by Allan Brandt
70 Surgeon General’s Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health, Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1964), 350, 351.
71 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, The Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction: A Report of the Surgeon General (Washington, DC: GPO, 1988).
72 On the history of addiction, see especially Tracy and Acker; David T. Courtwright, Forces of Habit: Drugs and the Making of the Modern World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001); and Roy Porter and Mikulás Teich, eds., Drugs and Narcotics in History (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
73 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking: 25 Years of Progress, A Report of the Surgeon General (Washington, DC: GPO, 1989): 285.
74 “Potential Rebuttals to the Surgeon General’s Report on Tobacco and Addiction,” 1988, Bates No. 2021255011/5012, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/oom24e00.
75 David Newman (Host), Open Line Detroit, Detroit: WXYT-AM Radio, January 11, 1989.
76 Ed Bean, “Surgeon General’s Stature Is Likely to Add Force to Report on Smoking as Addiction,” Wall Street Journal, May 13, 1988.
77 P. M. Sirridge, Shook, Hardy & Bacon, “Re: July, 1983 Discussed Memorandum,” July 23, 1983, Bates No. 2046754726, http://tobaccodocuments.org/landman/3801.html.
78 P. M. Sirridge, Shook, Hardy & Bacon, “Re: July, 1983 Discussed Memorandum,” July 23, 1983, Bates Nos. 2046754720-31: 2046754727-8, http://tobaccodocuments.org/landman/3801.html.
79 P. M. Sirridge, Shook, Hardy & Bacon, “Re: July, 1983 Discussed Memorandum,” July 23, 1983, Bates No. 2046754727, http://tobaccodocuments.org/landman/3801.html. An industry attorney noted, “Shook, Hardy reminds us, I’m told, that the entire matter of addiction is the most potent weapon a prosecuting attorney can have in a lung cancer/cigarette case. We can’t defend continued smoking as ‘free choice’ if the person was ‘addicted.’” P. Knopick, “Memo Re: Natl Institute of Drug Abuse Desire to Have Addictive Added to Cigarette Warnings,” September 9, 1980, Bates Nos. TIMN0107822-3, http://tobaccodocuments.org/ti/TIMN0107822-7823.html.
80 P. M. Sirridge, Shook, Hardy & Bacon, “Re: July, 1983 Discussed Memorandum,” July 23, 1983, Bates No. 2046754731, http://tobaccodocuments.org/landman/3801.html.
81 C. E. Teague, Reynolds R. “Research Planning Memorandum on the Nature of the Tobacco Business and the Crucial Role of Nicotine Therein, Exhibit # 10031,” April 14, 1972, Bates No. TINY0003021.
82 J. L. Charles and P. Morris, “Nicotine Receptor Program—University of Rochester,” March 18, 1980, Bates No. 85873828/3829, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ifd70e00.
83 W. L. Dunn, “Motives and Incentives in Cigarette Smoking,” 1972, Bates No. 91788938/8955, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/unb60e00.
84 Morton Mintz, “Risk Estimated by Ex-Official of Tobacco Industry,” Washington Post, April 20, 1988.
85 “Plaintiffs’ Conduct as a Defense to Claims Against Cigarette Manufacturers,” Harvard Law Review 99, no. 4 (1986): 810.
86 Morton Mintz, “Tobacco Firms Open Defense in N.J. Trial,” Washington Post, April 8, 1988.
87 Amy Singer, “They Didn’t Really Blame the Cigarette Makers,” American Lawyer, September 1988, 31.
88 Michael T. Kaufman, “Joseph F. Cullman 3rd, Who Made Philip Morris a Tobacco Power, Dies at 92,” New York Times, May 1, 2004; and Richard Kluger, Ashes to Ashes (New York: Knopf, 1996).
89 “Trial testimony of Joseph Frederick Cullman III, February 24, 1988 [A.M.], Cipollone v. Liggett,” February 24, 1988, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/cea85a00: 2928.
90 H. Lee Sarokin, “Exhibit I. Antonio Cipollone, Individually and as Executor of the Estate of Rose D. Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., Philip Morris Incorporated, and Lorillard, Inc. Opinion,” 1988, Bates No. 506894860/4893, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/job44d00.
91 Morton Mintz, “Closing Arguments Begin in Four-Month-Old Tobacco Product-Liability Trial,” Washington Post, June 2, 1988.
92 Singer, 31.
93 Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., et al., 1988 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16709: 12595 (1988).
94 Morton Mintz, “Smoker-Death Trial Ends with Plea for Punitive Damages,” Washington Post, June 7, 1988.
95 Singer, 31.
96 Donald Janson, “Cigarette Maker Assessed Damages in Smoker’s Death,” New York Times, June 14, 1988.
97 Ibid.
98 Myron Levin, “Anti-Smoking Group May Resort to Racketeering Law,” Los Angeles Times, June 15, 1988.
99 Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., et al., 893 F.2d 541 (1990).
