Bhakti and Embodiment
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Fort, Andrew O. 344n77
Foucault, Michel 9, 308, 321n23, 321n25, 322n27
fourteen worlds 192, 196, 245, 383n232; bhūr-loka/earth in middle 49, 310, 334n62; contained in each Brahmā-universe/cosmos body 49, 57, 70, 71, 195, 254, 298, 299, 310; lotus of 58, 59, 70, 71, 298, 299; and second puruṣa-avatāra, Garbhodakaśāyin Viṣṇu 58, 298, 299; seven lower worlds 49, 245, 310, 334n62; six higher worlds 49, 310, 334n62; and third puruṣa-avatāra, Kṣīrodakaśāyin Viṣṇu 57, 59–60, 70, 298
Frank, Arthur W. 321n23, 321n25, 322n27
Freund, Peter E. S. 321n23
Gail, Adalbert 328n87
Gallagher, Catherine 321n24, 322n32
Gallop, Jane 322n30
gandharvas (celestial musicians) 16, 253, 310
Gaṅgā River 127, 135–136, 174, 284, 354n168, 356n216, 356n219
Garbhodakaśāyin Viṣṇu: as aṃśa of an aṃśa 58, 70, 298, 306; as antar-yāmin/indwelling Self of Brahmā-universes/cosmos bodies 57, 58, 70, 298; initiates pratisarga/secondary creation 58, 70, 298, 299; as manifestation of Pradyumna 56–57, 58; as second puruṣa-avatāra 53fig2, 57, 58, 59, 69–70, 298, 299, 306, 337n123; as source of guṇa-avatāras 58, 59, 70, 298, 299, 306; as thousand-headed puruṣa 58, 70
Garuḍa Purāṇa 119, 125, 149–151, 359n268, 360n299, 360n305
Gatens, Moira 322n30
Gauḍīya tradition 31–79, 139–157, 175–197, 228–270, 277–293; and Advaita Vedānta 15, 29, 32, 33, 37, 40–46, 70, 74, 84, 85, 103–107, 143, 304–306, 324n58, 332n37, 332n43; bhakti-śāstra 26, 27, 29–30, 84, 295, 303, 304; and Brahma Sampradāya 29, 191, 306; and Brahma-Sūtras 42–43, 143, 144, 149, 151, 152, 358n247, 360n299; cosmography 48–49, 70–71, 229, 245, 250, 253, 256–260, 282–283, 296–298, 302, 309–311, 314–315, 379n151, 385n273; discourse of divine embodiment 28, 29, 31–32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 45–46, 47, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76, 78–79, 84, 85, 103, 177, 181, 295–296, 299, 300, 303–304; discourse of embodiment xiii, 15, 20, 26, 28, 29, 30, 78–79, 104, 109, 160, 175, 183, 200, 229, 248, 263, 272, 293, 295, 304, 306, 308, 309, 315, 316, 324n58, 338n139, 339nn140–141; discourse of human embodiment 28, 29, 35, 78–79, 84, 85, 94, 99, 102, 103, 181, 295–296, 300, 304, 311–312, 313–314, 316; Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava Vedānta 31, 40, 42, 306; hermeneutics of embodiment 76, 77, 299, 300; and Madhva 29, 42, 143, 144, 191, 306; and Pāñcarātra traditions 29, 46, 54, 73–74, 224, 285–289, 292–293, 306–308, 326n75, 390n60; and Pātañjala Yoga 15, 29, 32, 37, 40, 43–46, 70, 84, 85, 89–90, 103–107, 277–278, 304–306, 324n58; principle or theology of superordination 31–32, 37, 44, 45–46, 84, 89, 100, 107, 277, 304, 306, 337; and Pūrva-Mīmāṃsā 40, 141–143, 145, 146–147, 159, 178; and Puṣṭi Mārga 2, 29, 132, 199, 201, 211, 306, 320n11, 371n6; and Rāma bhakti traditions 29, 182, 191, 306; and Rāmānuja 29, 42, 74, 75, 143, 144, 191, 306; and Śaṃkara 40–43, 143, 144, 146–147, 152, 332n30, 332n37, 332n40; and Sāṃkhya 15, 40, 43, 44; and Śrīvaiṣṇava