṇḍa, a variant of which is cited in 436 of Rūpa’s Māhātmya, where its source is identified as the Ādivarāha Purāṇa.
218. See Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 425–428, quoted on pp. 247–248.
219. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 437–442.
220. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 438, citing an unidentified verse from the Mathurā Khaṇḍa of the Skanda Purāṇa.
221. Upadeśāmṛta 9.
222. See, for example, Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 24–26.
223. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 73–81.
224. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 81, citing an unidentified verse from the Vāyu Purāṇa. As mentioned in the following note, this verse is also cited by Jīva Gosvāmin in Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106.
225. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 73 cites an unidentified verse from the Ādivarāha Purāṇa that is also cited in Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106, and a variant of this verse is also found in Mathurā Māhātmya of the Varāha Purāṇa 167.1. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 74 cites an unidentified verse from the Ādivarāha Purāṇa, a portion of which is also cited in Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 75 cites an unidentified verse from the Padma Purāṇa, a portion of which is also cited in Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106; Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 77 cites Bhāgavata Purāṇa 4.8.42, which is also cited in Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 112; Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 78 cites Bhāgavata Purāṇa 10.1.28, a portion of which is also cited in Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 111; Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 81 cites the unidentified verse from the Vāyu Purāṇa quoted immediately above, a variant of which is also cited in Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106.
226. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 124–128.
227. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 124, citing an unidentified verse from the Ādivarāha Purāṇa, a portion of which is also cited by Jīva Gosvāmin in Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106.
228. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 125, citing an unidentified verse from the Skanda Purāṇa.
229. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 127, citing a verse from the Padma Purāṇa that is identified as coming from the Nirvāṇa Khaṇḍa. This verse corresponds to Padma Purāṇa (Veṅk) Pātāla 73.26–27, which forms part of the Vṛndāvana Māhātmya. This verse is also cited by Rūpa in Laghubhāgavatāmṛta 1.5.507, where the Khaṇḍa is not specified, and by Jīva Gosvāmin in Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 117, where the verse is identified as coming from the Nirmāṇa Khaṇḍa.
230. As mentioned in nn. 227, 229, Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 124 cites an unidentified verse from the Ādivarāha Purāṇa, a portion of which is also cited in Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106; Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 127 cites a verse from the Padma Purāṇa that is also cited in Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 117. In addition, Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 126 cites an unidentified verse from the Padma Purāṇa, a portion of which is also cited in Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106.
231. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 136–140.
232. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 138, citing an unidentified verse from the Ādivarāha Purāṇa that is also cited by Jīva Gosvāmin in Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106. For a list of the fourteen worlds in Gauḍīya cosmology, which the Gauḍīyas derive from Bhāgavata Purāṇa 2.5.36; 2.5.38–41, see Chapter 1, n. 62.
233. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 136–137, citing two unidentified verses from the Padma Purāṇa that are both cited by Rūpa in Laghubhāgavatāmṛta 1.5.503; 1.5.505 and by Jīva Gosvāmin in Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106. The first of the two verses is also cited by Rūpa in Bhaktirasāmṛtasindhu 1.2.237 and by Jīva in Bhakti Sandarbha 283.
234. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 85.
235. See n. 178.
236. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 385–388, citing an unidentified passage from the Bṛhadgautamīya Tantra. A variant of this passage is cited by Jīva Gosvāmin in Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106 and Digdarśanīṭīkā on Brahma Saṃhitā 5.43, where it is also attributed to the Bṛhadgautamīya Tantra. Both of the passages cited by Rūpa and Jīva are variants of Padma Purāṇa (Veṅk) Pātāla 75.8–13, quoted earlier on p. 223, which forms part of the Vṛndāvana Māhātmya.
237. As mentioned in n. 236, a variant of this passage from the Bṛhadgautamīya Tantra is cited by Jīva Gosvāmin in Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106 and Digdarśanīṭīkā on Brahma Saṃhitā 5.43. I will discuss Jīva’s interpretation of this passage in a later section of this chapter.
238. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 400–402, citing an unidentified passage from the Varāha Purāṇa that is also cited by Jīva Gosvāmin in Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106.
239. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 405, 407–408, citing an unidentified passage from the Varāha Purāṇa. The last two verses are also cited by Jīva Gosvāmin in Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106.
240. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 425–428, citing an unidentified passage from the Varāha Purāṇa.
241. See Bhāgavata Purāṇa 10.24.35–37, discussed earlier on p. 208.
242. See Caitanya Caritāmṛta 2.18.20–39, discussed earlier. Regarding representations of Mount Govardhana as a body, with specific sites on the Govardhana pilgrimage circuit correlated with specific parts of the body, see Entwistle 1987: 281–282. During my field research in Braj in 2003 I heard the comment on numerous occasions from Gauḍīya pilgrims and local residents that it is not appropriate
to walk on Mount Govardhana because it is the body of Kṛṣṇa.
243. See Caitanya Caritāmṛta 3.6.281–302.
244. Lynch (1988: 176, 184–187, 189–191) emphasizes that when Mount Govar-dhana is ascribed the status of a svarūpa of Kṛṣṇa, it is revered as a metonymic divinity that is “neither a symbol of nor a metaphor for divinity” but is rather directly identified with the supreme Godhead as “living divinity.” See also Haberman 1994: 124–125.
245. Mathurā Māhātmya of Rūpa Gosvāmin 385–388, citing an unidentified passage from the Bṛhadgautamīya Tantra. This passage is a variant of Padma Purāṇa (Veṅk) Pātāla 75.8–13, quoted earlier on p. 223, which forms part of the Vṛndāvana Māhātmya.
246. A variant of this passage from the Bṛhadgautamīya Tantra is cited by Jīva Gosvāmin in Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106 and Digdarśanīṭīkā on Brahma Saṃhitā 5.43. I will elaborate on Jīva’s interpretation of this passage in a later section of this chapter.
247. See especially Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106. I will discuss Jīva Gosvāmin’s arguments in a later section.
248. Vrajabhaktivilāsa 1.93.
249. Janaki Prasāda Bhaṭṭa, Nārāyaṇa Bhaṭṭa Caritāmṛta 186. Cited in Haberman 1994: 125.
250. Haberman 1994: 125–126.
251. See Laghubhāgavatāmṛta 1.5.480; 1.5.497.
252. Laghubhāgavatāmṛta 1.5.308; 1.5.485; 1.5.497; 1.5.519.
253. Laghubhāgavatāmṛta 1.5.435–439; 1.5.451; 1.5.485; 1.5.489; 1.5.496; 1.5.506–507; 1.5.519.
254. Laghubhāgavatāmṛta 1.5.392.
255. Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106, 107, 109.
256. Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106.
257. After providing an extended analysis of the dhāmans of Kṛṣṇa in Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106–116, Jīva Gosvāmin discusses Kṛṣṇa’s parikaras and his unmanifest and manifest līlā in the remaining anucchedas of the Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha.
258. Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106, 107, 116.
259. Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106, which includes a citation from Bhāgavata Purāṇa 10.69.2.
260. Kṛṣṇa Sandarbha 106.
261. Jīva Gosvāmin discusses the distinguishing features of mahā-bhāgavatas in Bhakti Sandarbha 186, 188–189, 191–198.
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