100 John Riley, “Award Struck Down in Smoker’s Death,” Newsday, January 6, 1990.
101 Ibid.
102 Linda Greenhouse, “Court Hears Debate on Suits Against Makers of Cigarettes,” New York Times, October 9, 1991.
103 “No Immunity for Coffin Nails,” New York Times, January 12, 1992.
104 Ibid.
105 Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., et al., 505 U.S. 504 (1992).
106 “Preemption Doctrine After Cipollone,” Harvard Law Review 106, no. 4 (1993): 967.
107 Joseph Kelner and Robert S. Kelner, “The Tobacco Industry and ‘Cipollone,’” New York Law Journal, August 25, 1992, 3.
108 Laurie P. Cohen, “Broader Suits over Cigarettes May Be Possible,” Wall Street Journal, January 8, 1990.
109 Alison Frankel, “Was Budd Larner Another Smoking Victim?” New Jersey Law Journal, July 12, 1993, 7.
110 Ibid.
111 Richard A. Daynard, “The Third Wave of Tobacco Products Liability Cases,” Trial, November 1994, 34.
112 Graham E. Kelder, Jr., and Richard A. Daynard, “Judicial Approaches to Tobacco Control: The Third Wave of Tobacco Litigation as a Tobacco Control Mechanism,” Journal of Social Issues 53, no. 1 (1997): 172.
113 Quoted in Leduc.
Chapter 11
1 Nicotine and Cigarettes: Hearing of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, Subcommittee on Health and the Environment, April 14, 1994, available from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/settlement/timelines/april94.html.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 David Kessler, A Question of Intent: A Great American Battle with a Deadly Industry (New York: Public Affairs, 2001), 393.
5 Alix M. Freedman and Suein L. Hwang, “Leaders of the Pact: How Seven Individuals with Diverse Motives Halted Tobacco’s Wars,” Wall Street Journal, July 11, 1997. See also Dan Zegart, Civil Warriors: The Legal Siege of the Tobacco Companies (New York: Delacorte, 2000), 100-112.
6 “Smoke Screen,” Day One, ABC, February 28, 1994.
7 Ibid.
8 W. L. Dunn, “Motives and Incentives in Cigarette Smoking,” 1972, Bates No. 91788938/8955, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/unb60e00.
9 Kessler, 130. For a history of the FDA, see Philip J. Hilts, Protecting America’s Health: The FDA, Business, and One Hundred Years of Regulation (New York: Knopf, 2003).
10 Philip J. Hilts, Smokescreen: The Truth Behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1996), 116-118; and Michael York, [letter to Benjamin Wittes of Legal Times], January 11, 1996, Bates No. 2048325599/5608, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/abd37c00.
11 Dunn, 1972.
12 “Smoke Screen,” Day One.
13 David Kessler, [letter to Scott Ballin, Coalition on Smoking OR Health], February 25, 1994, Bates No. 980290781/0783, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/cen85f00.
14 Marlene Cimons, “Tobacco Industry Fights Spiraling Efforts to Snuff It Out,” Los Angeles Times, March 26, 1994.
15 Kessler, 161.
16 Kessler, 167-168.
17 Kessler, 162.
18 Chester Atkins, Henry A. Waxman, Bob Whittaker, Richard J. Durbin, Fortney H. Stark, [letter from members of Congress to FDA Commissioner Frank E. Young a
bout Premier], October 11, 1988, Bates No. 506921052/1053, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/dly34d00; Michael Waldholz, “Influential Congressman Presses FDA to Decide Status of New RJR Cigarette,” Wall Street Journal, December 5, 1988; Kessler, 28-29; Michael J. McCarthy, “RJR’s Premier Is Off—But Not Running,” Wall Street Journal, December 12, 1988; and Betsy Morris and Peter Waldman, “The Death of Premier,” Wall Street Journal, March 10, 1989.
19 Philip Morris, “Philip Morris Developments: The Denicotinized Tobacco Story,” 1999, Bates No. 2078425524/5540, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xap75c00.
20 Kessler, 161.
21 Jill Zuckman, “Tobacco Executives at Hearing; Nicotine Focus of House Unit,” Boston Globe, April 15, 1994.
22 Earl Lane, “Never Say Die: Tobacco Bosses Visit Congress, Defend Smoking,” Newsday, April 15, 1994.
23 Zuckman; Philip J. Hilts, “Tobacco Chiefs Say Cigarettes Aren’t Addictive,” New York Times, April 15, 1994; “Executives Deny Spiking Cigarettes: House Panel Hears One Equate a Cigarette with a Cup of Coffee,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 15, 1994; “Tobacco Firms Are Ordered to Provide Nicotine Research,” Baltimore Sun, April 15, 1994; “Defending Tobacco: ‘We Do Not Do Anything to Hook Smokers,’” Atlanta Constitution, April 15, 1994; Mike Brown, “The Chief Executive Officers . . . ” Courier-Journal, April 15, 1994; Earl Lane, “Never Say Die: Tobacco Bosses Visit Congress, Defend Smoking,” Newsday, April 15, 1994; Jeff Nesmith, “America’s Tobacco Chiefs Face Critics in Congress,” Atlanta Constitution, April 15, 1994; and Michael Wines, “Makers of Laws and Tobacco Joust at Capitol,” New York Times, April 15, 1994.