Sampradāya 27, 29, 73–76, 79, 191, 217–218, 234, 306, 307, 326n75; and tantric traditions 29, 277–278, 280, 285–286, 289, 292–293, 304, 307–308, 390n60; and Vallabha 2, 29, 199, 306; and Vedānta 31, 42, 141, 143, 145, 152; see also Caitanya; Gopāla Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmin; Jīva Gosvāmin; Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja; Raghunātha Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmin; Raghunāthadāsa Gosvāmin; Rūpa Gosvāmin; Sanātana Gosvāmin
Gautamīya Tantra 237, 246, 288, 390n70
gāyatrī mantra 149, 151, 168, 359n289
Germano, David 324n48
Gerow, Edwin 340n10
Gillerman, Sharon 322–323n35, 323n41
Gilman, Sander 322n35
Gītagovinda 319n1
Goa, David J. 365n51
goddesses 21, 22; see also Devī; specific goddesses
gods: and avatāras 22, 60–61, 63; and Bhāgavata Purāṇa 126, 131, 135–136, 139, 154; bodies or forms of 22, 47, 69, 115, 159, 223, 246, 262, 297, 310, 311; and Brahmā 59, 115, 147, 159; classes of 16, 310; eternal gods in Paravyoman 283; genealogies of 119; imperishable abode of 161–162; and Kṛṣṇa 47, 69, 125, 127, 131, 139, 151, 154, 209, 223, 246, 262, 288–289, 297, 311, 390n70; and light 151, 161–162; lokas/worlds or realms of 116, 122, 130, 147, 151, 161–162, 209, 215, 253, 310, 314–315; and mantras 161–163, 169, 171, 287; and manvantaras 64; and Mathurā 216, 240, 253; and Mathurā-maṇḍala 215, 269; mūrtis/images of 23, 215, 326n74; names of 115, 159; and nectar of immortality 60, 63; and Prajāpati 164; and primordial Purāṇa 122, 147; and Purāṇas 111; and ṛṣis/seers 116, 130, 151, 161–163; and tattvas 57; and tīrthas 22–23, 215, 269; and Vedas 115, 126, 130, 151, 159, 161–163, 164, 171; and Viṣṇu 125; and Vraja or Vṛndāvana 223, 246, 253, 262, 288–289; and yajña/sacrifice 22, 163, 171; see also specific gods
Gokula 34, 193, 201, 202, 204, 216, 217, 220, 229, 237, 241, 244, 250, 251, 257, 258, 260, 268, 371n6, 371n8; see also Vraja or Vṛndāvana
Goloka or Goloka-Vṛndāvana: see Vraja or Vṛndāvana: as transcendent Vraja/Vṛndāvana/Goloka-Vṛndāvana
Gonda, Jan 82, 161, 162, 339n3, 345n8, 346n17, 362n1, 362n4, 362nn6–7, 362n9, 362n11, 363n18, 363n20, 364n44, 365n51
Gopāla 390n70; as cowherd of Vraja or Vṛndāvana 2, 37, 39, 206; flute as emblem of 2, 36, 39, 47, 74, 276, 288; as form of Kṛṣṇa in mādhurya mode 36, 37, 47, 251, 256, 297; gopa/cowherd form of 1, 36–37, 39, 47, 73, 78, 88, 256, 260, 282; līlā of 1, 2, 36, 73, 78, 88, 251; as master of līlā 2; and Mathurā 253, 276; mūrti/image of 231; names of 177, 179; as pūrṇa Bhagavān 90, 279; as svayaṃ-rūpa/essential form of Kṛṣṇa 36–37, 39, 47, 48, 73, 74, 78, 251, 256, 297, 307; as two-armed form 36, 37, 39, 47, 73, 74, 256, 288, 307; vigraha/absolute body of 36–37, 39, 47, 71, 74, 78, 256, 260, 276, 282, 307; and Vraja or Vṛndāvana 1, 2, 36, 37, 39, 48, 73, 78, 88, 90, 177, 179, 201, 202, 205, 206, 251, 255, 256, 260, 270, 276, 283, 288, 297, 386n289
Gopāla Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmin 5, 26, 27, 74, 234, 286, 320n13, 329nn95–96, 342n43, 366n77, 391n74; see also Haribhaktivilāsa
