vilāsas (divine manifestations) of Kṛṣṇa 46, 51, 52fig2, 54–55, 72, 179, 307, 392n10; as aṃśas/partial manifestations of vigraha/absolute body 54, 68, 297, 311; appear in distinctive bodily shapes 54, 55, 68, 297; and catur-vyūhas 48–49, 54, 56, 71, 74, 297, 335n79; definition 54; dwell in transcendent abodes 49, 54, 55, 71, 74, 78, 177, 297, 311; embodied as mūrtis/images 55, 78; as forms of Kṛṣṇa in aiśvarya mode 54, 55, 68–69, 297; as four-armed 55, 68, 297; as full of sat-cit-ānanda 54, 68, 297, 311; as guardians of space and time 54–55, 71; as nonmaterial 68, 297, 311; prābhava-vilāsas 48–49, 52fig2, 54, 71, 74, 177, 297, 311; two classes of vilāsas 54, 76; vaibhava-vilāsa mūrtis presiding over months 52fig2, 54–55, 71, 288, 335n77, 335n79, 390n64; vaibhava-vilāsa vilāsa-mūrtis presiding over cardinal directions 52fig2, 54–55, 335nn78–79; vaibhava-vilāsas 49, 52fig2, 54–55, 56, 71, 73, 74, 78, 177, 288, 297, 311, 335nn77–79, 390n64; see also specific vilāsas
vilāsas (divine manifestations) of Rādhā: lakṣmīs as vaibhava-vilāsas 73
Vīraśaiva tradition 346–347n22
Viśiṣṭādvaita Vedānta 142
Viṣṇu: abode of 73, 137, 226, 373n61; and adherents of śānta-rasa 89, 279, 305, 343n66; as antar-yāmin/indwelling Self in heart 59, 70, 73–74, 75, 279, 288, 299, 305, 307, 338n132; as Ātman 113; as avatārin 51, 75, 306–307; and avatāras or vibhavas 51, 73–74, 75, 287, 306–307, 326n72, 338n132; as boar Varāha 347n33; body of 73–74, 113, 307, 338n132, 347n27, 347n33; and Brahmā 114, 125; as Brahman 113, 114, 125, 171; and Devī 125; and divinized tantric body 286–287; divya-maṅgala vigraha of 73–76, 307, 333n51; emblems of 55, 59, 70, 74, 75, 288, 307; as first puruṣa-avatāra, Kāraṇābdhiśāyin Viṣṇu 53fig2, 57–58, 69–70, 298, 299, 335n85; five modes of manifestation of 73–76, 307, 326n75, 333n51, 338n132; as form of Kṛṣṇa in aiśvarya mode 70, 74, 75, 89, 279, 305, 307, 343n66; as four-armed form 37, 59, 70, 74, 75, 89, 240, 279, 288, 299, 305, 307, 343n66, 373n61; four Viṣṇus 225–226, 228; and gods 125; as guṇa-avatāra 53fig2, 58–59, 298; and Kṛṣṇa 37, 51, 54, 57–58, 59, 69–70, 73, 74–76, 89, 114, 125, 171, 218, 225, 226, 228, 240, 242, 245, 279, 287, 288, 298, 299, 305, 306–307, 326n72, 343n66, 373n61; and lakṣmīs 73; Mahāviṣṇu as ādi avatāra 57–58; as maintainer 58–59, 60, 298; and Mathurā-maṇḍala 219–220, 245; and meditation 83, 89, 171, 190, 279, 288, 305; as member of trimūrti 58, 125; messengers of 173, 186, 365n59; mūrtis/images of as arcā-avatāras 73–74, 75–76, 307, 326n75; name of 172; as Nārāyaṇa 37, 46, 57, 73, 114, 173, 186, 218, 226, 227, 228, 286–287, 298, 347n33; and nine forms of bhakti 365n57; as object of bhakti/devotion 20, 21, 83, 113, 365n57; as object of tantric ritual worship 286–287; and Paramātman 56, 69–70, 89, 279, 298, 299, 305; para-rūpa/transcendent body of 73–74, 307, 338n132; and puruṣa-avatāras 56–60, 69–70, 75, 298, 299, 306, 307, 335n85, 337–338n123; and Śabdabrahman 113; and sattva 58, 59, 125; as second puruṣa-avatāra, Garbhodakaśāyin Viṣṇu 53fig2, 57, 58, 59, 69–70, 298, 299, 