by Reid Wilson
7. Zavis, “Ebola Doctor’s Dilemma.”
8. Ibid.
9. Goodman, “The Race to Save Dr. Brantly.”
10. Preston, “Inside the Ebola Wars.”
11. Zavis, “Ebola Doctor’s Dilemma.”
12. “Ebola Survivor Nancy Writebol.”
13. Zavis, “Ebola Doctor’s Dilemma.”
14. Martin Enserink, “How Two U.S. Patients Changed the Debate about Using Untested Ebola Drugs,” Science, August 7, 2014 (www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/08/how-two-us-patients-changed-debate-about-using-untested-ebola-drugs).
15. World Health Organization, “WHO to Convene Ethical Review of Experimental Treatment for Ebola,” press release, August 6, 2014 (www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/ethical-review-ebola/en/).
16. Enserinak, “How Two U.S. Patients Changed the Debate.”
Chapter 9
1. Madeline Drexler, “On The Ground: Alumnus Battles the Nightmare in Liberia,” Harvard Public Health Magazine, winter 2015 issue (www.hsph.harvard.edu/magazine/magazine_article/the-ebola-response/).
2. Alexandra Zavis and Christine Mai-Duc, “Clashes Erupt as Liberia Seals Off Slum to Prevent Spread of Ebola,” Los Angeles Times, Aug. 20, 2014 (www.latimes.com/world/africa/la-fg-africa-liberia-ebola-quarantine-curfew-20140820-story.html).
3. Normitsu Onishi, “As Ebola Grips Liberia’s Capital, a Quarantine Sows Social Chaos,” New York Times, p. A1, August. 29, 2014 (www.nytimes.com/2014/08/29/world/africa/in-liberias-capital-an-ebola-outbreak-like-no-other.html).
4. Ibid.
5. Norimitsu Onishi, “Quarantine for Ebola Lifted in Liberia Slum,” New York Times, p. A4, August. 30, 2014 (https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/30/world/africa/quarantine-for-ebola-lifted-in-liberia-slum.html).
6. World Health Organization, “Ebola in Liberia: Misery and Despair Tempered by Some Good Reasons for Hope” (www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/ebola-6-months/liberia/en/).
7. Médecins Sans Frontières, “Liberia: MSF’s New Ebola Management Centres Already Overwhelmed,” press release, August 27, 2014 (www.msf.org/article/liberia-msf’s-new-ebola-management-centres-already-overwhelmed).
Chapter 10
1. Mark Anderson, “Ebola: Airlines Cancel More Flights to Affected Countries,” The Guardian, August 22, 2014.
2. Norimitsu Onishi, “In Liberia, Home Deaths Spread Circle of Ebola Contagion,” New York Times, September 25, 2014.
3. Michael Osterholm, “What We’re Afraid to Say about Ebola,” New York Times, September 12, 2014.
Chapter 11
1. Brady Dennis, “CDC ‘Disease Detective’ Talks about Challenges of Fighting Spread of Ebola Virus,” Washington Post, August 1, 2014.
2. Kai Kupferschmidt, “Star Statistician Hans Rosling Takes on Ebola,” Science Magazine, December 2, 2014.
Chapter 12
1. Ross Lightsey, “Fighting Ebola: An Interagency Collaboration Paradigm,” Joint Forces Quarterly 81 (March 29, 2016).
2. United Nations, “With Spread of Ebola Outpacing Response, Security Council Adopts Resolution 2177 (2014) Urging Immediate Action, End to Isolation of Affected States,” press release, September 18, 2014 (www.un.org/press/en/2014/sc11566.doc.htm).
3. Barbara Starr, “Army Major General Speaks to CNN from inside Ebola Quarantine,” CNN, October 28, 2014 (www.cnn.com/2014/10/28/politics/starr-ebola-general-interview/index.html).
Chapter 13
1. Avi Selk, “Ebola Victim Came to Dallas to Realize His U.S. Dreams,” Dallas Morning News, October 6, 2014.
2. Bryan Burrough, “Ebola in the U.S.,” Vanity Fair, February 2015.
3. Selk, “Ebola Victim Came to Dallas.”
4. Dianna Hunt and Claire Cardona, “Hospital Had Made Preparations for Treating an Ebola Case,” Dallas Morning News, September 30, 2014.
5. Burrough, “Ebola in the U.S.”
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Tawnell Hobbs and Paige Kerley, “Student Who Had Contact with Ebola Patient Attended Dallas School Despite Request,” Dallas Morning News, October 2, 2014.