Gopāla Siṅgh 234
Gopālatāpanī Upaniṣad 39, 252, 253–254, 259, 281–282, 283–284, 331n17, 385n263, 389n39
gopas (cowherds) 69; as aṃśas/portions of Kṛṣṇa 260; as companions of Kṛṣṇa 1, 2, 35, 88, 90, 266, 283–284, 288–289; as cowherd boys 2, 90, 202, 204, 206, 208, 225, 242, 245, 276; as cowherd elders 202, 206; as cowherd friends of Kṛṣṇa 2, 5, 35, 88, 90, 98, 193, 194, 202, 204, 206, 208–209, 225, 275, 285, 297, 301–302, 371n6; and cows 202, 204, 225, 227, 255, 275; as embodiments of sakhya-rasa 90, 98, 194, 285, 297, 301–302; as eternal 35, 100, 245, 276; eternally connected with Kṛṣṇa 246; four gopas as guardians of cardinal directions 193, 194, 225, 227, 378n133, 378n143; as gopas/cowherds of Vraja 1, 2, 3, 35, 88, 90, 100, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 216, 256; and līlā/play 1, 2, 35, 88, 100, 202, 204, 208, 212, 214, 216, 227, 242, 246, 251, 255, 256, 264, 265, 266, 275, 276, 280, 283–284, 301–302; and līlā-smaraṇa/contemplative recollection 100; and meditation 100, 227, 265, 275, 280, 283–284, 285, 288–289, 390n70; myriads of 193, 194, 225, 227, 379n145; as nitya-siddhas/eternally perfect beings 35, 90, 98, 297, 301–302; as parikaras/pārṣadas/eternal associates 35, 88, 90, 98, 246, 251, 255, 264, 266, 280, 285, 288–289, 297, 301–302; and pulina-bhojana/riverside meal 194; as rāgātmikā bhaktas 98, 297, 301–302; as residents of Vraja 98, 100, 202, 210, 216, 266; and transcendent loka/abode of Kṛṣṇa 264–266, 353n163; and transcendent Vraja/Vṛndāvana/Goloka-Vṛndāvana 35, 88, 98, 100, 246, 251, 255, 256, 258, 260, 264–266, 275, 276, 280, 283–284, 285, 288–289, 297, 301–302
gopīs (cowmaidens): as companions of Kṛṣṇa 1, 2, 35, 88, 283–284, 288–289; as cowmaiden lovers of Kṛṣṇa 2, 35, 73, 83–84, 88, 90, 98, 193, 194, 202, 204, 208, 209, 225, 266, 275, 282, 285, 297, 301–302, 371n6; descent of 35, 73; eight gopīs as eight prakṛtis 225, 378n140; eight gopīs as eight śaktis 378n140; eight gopīs and lotus-maṇḍala 193, 225, 227, 378nn140–141; as emanations or partial manifestations of Rādhā 35, 72, 73, 90, 225; embodied bhakti of 84; as embodiments of mādhurya-rasa 90–
91, 98, 102, 194, 285, 290–291, 297, 301–302; emulation of or identification with 98, 100, 101–102, 285, 290–291, 301–302, 316; as eternal 35, 100, 245, 276; eternally connected with Kṛṣṇa 223, 246, 262; eternally united with Kṛṣṇa 210, 266; gopī narratives 120, 350n76; as gopīs/cowmaidens of Vraja 1, 2, 3, 35, 51, 88, 90, 100, 120, 204, 206, 208, 209, 210, 216, 256; as highest in hierarchy of bhaktas 340n23; as kāya-vyūhas of Rādhā 73; Kṛṣṇa steals garments of 221, 232; and līlā/play 1, 2, 6–7, 35, 51, 73, 88, 90, 100, 194, 202, 205, 206, 208, 209, 212, 214, 216, 227, 232, 242, 246, 251, 255, 256, 262, 266, 275, 276, 280, 283–284, 301–302, 339n8, 340–341n23; and līlā-smaraṇa/contemplative recollection 100; love-play with Kṛṣṇa 35, 84, 120, 205, 209, 280, 339n8, 371n6; as manifestations of bliss of hlādinī-śakti 35, 73, 90, 256, 266; and meditation 100, 102, 224, 227, 275, 280, 283–284, 285, 