306, 337n123; and Śiva 125; as supreme Godhead 46, 73, 113, 125, 286; as third puruṣa-avatāra, Kṣīrodakaśāyin Viṣṇu 53fig2, 57, 58, 59–60, 69–70, 298, 299, 337–338n123; as vaibhava-vilāsa 52fig2, 55, 73, 335n77, 390n64; as Vāsudeva 37, 89, 343n66; and Veda(s) 113, 114, 126, 171, 347n27, 347n33; as Viṣṇu-Nārāyaṇa 114, 347n33; and Vraja or Vṛndāvana 242; and Vyāsa 117, 122; and vyūhas 46, 54, 56, 73–74, 287, 306–307, 333n51, 338n132; see also Garbhodakaśāyin Viṣṇu; Kāraṇābdhiśāyin Viṣṇu; Kṣīrodakaśāyin Viṣṇu; Nārāyaṇa
Viṣṇuloka 215, 218, 227, 239
Viṣṇu Purāṇa 61, 81, 82–83, 113, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 125, 148, 199, 201, 319n1, 326n72, 333n52, 339n5, 347n27, 348n56, 350nn75–76, 350n78
Viṣṇu Purī 41
Viṣṇurahasya 391n75
Viśrānti: and Mathurā 213–214, 241; mūrti/image of 212, 213–214, 240–241
Viśrānti-tīrtha 212, 213–214, 230, 240, 241, 375n84
Viṣvaksena: as manvantara-avatāra 53fig2, 65
Viśvanātha Cakravartin 101, 102, 341n23, 343n71
Viśvanātha Kavirāja 86
Viṭṭhalanātha 371n6
Vivaraṇa school of Advaita Vedānta 357n227
Vraja or Vṛndāvana 374n69; associated with mādhurya/sweetness 5, 37, 48, 50, 54, 251, 256, 260, 280, 297, 310–311, 385n270; bestows fruits of the four puruṣārthas 268; bestows supreme fruit of bhakti or prema-rasa 268; as beyond Brahman 88, 175–176, 229, 265, 302, 315; as beyond material realm of prakṛti 39, 88, 175–176, 216, 222, 264, 292, 302, 311, 319n3; Bhagavān in 37, 68, 71, 88, 90, 106–107, 175–176, 180, 196, 229, 252, 256, 258, 262–263, 264, 265, 280, 291, 293, 296, 305, 310, 314; as bimodal domain 200, 228–229, 246, 250, 319n3; bodily engagement with 3, 97, 230–231, 232, 269; as body of Kṛṣṇa 3, 78, 200, 221, 222–224, 229, 230, 236, 246, 248–250, 261, 262, 263, 267, 320n5; and Brahmā 204, 207, 242; can be directly cognized/“seen”/experienced 39, 92, 97, 217, 224, 228, 243, 245–248, 253, 254–255, 261, 262–263, 264, 265–267, 270, 272, 274–276, 277, 279, 280, 282, 283, 292, 305, 331n22; cannot be perceived by material senses 223–224, 246, 261, 262, 270; circumambulation of 2–3, 97, 199, 230, 233, 267, 269; consists of sat-cit-ānanda 252, 261, 265; consists of tejas/blazing splendor 223, 246, 261, 262; as cosmographic maṇḍala 217, 218, 219, 224–228, 272, 275, 276, 388n16; descent of 254–255, 262, 263–264; as dhāma-avatāra/place-avatāra 229, 263, 267, 300, 307, 391n1; as dhāman/abode of Kṛṣṇa 1, 2, 5, 6, 34, 48–49, 54, 76, 78, 133, 134, 139, 175–176, 199, 201, 203, 207, 209, 210, 216, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223–224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 245–246, 248, 250–251, 252–253, 254–255, 256, 257–258, 260, 262, 264–266, 267, 269, 274–276, 278, 280, 288–289, 291–292, 297, 302, 310, 311, 314, 354n174, 376n101; as dhāman/realm of Kṛṣṇaloka 34, 48, 54, 71, 229, 251, 254–255, 256, 258, 260, 296, 297, 310; as domain of aprakaṭa/unmanifest līlā 5–6, 35–36, 48–49, 50, 54, 78, 88, 90, 92–93, 98, 99, 100, 106–107, 216, 229, 246, 250, 251, 252–253, 254–255, 256, 262, 264, 266, 272, 275, 277, 279, 280, 281, 283–284, 