24 Lane.
25 Waxman et al.
26 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, The Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction: A Report of the Surgeon General (Washington, DC: GPO, 1988).
27 “Blowing Smoke,” Baltimore Sun, April 16, 1994.
28 “Blowing Smoke at Congress,” New York Times, April 17, 1994.
29 Hilts, 124.
30 Martin Meehan to Janet Reno, December 14, 1994, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qzv70f00.
31 Barry Meier and David Johnston, “How Inquiry into Tobacco Lost Its Steam: Criminal Case Ran Out of Time and Energy,” New York Times, September 26, 1999.
32 “First Amended Complaint for Damages and Injunctive and Declaratory Relief (U.S. v. Philip Morris, et al.),” U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC: U.S. District Court (D.C. Cir.), 2001; President William Clinton, State of the Union Address, 1999.
33 On Merrell Williams, see especially Orey. See also Glantz’s Cigarette Papers, Zegart’s Civil Warriors, and Pringle’s Cornered.
34 Orey, 173-175.
35 Ibid., 133-143.
36 Steve Weinberg, “Smoking Guns: ABC, Philip Morris and the Infamous Apology,” Columbia Journalism Review, November/December 1995, 29-37.
37 Addison Yeaman, “Implications of Battelle Hippo I & II and the Griffith Filter,” July 17, 1963, Bates No. 2074459290/9294, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ari52c00.
38 Philip J. Hilts, “Tobacco Company Was Silent on Hazards,” New York Times, May 7, 1994.
39 Lisa A. Bero et al., “Lawyer Control of the Tobacco Industry’s External Research Program: The Brown and Williamson Documents,” JAMA 274, no. 3 (1995): 241-247; and Deborah E. Barnes et al., “Environmental Tobacco Smoke: The Brown and Williamson Documents,” JAMA 274, no. 3 (1995): 248-253.
40 Stanton A. Glantz et al., “Looking Through a Keyhole at the Tobacco Industry: The Brown and Williamson Documents,” JAMA 274, no. 3 (1995): 219-224.
41 “Philip Hilts: The Interview,” Frontline, WGBH, 1999, http://www2.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/smoke/interviews/hilts1.html.
42 Glantz et al.
43 Orey, 198-203, 338.
44 Laurie McGinley, “Judge Quashes Subpoenas Granted to Tobacco Firm,” Wall Street Journal, June 7, 1994.
45 Maddox v. Williams, 855 F. Supp. 406 (1994).
46 M. Gunja et al., “The Case for Fire Safe Cigarettes Made Through Industry Documents,” Tobacco Control 11, no. 4 (2002): 346-353. Philip Morris had sponsored research in the 1980s to develop a self-extinguishing cigarette known as Project Hamlet (to burn or not to burn), but nonetheless decided against moving forward. B. N. Leistikow, D. C. Martin, and C. E. Milano, “Fire Injuries, Disasters, and Costs from Cigarettes and Cigarette Lights: A Global Overview,” Preventive Medicine 31, no. 2 (2000): 91-99; and Andrew McGuire, “How the Tobacco Industry Continues to Keep the Home Fires Burning,” Tobacco Control 11, no. 4 (1999): 67-69.
47 Kessler, 186-87.
48 John Schwartz, “Reengineering the Cigarette,” Washington Post, January 31, 1999.
49 Ibid.
50 Kessler, 116.
51 Schwartz.
52 Ibid.
53 Zegart, 59-77.
54 Kessler, 82, 116, 139.
55 Orey, 305.
56 “Smoke in the Eye: Why Did CBS and ABC Back Off from Exposes on the Tobacco Industry?” Frontline, WGBH, 1999, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/smoke.
57 Mike Wallace, “Interview With Jeffrey Wigand, PhD,” 60 Minutes, CBS, 1996.
58 Ibid.
59 Verne Gay, “Where There’s Smoke . . . /When It Comes to Fighting Tobacco Wars, TV Isn’t Butting Out Yet,” Newsday, March 31, 1996.