288–289, 290–291, 390n70; as nitya-siddhas/eternally perfect beings 35, 90, 98, 102, 290–291, 297, 301–302; as paradigmatic exemplars of erotic-ecstatic bhakti 84, 90, 120, 210; as paradigmatic exemplars of viraha-bhakti 83–84, 90, 266; as parikaras/pārṣadas/eternal associates 35, 88, 90, 98, 246, 251, 280, 285, 288–289, 290–291, 297, 301–302; and preman 73, 90, 194; as rāgātmikā bhaktas 98, 297, 301–302; and rāsa-līlā/circle dance 7, 35, 51, 194, 205, 208, 209, 227, 232, 256, 262, 280, 339n8, 340–341n23, 373n58; realization of gopī identity 100, 101–102, 275, 290–291, 316; as residents of Vraja 98, 100, 101–102, 202, 216, 223, 246, 262, 290–291; as sakhīs/companions of Rādhā 193; as śaktis 72, 378n140; sixteen gopīs as sixteen prakṛtis 225, 227; tapas of 203; and transcendent Vraja/Vṛndāvana/Goloka-Vṛndāvana 35, 73, 88, 90, 98, 100, 102, 223, 246, 251, 256, 260, 262, 266, 275, 276, 280, 283–284, 285, 288–289, 290–291, 297, 301–302; as women of Vraja 202, 205, 206, 372n15; see also Rādhā
Gosvāmin, Puruṣottama 320n17
Gosvāmin, Shrivatsa 320n17
Gosvāmins of Vṛndāvana 2, 26, 102, 134, 211, 217, 228, 233, 234, 235, 366n77, 376n104; see also Gopāla Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmin; Jīva Gosvāmin; Raghunātha Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmin; Raghunāthadāsa Gosvāmin; Rūpa Gosvāmin; Sanātana Gosvāmin
Govardhana, Mount 320n6; as body of Kṛṣṇa 3, 4, 231, 248, 320n8, 379n158, 384n242; and Caitanya 3, 231, 248, 320n8, 379n158; can be directly cognized/“seen”/experienced 243, 247–248, 276; decrease in size of 3, 320n7; and earthly Vṛndāvana 206, 207–208, 221, 242, 243, 250; engaged through circumambulation 3–4, 199, 214–215, 231, 243, 375n93; engaged through daṇḍavat-parikrama 3–4; engaged through pilgrimage 3–4, 199, 214–215, 231, 243, 375n93, 384n242; engaged through ritual worship 4, 208, 320n9; as hidden 243, 247; Kṛṣṇa as upholder of 3, 4, 207–208, 214–215, 231, 241, 243, 276; as metonymic divinity 384n244; as mountain form of Kṛṣṇa 3, 4, 208, 248; as pilgrimage place 3–4, 199, 213, 214–215, 231, 241, 242, 243–244, 250, 375n93, 384n242; as site of a great wonder 243, 247–248; transcendent features of 243, 247, 261; and transcendent Vraja/Vṛndāvana/Goloka-Vṛndāvana 261, 276; venerated through not setting foot on mountain 3, 231, 248, 379n158, 384n242; see also Govardhana, pilgrimage network of; Govardhana Pūjā; Govardhana śilās
Govardhana, pilgrimage network of: circumambulation of 3–4, 199, 214–215, 231, 243, 375n93; parikrama path 3–4, 199; as pilgrimage circuit within Vana-Yātrā 3–4, 199, 384n242; as pilgrimage network within Mathurā-maṇḍala 213, 214–215, 241, 242, 243–244, 250, 375nn92–93, 382n208, 382n216; see also Govardhana, Mount
Govardhana, village of 231
Govardhana Pūjā 4, 320n9
Govardhana śilās (stones): as aniconic mūrtis of Kṛṣṇa 4, 248; as bodies of Kṛṣṇa 231, 248, 379n157; and Caitanya 4, 231, 248, 379n157; as metonymic divinities 248; as svarūpas/natural forms of Kṛṣṇa 4, 248; worshiped through pūjā 4, 248