285, 292, 301, 302, 303; as domain of earthly/manifest līlā xiv, 1, 2, 3, 7, 34–35, 36, 49, 73, 78, 88, 132, 199, 200, 201, 202–209, 216, 229, 246, 250–251, 252, 254, 255, 256, 262, 264, 266, 267, 269, 372n29, 372n32; dust of 2–3, 97, 204, 222, 269; as earthly Vraja or Vṛndāvana xiv, 1, 2, 5, 7, 26, 34–35, 36, 49, 78, 88, 96, 102, 199, 200, 203, 209, 210, 217, 219, 221, 222, 223–224, 226, 229, 242, 245–246, 249, 250–251, 252, 255, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 276, 278, 292, 300; efficacious in arousing Kṛṣṇa-rati/love 269–270; engaged through darśana/seeing 96, 97, 269; engaged through kīrtana/singing 269; engaged through pilgrimage xvii, 2–7, 96, 97, 199, 213–215, 230–233, 236, 249–250, 267, 268–269, 270, 320n8, 379n154, 384n242; engaged through residing in 95, 97, 98, 250, 267–268, 269, 278, 300, 369n140; engaged through sevā/service 268, 269; engaged through sparśana/touching 3, 96, 97, 222, 268, 269; engaged through śravaṇa/hearing 269; as eternal 49, 222, 226, 245, 247, 252–253, 261, 262–263, 265, 276; as eternal abode of realized jīvas 35–36, 106–107, 227, 275, 285, 301, 303, 311, 314–315; as extension of vigraha/absolute body 200, 229, 249, 252, 254, 261, 279; filled with bliss of rasa and preman 222, 226, 258, 259, 282; forest of Vṛndāvana 202, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 214, 220, 223–224, 226, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 248–249, 253, 261, 262, 263, 270, 275, 276, 371n6, 377n115; as form of Bhagavān 229, 249, 261; free from suffering, old age, and death 222, 226; fruits of engaging 268–270; as geographic maṇḍala 217, 219–221, 224, 276; as geographic place or region 2, 29, 76, 78, 96, 199, 200, 216, 219, 222, 224, 228–229, 246, 249, 250, 254, 255, 263–264, 267, 270, 300, 319n3, 391n1; and Gokula 34, 193, 201, 202, 204, 216, 217, 220, 229, 237, 250, 251, 257, 258, 260, 268, 371n6, 371n8; and Gopāla Kṛṣṇa 1, 2, 36, 37, 39, 48, 73, 78, 88, 90, 177, 179, 201, 202, 205, 206, 251, 255, 256, 260, 270, 276, 283, 288, 297, 386n289; groves of 2, 3, 73, 206, 208, 209, 214, 221, 235, 242, 250, 255, 261, 263, 267, 269–270; as hidden or recondite 22
1, 222, 223–224, 226, 244; Hindi designation “Braj” xiv, 2, 199, 319n3, 339n141, 371n2; iconoclastic attacks on temples of 5, 233–234; as immanent counterpart of transcendent dhāman/domain 5, 6, 49, 76, 78, 96, 219, 229, 245–246, 249, 250–252, 254–255, 261–262, 264, 266, 267; as imperishable 222, 226, 261; imprinted with Kṛṣṇa’s footprints 2, 78, 204, 207, 235, 252–253, 255, 263, 267, 269; as infinite 49; Kṛṣṇa’s bodily presence or traces in 2, 3, 4, 7, 203–204, 205, 207–208, 222, 229, 249–250; land of Vraja 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 97, 202, 203–204, 205, 207, 209, 229, 230, 233; liberating power of 222, 268; as literary construction 199, 200, 201, 210, 319n3, 339n141, 371n2; as lotus-maṇḍala or lotus 193–194, 217, 218, 219, 220–221, 224–228, 231, 256–260, 272, 275, 279, 281, 282, 288–289, 291, 296–297, 302, 314, 388n16; as luminous or resplendent 223, 246, 