10. Avi Selk, “Among Those Closest to Dallas Ebola Case, Confusion Reigns,” Dallas Morning News, October 2, 2014.
11. Burrough, “Ebola in the U.S.”
12. Ibid.
13. Dianna Hunt and Sherry Jacobson, “Dallas Hospital under Fire as Accounts of Ebola Patient’s Initial Release Change,” Dallas Morning News, October 4, 2014.
14. “Record Details Thomas Eric Duncan’s Last Days,” Associated Press, October 11, 2014 (www.oregonlive.com/today/index.ssf/2014/10/thomas_eric_duncans_final_days.html).
15. Burrough, “Ebola in the U.S.”
16. Dan Morse, “Nina Pham, Nurse Who Contracted Ebola, Is Now Free of Virus and Leaves NIH,” Washington Post, October 24, 2014.
17. Burrough, “Ebola in the U.S.”
18. Alan Blinder, “Amber Joy Vinson, Dallas Nurse Treated for Ebola, Is Released from Hospital,” New York Times, October 28, 2014.
Chapter 15
1. Michael Osterholm, “What We’re Afraid to Say about Ebola,” New York Times, September 12, 2014.
2. Craig Spencer, “Having and Fighting Ebola: Public Health Lessons from a Clinician Turned Patient,” New England Journal of Medicine 372 (March 19, 2015), pp. 1089–91 (www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1501355).
3. Tom Frieden, the head of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, had spent seven years running New York City’s health department before President Obama tapped him for the job in Atlanta.
4. “Kaci Hickox, Maine Nurse Who Defied Quarantine, Details Ebola Mission,” video, Bangor Daily News, January 6, 2015 (http://bangordailynews.com/2015/01/06/health/kaci-hickox-maine-nurse-who-defied-quarantine-speaks-out-about-ebola-mission/).
5. Anemona Hartocollis and Emma Fitzsimmons, “Tested Negative for Ebola, Nurse Criticizes Her Quarantine,” New York Times, October 26, 2014.
6. Naheed Rajwani, “UTA Grad Isolated at New Jersey Hospital as Part of Ebola Quarantine,” Dallas Morning News, October 25, 2014.
7. Sara Fischer, “Christie’s Office: Quarantined Woman Headed to Maine,” CNN, October 27, 2014 (www.cnn.com/2014/10/26/politics/ebola-quarantine-christie-white-house/index.html).
8. Sarah Dutton, Jennifer De Pinto, and others, “Do Americans Believe There Should Be a Quarantine to Deal with Ebola?” CBS News, October 29, 2014 (www.cbsnews.com/news/do-americans-believe-there-should-be-a-quarantine-to-deal-with-ebola/).
9. Monmouth University, “NJ: Gov. Christie Gets High Marks on Ebola,” Monmouth University Poll, November 6, 2014 (www.monmouth.edu/assets/0/32212254770/32212254991/32212254992/32212254994/32212254995/40802189893/fd2f1e6ea751402a849adccc57a30ec5.pdf).
Chapter 17
1. Norimitsu Onishi, “In Liberia, Home Deaths Spread Circle of Ebola Contagion,” New York Times, September 25, 2014.
2. Kevin Sack and others, “How Ebola Roared Back,” New York Times, December 29, 2014.
3. Alice Urban, “A Year of Response: Liberia Country Director Piet deVries Reflects on Global Communities’ Fight Against Ebola,” Global Communities, March 12, 2015 (www.globalcommunities.org/node/38063).
4. Onishi, “In Liberia, Home Deaths Spread.”
5. Lucy Draper, “Frontline Health Workers Were Sidelined in $3.3bn Fight Against Ebola,” Newsweek, May 19, 2015 (www.newsweek.com/ebolasierra-leoneliberiaguineawest-africawhoworld-health-organisation-604666).
6. Ibid.
Chapter 18
1. Lucy Draper, “Frontline Health Workers Were Sidelined in $3.3bn Fight Against Ebola,” Newsweek, May 19, 2015.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Outbreaks Chronology: Ebola Virus Disease” (www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronolog
y.html#modalIdString_outbreaks).
3. Norimitsu Onishi, “Empty Ebola Clinics in Liberia Are Seen as Misstep in U.S. Relief Effort,” New York Times, April 12, 2015.
4. For Obama’s full remarks, see “Remarks by the President on America’s Leadership in the Ebola Fight,” White House, Office of the Press Secretary, February 11, 2015 (https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/02/11/remarks-president-americas-leadership-ebola-fight).
Chapter 19
1. Seema Yasmin, “Why Ebola Survivors Struggle with New Symptoms,” Scientific American, February 29, 2016 (www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-ebola-survivors-struggle-with-new-symptoms/).
2. Jim Wappes, “Studies on Ebola Survivors Show Range of Complications,” Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, February 25, 2016 (www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2016/02/studies-ebola-survivors-show-range-complications).