Govinda or Govindadeva: as form of Kṛṣṇa in mādhurya mode 50, 260; gopa/cowherd form of 50, 222, 225; and Jaipur 233–234, 339n143; and Jīva Gosvāmin 235; as keeper of cows 4, 50, 216, 260, 282; mūrti/image of 4, 27, 140–141, 212, 213, 214, 233–235, 237, 240–241, 242–243, 320n12, 339n143, 370n162, 375n90, 379n167, 381–382n206; and Raghunātha Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmin 140–141, 234–235; and Rūpa Gosvāmin 4, 27, 140–141, 233, 234–235, 237, 242–243, 320n12, 375n90; as svayaṃ-rūpa/essential form of Kṛṣṇa 50, 216, 225; temples of 27, 140–141, 233–235, 242–243, 339n143, 375n90, 375n93, 379n167; temple worship of 140–141, 234–235, 339n143; as vaibhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 335n77, 390n64; vigraha/absolute body of 39, 50, 257, 258, 281; and Vṛndāvana 4, 27, 140–141, 212, 213, 214, 216, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226, 233–235, 237, 241, 242–243, 257–258, 260, 370n162, 375n90, 379n167, 381–382n206; Vṛndāvana as body of 221, 222; Vṛndāvana or Goloka-Vṛndāvana as abode of 216, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226, 257–258, 260
Govinda-kuṇḍa 231, 243
Govindalīlāmṛta (Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja) 320n15, 343n67, 389n53
Govinda-tīrtha 242
Grapard, Allan G. 374n78
Griffiths, Paul J. 323n36, 324n48
Grillo, Laura 323n41
Grosz, Elizabeth 322n30
Growse, F. S. 233, 379n166
guṇas (constituents of prakṛti) 57, 58–59, 125, 167, 168, 209, 210, 222, 226, 264, 265, 267, 270, 283; see also prakṛti; rajas; sattva; tamas
Gupta, Anand Swarup 349nn65–67, 350n88
Gupta, Murāri 370n156
Gupta, Ravi M. 31, 42, 328n87, 328n91, 329n102, 330n1, 330n6, 332nn38–40, 338n133, 380n172
Gupta, Sanjukta 388n6, 388n13, 390n58
Gyatso, Janet 323n41, 324n48
Haberman, David L. 3, 91, 101, 199–200, 214, 235–236, 249–250, 319n3, 320n5, 320n7, 320nn11–12, 328n91, 329n100, 330n8, 339n141, 340n10, 341n24, 342n57, 343n62, 343n67, 343nn69–71, 371n2, 371n4, 375nn87–88, 376n104, 379n154, 379n167, 380n170, 380nn172–173, 384n244, 384nn249–250, 389n53
Hacker, Paul 83, 325–326n72, 339n5, 350nn77–78
Halbfass, Wilhelm 344n77, 345n11
Haṃsa: as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 63, 336n99; as prābhava līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 63
Hancock, Philip 321n23
Hardy, Friedhelm 25–26, 41, 83, 109, 325n65, 325n67, 326n72, 327n81, 328nn82–87, 332n31, 332n35, 339n3, 339n6, 344n4, 350n76, 350nn78–79, 351n118
Hari 46, 66–67, 91, 114, 125, 132, 136, 139, 150, 152, 154, 156, 157, 172, 239, 242, 244, 264, 268, 269; kīrtana of 133, 171, 176, 190; as manvantara-avatāra 53fig2, 65; mūrti/image of 55; name of 172, 173, 174–175, 176, 191, 192; temple of 95, 313; as vaibhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 55, 335n78; and yuga-avatāras 65
Haribhaktivilāsa (Gopāla Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmin) 27, 286, 287–291, 329n96, 342n43, 359n268, 389n39, 390n60, 390n65, 390n70, 390n73, 390–391n74, 391n75, 391n82, 391n84
Haridāsa, Swami 371n3
Haridāsa Ṭhākura 185–186, 187
Haridāsī Sampradāya 371n3