247, 253, 254–255, 261, 262, 263, 283, 302; as manifestation of Kṛṣṇa’s svarūpa/essential form 229, 249, 253; manifests in more than one place simultaneously 252, 266; and material space-time continuum 49, 200, 229, 250, 255, 296; and Mathurā-maṇḍala 95, 201, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 219–220, 230, 236, 237, 240, 241, 242–243, 250, 268–269, 300, 369n140, 387n303; and meditation 39, 97, 98, 99, 100, 200, 210, 213, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 224, 227, 228, 245–246, 264, 265, 267, 268, 270, 272, 274–276, 277, 278, 279–280, 281, 282, 283–284, 285–286, 288–289, 290–292, 293, 302, 303, 305, 331n22, 376n101, 391n75; as meditation maṇḍala 200, 216, 217, 228, 275; as mesocosmic form of Kṛṣṇa 29, 76–77, 78–79, 96, 97, 109, 248, 263, 267, 270, 299–300, 301, 302, 307, 391n1; methods of engaging 96, 97, 98, 266–270; as mythic space 200, 201, 210, 216, 228; as nonchanging 222, 261; as nonmaterial 252, 261, 302; as nonphenomenal 246, 252, 255, 262; not visible to material eye 223–224, 246, 262, 270; ontology of 224, 229, 249, 380n176; and parikaras/pārṣadas/eternal associates 35, 88, 90, 92, 93, 98, 99, 246, 250, 251, 254, 255, 258, 264, 266, 278, 280, 281, 285, 288–289, 290–291, 292, 293, 297, 301–302, 304, 314; as pastoral paradise 218, 221, 261; as pastoral playground of Kṛṣṇa 202–209, 242; as pastoral region 1, 201, 202, 206, 207, 216, 217, 220, 221, 229, 237, 250, 268, 371n6; as pericarp of lotus-maṇḍala 220–221, 223; as pilgrimage place xiv, xvii, 2–7, 26–28, 78, 199–200, 201, 210–216, 228, 229–233, 234, 235–244, 246–247, 249–250, 252–253, 267, 268–269, 319n3, 339n141, 371n2, 374n71; as portal to transcendent dhāman/domain 255, 263–266; as prakāśa-viśeṣa/special manifestation of transcendent dhāman/domain 251–252, 254–255, 262; reclamation and restoration of 2, 26–28, 199–200, 228, 229, 230, 233–236, 237, 319n3, 328n90, 371nn3–4; as region in North India xiv, 1, 2, 34–35, 36, 49, 73, 78, 88, 132, 134, 199, 200, 216, 219, 229, 254, 319n3; residents of 2, 3–4, 5, 6, 98, 100, 101–102, 132–133, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 216, 221–222, 223, 231, 246, 249–250, 262, 266, 269, 276, 278, 285, 290–291, 304, 372n12, 384n242; resplendent with nonmaterial forms made of pure luminous being 261, 263; and ritual worship 286, 288–289, 290–292, 293; sacred geography of 4, 78, 96, 97, 217, 230, 248, 249, 267; sacred space of 96, 199, 242, 250; sacred terrain or landscape of xiv, 2, 3, 97, 203–204, 207, 231, 250, 268, 269; and sādhana-bhakti 267, 270, 271–272, 277, 286; and Śiva 242; and smaraṇa or līlā-smaraṇa/remembering or contemplative recollection 98, 99, 100, 269, 278, 302; special qualities of 203, 207, 221–222; as supreme dhāman/abode of Kṛṣṇa 220, 224, 226, 230, 256, 260, 280; svayaṃ-rūpa/essential form of Kṛṣṇa in 36, 37, 39, 48, 49, 50, 71, 73, 78, 177, 225, 251, 256, 297, 310–311; terms for 34, 134, 193, 201–202, 203, 207, 212, 216, 217, 220, 229, 237, 250, 251, 258, 268, 371n6, 371n8, 387n303; as transcendent prototype of earthly Vraja