3. “Recovering from the Ebola Crisis,” report issued by the United Nations, World Bank, European Union, and the African Development Bank (http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/crisis-prevention-and-recovery/recovering-from-the-ebola-crisis---full-report.html).
4. Robbie Corey-Boulet, “Oxfam: $1.9B in Ebola Aid Not Delivered by Donors,” Associated Press, January 31, 2016 (www.sltrib.com/home/3482655-155/oxfam-19b-in-ebola-aid-not).
5. World Bank, “World Bank Group Ebola Response Fact Sheet,” brief, April 6, 2016 (www.worldbank.org/en/topic/health/brief/world-bank-group-ebola-fact-sheet).
6. Richard Davey and others, “A Randomized, Controlled Trial of ZMapp for Ebola Virus Infection,” New England Journal of Medicine 375 (October 13, 2016), pp. 1448–56 (http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1604330).
7. Daouda Sissoko and others, “Experimental Treatment with Favipiravir for Ebola Virus Disease (the JIKI Trial): A Historically Controlled, Single-Arm Proof-of-Concept Trial in Guinea,” PLOS Medicine, March 1, 2016 (http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001967).
8. Travis Warren and others, “Protection against Filovirus Diseases by a Novel Broad-Spectrum Nucleoside Analogue BCX4430,” Nature 508 (April 17, 2014), pp. 402–5 (www.nature.com/nature/journal/v508/n7496/full/nature13027.html).
9. Sarah Boseley, “Untested Ebola Drug Given to Patients in Sierra Leone Causes UK Walkout,” The Guardian, December 22, 2014 (www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/22/ebola-untested-drug-patients-sierra-leone-uk-staff-leave).
10. Robert Roos, “Trial Suggests Potential for Sequential Use of 2 Ebola Vaccines,” Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, April 20, 2016 (www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2016/04/trial-suggests-potential-sequential-use-2-ebola-vaccines).
11. Ana Maria Henao-Restrepo and others, “Efficacy and Effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored Vaccine Expressing Ebola Surface Glycoprotein: Interim Results from the Guinea Ring Vaccination Cluster-randomised Trial,” Lancet, July 31, 2015 (www.thelancet.com/pb/assets/raw/Lancet/pdfs/S0140673615611175.pdf).
12. Ana Maria Henao-Restrepo and others, “Efficacy and Effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored Vaccine in Preventing Ebola Virus Disease: Final Results from the Guinea Ring Vaccination, Open-label, Cluster-randomised Trial (Ebola Ca Sufit!),” Lancet, December 22, 2016 (www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)32621-6/fulltext).
13. World Health Organization, “Final Trial Results Confirm Ebola Vaccine Provides High Protection against Disease,” press release, December 23, 2016 (www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2016/ebola-vaccine-results/en/).
14. Milagritos Tapia and others, “Use of ChAd3-EBO-Z Ebola Virus Vaccine in Malian and US Adults, and Boosting of Malian Adults with MVA-BN-Filo,” Lancet Infectious Diseases 16, no. 1 (January 2016), pp. 31–42.
15. Norimitsu Onishi, “Empty Ebola Clinics in Liberia Are Seen as Misstep in U.S. Relief Effort,” New York Times, April 12, 2015.
16. World Health Organization, “Report of the Ebola Interim Assessment Panel” (www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/ebola/report-by-panel.pdf).
17. World Bank, “Ebola: Most African Countries Avoid Major Economic Loss but Impact on Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone Remains Crippling,” press release, January 20, 2015 (www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/01/20/ebola-most-african-countries-avoid-major-economic-loss-but-impact-on-guinea-liberia-sierra-leone-remains-crippling).
Chapter 20
1. Veronica Sikka and others, “The Emergence of Zika Virus as a Global Health Security Threat,” Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 8, no. 1 (February 11, 2016), pp. 3–15.
2. Jeffrey Taubenberger and David Morens, “1918 Influenza: The Mother of All Pandemics,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 12, no. 1 (January 2006), pp. 15–22 (wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/1/05-0979_article).