Harideva: and Govardhana 212, 213, 214–215, 231, 240–241, 243, 375n93; mūrti/image of 212, 213, 214–215, 231, 240–241, 243, 375n93; temple of 231, 375n93
Haridvāra 135–136, 174, 354n168
Harivaṃśa 23, 199, 201, 202, 319n1, 325–326n72, 333n52
Hawley, John Stratton 321n19, 325n67, 342n49, 354n168, 354n171, 373n38
Hayaśīrṣa: as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 62–63, 336n99; as vaibhava līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 62–63
Hazra, R. C. 349n64, 350n88, 353n167, 374n71, 376n98
Heesterman, J. C. 111, 345n11
Hein, Norvin 175, 319n2, 321n19, 339n140, 342n49, 366n76
Hepworth, Mike 321n23
Hiraṇyakaśipu (demon-king) 60, 61–62
Hit Harivaṃśa 371n3
Hollywood, Amy 323n41
Hopkins, Steven P. 323n38, 324n44, 324n47, 338n132
Hopkins, Thomas J. 328n82, 328n87, 339n4, 350n79, 353n157, 366n69
Horner, Avril 322n32
Horstmann, Monika 379n167
Hospital, Clifford George 319n2
hradas (pools) 284; see also specific hradas
Hṛṣīkeśa 95, 313; as vaibhav
a-vilāsa 52fig2, 335n77, 390n64
Huberman, Eric 328n87
Hudson, D. Dennis 327–328n81
human bodies: and cosmos bodies 15–16, 17, 18, 19–20, 312, 325n61; as dividual 16, 312; and divine bodies 15–16, 17–18, 19–20, 23, 24, 28, 29, 35, 78–79, 85, 103, 107, 181, 292–293, 295–296, 300, 308, 309, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 325n61; as integral bodies 15–16, 17–20, 325n61; as processual bodies 16–20, 312, 325n61; and social bodies 15–16, 17, 18, 19, 325n61; terms for 104; see also ascetic bodies; bodies of jīvas/beings; devotional bodies; Gauḍīya tradition: discourse of human embodiment; purity bodies; ritual bodies; sādhaka-rūpa; siddha-rūpa; tantric bodies
images: see mūrtis or arcās; mūrtis or arcās of Kṛṣṇa
Indra 3, 62–63, 64, 163, 207–208, 214–215, 231, 243, 260, 276, 363n16
Ingalls, Daniel H. H. 340n10
integral bodies 15–20, 17fig1, 325n61; see also cosmos bodies; divine bodies; human bodies; social bodies
Irigaray, Luce 10, 308, 322n29, 323n41
Islam 27, 28–29, 112, 185, 323n35
Īśvara Purī 41, 332n32
Itihāsas (epics): as apauruṣeya/uncreated 145, 178; and Being 145, 146–147; and Bhāgavata Purāṇa 127, 131, 141, 149, 150, 178; and Brahmā 122, 146; as fifth Veda 111–112, 121, 122, 123, 145–146, 358n248; and Kṛṣṇa/Bhagavān 132, 151; as nitya/eternal 145, 178; as nondifferent from Vedas 145, 178; and Purāṇas 111–112, 120, 121, 122, 123, 127, 145–147, 178, 358nn247–248; as smṛti texts 111, 120, 127, 145, 150, 178; and śruti 120, 145, 178; and Vedas 111–112, 121, 122, 123, 145–146, 178, 358nn247–248; Vedic status of 145–146, 178, 358n247; and Viṣṇu 113; and Vyāsa 123, 147; see also Harivaṃśa; Mahābhārata; Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki
Jackson, Michael 321n20, 321n23
Jacobus, Mary 322n32
Jagannātha: mūrti/image of 55, 194–195, 196; and nāma-saṃkīrtana performance by Caitanya 192–196, 370nn165–166; and Purī 55, 192, 268, 370n165; Ratha-Yātrā 370nn165–166; temple of 192–195; temple worship of 192, 193, 194–195, 196
Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa 164, 363n30, 363–364n36, 364n39