or Vṛndāvana 34, 261–262, 264; transcendent qualities or features of 223, 224, 229–230, 243, 246–248; as transcendent space 78, 199, 200, 216, 228–229, 246, 296, 319n3; as transcendent Vraja/Vṛndāvana/Goloka-Vṛndāvana 5, 6, 34, 35–36, 37, 38, 39, 48–49, 50, 54, 68, 71, 73, 76, 78, 88, 90, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 106–107, 133, 134, 139, 175–176, 177, 180, 181, 196, 200, 216, 217, 218, 219, 222, 223–224, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 245–247, 249, 250, 251, 252–253, 254–255, 256–267, 268, 270, 272, 274–276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283–284, 285–286, 288, 290–292, 293, 296–297, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 310, 311, 314, 315, 331n22, 354n174; as transmundane 76–77, 96, 223, 247, 252, 262–263, 270, 300, 301, 338n136, 357n220, 369n140, 391n2; and twelve forests 2, 78, 199, 201–202, 214, 216, 217, 220, 221, 230, 231, 236, 242, 248, 249, 250, 253, 267, 371n6, 375n87, 377n115, 385n263; as unmanifest 78, 92, 254, 262, 263–264, 282; and vaidhī-bhakti 95–96, 267–268, 300, 301, 338n136, 357n220, 391n2; vigraha/absolute body in 36, 37, 39, 50, 68, 71, 78, 175–176, 177, 249, 256, 260, 272, 276, 277, 279, 280, 282, 293, 296, 302, 310, 314; and Viṣṇu 242; Vraja as cowherd encampment 201–202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 209, 371n8; Vraja-maṇḍala xiv, xv, xvii, 2, 199, 201, 230, 233, 236, 249, 319n3, 371n2; and Vyāsa 39, 270, 275–277; wonders of 205, 206, 243, 247–248, 263, 276; yoga-pīṭha of 4, 193–194, 217, 218, 224, 225, 226, 233, 256, 260, 279, 282, 288, 289, 296, 302, 370n162, 376n101; see also Mathurā-maṇḍala; Vṛndāvana, pilgrimage network of; specific pilgrimage networks and sites
Vraja-dhāman: see Vraja or Vṛndāvana
Vṛndā 242, 253
Vrindaban: see Vraja or Vṛndāvana; Vṛndāvana, pilgrimage network of
Vṛndāvana: see Vraja or Vṛndāvana; Vṛndāvana, pilgrimage network of
Vṛndāvana, pilgrimage network of: circumambulation of 3, 199; parikrama path 3, 6, 199; as pilgrimage circuit within Vana-Yātrā 3, 199; as pilgrimage network within Mathurā-maṇḍala 213, 214, 215, 241, 242–243, 246–247, 250; see also Vraja or Vṛndāvana
Vṛndāvana Dāsa 140, 356n217
Vṛndāvana Māhātmya of Padma Purāṇa 193, 200, 210, 212–213, 216–228, 229, 246, 248–249, 262, 271, 272, 274–277, 319n3, 331n25, 370n161, 376n98, 376n101, 376n104, 377n115, 377n123, 378n133, 378nn140–141, 378n143, 379n145, 379n148, 379n150
vyāhṛtis (primordial utterances) 164–165, 166, 167–168, 364n39, 364n42
Vyāsa: and Bhagavad-Gītā 135; and Bhāgavata Purāṇa 36–37, 39, 63, 117, 120, 128, 128, 130, 131–132, 135, 144–145, 151–152, 155, 157, 271, 331n24; and Brahma-Sūtras 42, 152; cognitions of 36–37, 39, 117, 128, 130, 131–132, 144–145, 151–152, 157, 270, 271, 275–277, 282, 331nn24–25; and Dvāpara Yuga 117, 122, 123, 129, 130, 147, 152; endowed with faculty of divine sight 117, 271; and Itihāsas 123, 147; knows past, present, and future 117; Kṛṣṇa Dvaipāyana Vyāsa 117, 120, 123, 128, 130, 271; and Kṛṣṇa/Bhagavān 36–37, 39, 117, 128–129, 130, 131–132, 