Index
Adadevoh, Stella Ameyo, 80, 83, 86
Aedes mosquitoes, 267
Africa: Central Africa Ebola outbreak, 10, 21–22, 34, 53; Chinese investment in, 120; poverty in, 99; U.S. trade and investment with, 106; World Health Organization in, 46–47. See also West Africa Ebola outbreak; specific countries and cities
African Leaders Summit, 106–07
African Union, 120
AIDS. See HIV/AIDS
ALERT (Assisting Liberians with Education to Reduce Transmission) program, 221
Allen, Paul, 213, 216
American Colonization Society, 29
Amiodarone, 249
Angolan free-tailed bats, 9, 53–54
Anthrax, 23–25, 48, 192–93
Antibodies to Ebola virus, 23, 26–27, 94, 170, 245, 250
Army, U.S. See U.S. Army Ebola deployment
Assays, 48–49, 54–55, 62–63, 121
Assisting Liberians with Education to Reduce Transmission (ALERT) program, 221
Baize, Sylvain, 14
Banbury, Anthony, 204
Ban Ki-moon, 152
Bats, 9, 53–54
Bawo, Luke, 141–43, 240
BCX4430 treatment, 249
BDBV (Bundibugyo virus), 21, 22, 238
Beers, Rand, 186
Biden, Joe, 180, 201
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 216
Biocryst, 249
Biological weapons, 23, 24, 48
Biosafety suits, 24–25, 164
Blackley, David, 136–37
Boakai, Joseph, 106
Body collectors. See Burial teams
Boehner, John, 167, 187
Boima, Tamba, 227
Brantly, Kent: background of, 91; blood transfusions from, 170, 173; contraction of Ebola virus by, 90, 92–94; experimental treatment received by, 94, 96; on quarantines, 184; recovery from Ebola virus, 94, 95, 97, 244, 261; treatment of Ebola patients by, 66, 89–90, 194
Brennan, Rick, 102
Brincidofovir, 165, 169, 250
Brown, Lewis, 36
Bubonic plague, 8, 18
Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), 21, 22, 238
Burial teams, 223–30; challenges for, 226, 230, 236; cultural considerations for, 223, 224, 253; establishment and growth of, 104, 108, 228; personal protection equipment for, 223, 225; prioritization of, 127; religious considerations for, 224, 229; resistance to, 223, 226; supplies required for, 104–05, 225–26; tribal cooperation with, 227
Burwell, Sylvia Matthews, 105, 126, 185, 195, 251
Bush, George W., 99, 178, 210
Bush, Laura, 99
Bush meat, 39, 53
Caritas charity, 222
Category A agents, 23–24
CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CDC Foundation, 211–18; cell phone monitoring program funded by, 212; credibility of, 217; emergency operations centers constructed by, 213–14, 218; establishment of, 211; flexibility of spending by, 211, 217–18; transportation infrastructure supplied by, 215–16, 254
Cell phones, Ebola case monitoring with, 209–12
Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): advisories issued to U.S. hospitals by, 163; bureaucratic delays within, 211; criticisms of, 69; diagnostic testing conducted by, 113; dispatch of Ebola responders by, 34, 130–38, 191, 263, 265; downplay of threat from Ebola outbreak, 106; Emergency Operations Center, 129–30; Epidemic Intelligence Service, 131, 136, 235; estimation of untreated cases, 219; evolution of, 265; in experimental treatment debate, 77, 97; funding for, 187, 211; infectious disease research by, 20, 23, 25, 26, 49; in international response effort, 44, 45, 118–19, 130–38; Lassa fever prevention by, 82; modeling projections from, 125–27; monitoring strategies used by, 209–12; Rapid Isolation and Treatment of Ebola strategy, 136; recovery efforts by, 248; 70–30 strategy of, 119; training on Ebola prevention, 107. See also CDC Foundation
Central Africa Ebola outbreak, 10, 21–22, 34, 53
ChAd3-ZEBOV vaccine, 250–51
Chan, Margaret, 36–37, 45, 126, 152, 263
Chan, Priscilla, 215, 216
Chikungunya, 8
Chimerix, 165
China, contributions to Ebola relief effort by, 120, 157, 240
Cholera, 9–12, 34, 40, 104, 220, 254
Christie, Chris, 200–03
Christmas tree legislation, 188
Chukwu, Onyebuchi, 82, 83, 87
Chung, Wendy, 163–65
Cintra, Pedro da, 28
Civil wars, 28–30, 48, 99, 103, 117, 161
Climate change, 268–69
Clinton, Bill, 180
Coleman, Peter Sonpon, 37
Colonialism, 27, 28, 263
Commissioned Corps, 105
Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor, 29
Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), 40
Conakry (Guinea): colonial history of, 28; communication networks in, 39; contact tracing in, 67; Ebola cases in, 3, 34, 37, 44, 59; emergency operations center in, 214, 218; population of, 3; slums of, 3, 43; supply deliveries to, 135–36; treatment units for Ebola patients in, 34, 37, 103
Conde, Alpha, 30, 35, 47, 105, 106, 118
Contact tracing, 12, 52–54, 66–68, 85–87, 165, 195
Conte, Lansana, 30
Conteh, Aniru, 72
Coons, Chris, 99–100, 109, 232
Costello, Tony, 154–60, 242
Cotton, Tom, 168
Cremation of Ebola victims, 2, 100, 109–10, 231