60 Weinberg.
61 Ibid. See also Jeff Cohen and Norman Solomon, “The Wrong Smoke Signals from ABC News,” Newsday, August 28, 1995.
62 Weinberg.
63 See Gay, “Where There’s Smoke . . . ”
64 Peter Johnson, “ABC’s Tobacco Muckraker Says He’s Leaving Network,” USA Today, April 3, 1996.
65 Rita Ciolli, “ABC Libel Deal: Chilling Effect?” Newsday, August 23, 1995.
66 Jane Hall, “ABC News Steps Up to the Plate Again,” Los Angeles Times, March 21, 1996.
67 “Apology Accepted” [advertisement], New York Times, August 25, 1995.
68 “Smoke in the Eye: Why Did CBS and ABC Back Off from Exposés on the Tobacco Industry?”
69 Lawrence K. Grossman, “CBS, 60 Minutes, and the Unseen Interview,” Columbia Journalism Review, January/February 1996, 39.
70 Bill Carter, “ ‘60 Minutes’ Ordered to Pull Interview in Tobacco Report,” New York Times, November 9, 1995.
71 Ibid.
72 James C. Goodale, “ ‘60 Minutes’ v. CBS and Vice Versa,” New York Law Journal, December 1, 1995, 3.
73 Ibid.
74 Daniel Schorr, “Money Managers Take the Bite out of News,” Christian Science Monitor, December 1, 1995.
75 Alix M. Freedman, “The Deposition: Cigarette Defector Says CEO Lied to Congress About View of Nicotine,” Wall Street Journal, January 25, 1996.
76 Suein L. Hwang and Milo Geyelin, “Getting Personal: Brown & Williamson Has 500-Page Dossier Attacking Chief Critic,” Wall Street Journal, February 1, 1996.
77 Claude E. Teague, “Research Planning Memorandum on Some Thoughts About New Brands of Cigarettes for the Youth Market,” February 2, 1973, Bates No. 502987407/7418, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/edy62d00, quoted in Jeffrey Goldberg, “Next Target: Nicotine,” New York Times Magazine, August 4, 1996, 22-27, 36, 44, 47.
78 Frank V. Tursi, Susan E. White, and Steve McQuilkin, Lost Empire: The Fall of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (Winston-Salem: Winston-Salem Journal, 2000).
79 H. T. Hughes, “Cigarette Market Share History,” February 26, 1985, Bates No. 555007431/7439, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/dzz13f00.
80 Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: A Report of the Surgeon General, (Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 1994).
81 Diane S. Burrows, “Younger Adult Smokers: Strategies and Opportunities,” February 29, 1984, Bates No. 505458066/8160, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bot15d00.
82 Ibid.
; 83 Ibid.
84 Jack Wolf, R.J. Reynolds, “Teenage Smoking—Incidence and Consumption,” March 25, 1982, Bates No. 503419308/9308, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xfy52d00.
85 Doug Levy and Melanie Wells, “Papers: RJR Did Court Teens: Critics Say Tobacco Firm Lied About Marketing Aim,” USA Today, January 15, 1998.
86 C. A. Tucker, “1975 Marketing Plans Presentation—Hilton Head, September 30, 1974,” September 30, 1974, Bates No. 501421310/1335, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rpx62d00.
87 “Are Younger Adult Smokers Important?” Bates No. 502035180/5286, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mhy52d00.
88 Patrick J. Coughlin and Frank J. Janecek, Jr., Executive Summary a Review of R.J. Reynolds’ Internal Documents Produced in Mangini v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., Civil No. 939359—the Case That Rid California and the American Landscape of Joe Camel (New York: Milberg Weiss Bershad & Schulman LLP, 1998).
89 E. A. Horrigan, R.J. Reynolds, “Subject: Funny Camel Poster,” August 3, 1981, Bates No. 503906210, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rys75d00.
90 Dana Blackmar, “French Camel Filter Ad,” February 7, 1974, Bates No. 502303940, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/oal19d00.
91 Joel B. Cohen, “Playing to Win: Marketing and Public Policy at Odds over Joe Camel,” Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 19, no. 2 (2000): 155-167. See also John E. Calfee, “The Historical Significance of Joe Camel,” Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 19, no. 2 (2000): 168-182.
92 E. C. Leary, “CAMEL April Sampling/Free French CAMEL T-Shirt Test Premium Response Evaluation,” July 2, 1985, Bates No. 505320278/0280, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/nek25d00.
93 “We Don’t Advertise to Children” [half-page advertisement], New York Times, June 19, 1984.
94 Rick T. Caulfield, “RE: Camel New Advertising Campaign Development,” March 12, 1986, Bates No. 503969238/9242, http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pil75d00.
95 Ibid., 4.
96 Barbara Lippert, “Old Joe, New Image: A Macho Mascot, Filtered Through the Sands of Time,” Chicago Tribune, November 18, 1988.
97 Marjorie Garber, “Joe Camel, an X-Rated Smoke,” New York Times, March 20, 1992.