147, 151–152, 155, 157, 270, 271, 275–277, 282, 331n25, 360n306; and līlā/play of Kṛṣṇa 128, 130, 152, 155, 157, 271, 276; as līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 63, 336n99; and Mahābhārata 63, 117, 119, 128, 135, 146–147, 345n13, 353n157; and meditation 39, 128, 130, 151–152, 157, 270, 271, 275–277; and Nārāyaṇa 42; as paradigmatic ṛṣi/seer or sage 157, 271, 275–276; as prābhava līlā-avatāra 53fig2, 63; and Purāṇas 63, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 128, 144–145, 146–149, 271, 360n306; as ṛṣi of ṛṣis 39, 275, 282; as ṛṣi/seer 36–37, 39, 63, 117, 119, 129, 130, 131–132, 144–145, 151, 155, 157, 270, 271, 275–277, 282; as sage 113, 119, 121, 130, 157, 271, 345n13; and svayaṃ-rūpa/essential form of Kṛṣṇa 36–37, 39, 331n25; and transcendent Vraja/Vṛndāvana/Goloka-Vṛndāvana 39, 270, 275–277; and Veda(s) 63, 113, 116–118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 128, 129, 130, 135, 144–145, 147, 148–149, 345n13, 348n53, 348n56, 360n306; as Veda-Vyāsa/divider of the Veda 63, 113, 116–118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 128, 129, 130, 144–145, 147, 148, 348n53, 348n56, 360n306; and vigraha/absolute body of Kṛṣṇa 36–37, 39, 276, 282; and Viṣṇu 117, 122
vyūhas (divine emanations) of Kṛṣṇa 54, 74–75, 253, 254, 260, 282, 283, 288, 302, 306–307; ādi catur-vyūhas and prābhava-vilāsas 48–49, 54, 71, 74, 297; catur-vyūhas and puruṣa-avatāras 56, 74–75; catur-vyūhas and vaibhava-vilāsas 54, 56, 74, 335n79; as guardians of space and time 54–55, 225; see also Aniruddha; Pradyumna; Saṃkarṣaṇa; Vāsudeva; v
yūhas of Viṣṇu or Nārāyaṇa
vyūhas (divine emanations) of Rādhā: gopīs as kāya-vyūhas 73
vyūhas (divine emanations) of Viṣṇu or Nārāyaṇa 54, 228, 333n51, 338n132; four vyūhas 46, 73–74, 227, 228, 287, 306–307, 327n81; see also Aniruddha; Pradyumna; Saṃkarṣaṇa; Vāsudeva; vyūhas of Kṛṣṇa
Waghorne, Joanne Punzo 324n44, 324n47, 325n70
Wallace, Vesna A. 324n48
Warner, Richard 321n21
Wayman, Alex 365n51
Wheelock, Wade T. 362n4
Whicher, Ian 344n78
White, David Gordon 323n38
Williams, Simon J. 321n23
Wilson, Liz 323n41, 324n48
Winternitz, M. 120, 350n79
Wolfson, Elliot R. 322n35, 323n38, 323n41, 324n44
women: excluded from reciting or hearing Vedas and sponsoring yajñas/sacrifices 123, 131, 138, 150, 185, 190, 353n157; female body in feminist and gender studies 9–10, 11, 101, 315, 316, 321n22, 322nn28–33, 323n41; gopīs as women of Vraja 202, 205, 206, 372n15; included in intended audience of Mahābhārata 150, 353n157; included in intended audience of Purāṇas 123–124, 131; participate in nāma-kīrtana or nāma-saṃkīrtana 185, 190; participate in recitation of Bhāgavata Purāṇa 131, 138; role in varṇāśrama-dharma 184–185, 351n97; women of the cities 202, 372n15; see also gopīs; mahiṣīs
Wujastyk, Dominik 323n40, 324n49
Wulf, Christoph 322n34, 324n49
Wyke, Maria 323n41
Yādavas: and līlā/play 251, 255; as parikaras/pārṣadas/eternal associates 251, 255; Vāsudeva Kṛṣṇa as prince of 1, 37, 51, 89, 201, 251, 255
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