Bodin, Louis, army contractor 159–60
Bohemia 672
Bologna 105
Bon, General Louis-André 121
in Egypt 163
Holy Land 186
death 195
Bonaparte (Buona Parte) family 3–4, 6, 7–8
support for Revolution 29–30
split from Paolist nationalists 33–4, 41
exile from Corsica 44–5
with N in Milan 143
relations with Beauharnais 352, 536–7
and support for N’s return (1815) 740–41
under papal protection in Rome 806
Bonaparte, Carlo (father) 5, 6
death 7, 17–18
recognition as noble 9–10
financial problems 18–19
Bonaparte, Caroline (Maria-Annunziata) 7, 352, 796, 806
marriage to Murat 144
and N’s marriage to Marie Louise 541
Bonaparte, Charles (son) see Bonaparte, Napoléon-François-Joseph-Charles
Bonaparte, Charles- Louis-Napoléon (son of Louis), as Napoleon III 807
Bonaparte, Charlotte (daughter of Lucien) 475
Bonaparte, Elisa (Maria-Anna) (sister) 7, 352, 393, 502n, 686
marriage to Felice Baciocchi 143, 361
Bonaparte, Jérôme (Girolamo) (brother) 7, 68, 304
marriage to Princess Caterina of Württemberg 321, 395
marriage to Elizabeth Patterson 343
as King of Westphalia 397, 461
and Russian campaign 581, 584–5
N and 644
support for N’s return (1815) 740
Waterloo 756, 760, 761
after Waterloo 771
last years 806
Bonaparte, Joseph (elder brother) 5, 7, 8, 18, 706–7
early career 15–16, 24, 27, 31, 33
marriage to Julie Clary 53
as diplomat 67, 108
in Italy 107
and Compagnie Bodin scandal 159
in Egypt 163
and Josephine’s affair with Charles 171
and negotiations with Vatican 272
and treaty with America 286
and Peace of Amiens 308
as heir to N 311, 343, 536
as Grand Elector 342
as King of Naples 397, 399
and Army of Naples 447–8
as King of Spain 480, 482, 483, 486, 501, 692
and Talavera 531
relations with N 660, 705–7
and Vitoria 660
and Marie Louise 705–6
and escape of Marie Louise and son from Paris 708–9
support for N’s return (1815) 740
last years 806
Bonaparte, Joseph (grandfather) 9
Bonaparte, Josephine (wife) 68–71, 311
incarceration (1794) 69–70
marriage to N (1796) 70–72
N’s letters to 82, 92–3, 99–100, 102–4, 107–8, 124
affair with Hippolyte Charles 93, 100, 159–60, 171, 207
relations with N 104, 207–8, 330–31
travels to Italy 107–8, 110, 116, 124
extravagance 155, 207, 247–8, 468
and Compagnie Bodin scandal 159–60
and machine infernale bomb attack 287
and Hortense 304
and d’Enghien 336–7
coronation 352, 353–6
religious ceremony 352
at Mainz 413, 431
divorced by N 535–7, 538
descendants 537
patronage of arts 544
death 723–4
Bonaparte, Letizia (Maria-Letizia Ramolino) (mother) 3, 5, 6–7, 8, 11, 60
as widow 19, 60
and d’Enghien affair 336–40
and coronation 352–3, 356
and civil marriage of N to Marie Louise 541–2
on Elba 724, 730
N’s farewell to 774
funds for N on St Helena 789n
last years in Rome 806
Bonaparte, Louis (brother) 7, 343, 806
schooling 34–5, 58, 67
marriage to Hortense Beauharnais 304, 398, 806
as Constable of France 342
as King of Holland 397–8, 549–50
and N’s return (1815) 740
at Rochefort 774
Bonaparte, Luciano, archdeacon of Ajaccio (great-uncle) 4, 6, 19, 36
Bonaparte, Lucien (Luciano) (brother) 7, 24, 30, 114, 806
marriage to Christine Boyer 54, 305
and Brumaire coup 209–10, 222, 223, 224–5
as interior minister 239, 304
and plebiscite results 239–40
marriage to Alexandrine Jouberthon 305
and coronation 352
support for N’s return (1815) 740
and deposition of N (1815) 772
Bonaparte, Marie Louise see Marie Louise, Archduchess of Austria
BONAPARTE, NAPOLEON
reputation and legacy xxxi
early years
birth 3
love of reading 8–9, 12–14, 20, 25
education 8–9, 10–15; ability in mathematics 11, 16; at École Royale Militaire 16-18; languages 11–12
Corsica
views on 14–15, 21–2, 40–41
return visits 19, 24, 30–34, 36–8
with National Guard in 40–41
and recapture of (1796) 45
expedition to recapture (1795) 57
last visit (1799) 202
and Revolution 26–8, 29–52
view of monarchy 39
Jacobinism 40–41
arrest and imprisonment (1794) 55–6
early military career
commissioned 19–20
at School of Artillery at Auxonne (1788–9) 24–6
return to Auxonne (1791) 34–5
promotion to first lieutenant, 4th Regiment of Artillery 35–6
with Corsican National Guard (1792) 37
deemed to have resigned (1792) 37, 38
with Corsican Volunteers (1792) 40–41
first command (Sardinia) (1793) 42–3
transfer to Army of the South (1793) 45
rapid promotion in 1790s 52
as artillery commander of Army of Italy (1794) 53
promotion to brigadier-general (1794) 54
in Paris on half pay (1795) 58
rejection of appointment in Vendée 58, 60, 61
attachment to Topographical Bureau 61–2
as second-in-command of Army of the Interior (1795) 65–6
and Vendémiaire (1795) 65–7
command of Army of the Interior (1795) 67–8
command of Army of Italy 72
relations with Directory 79, 80, 83, 91–2, 93–5, 101–2, 106, 114, 142, 148, 155–6
as military commander 133–4
attention to detail (micro-management) 48–9, 54, 330, 448–9
personal bravery 49, 50, 122, 265–6
ignorance of naval warfare 57, 297, 363, 375
ability 72–3
capacity for hard work 79
relations with soldiers 79–80, 380, 382, 432, 510
on pillaging and ‘living off the land’ 84–5
speed of marching 85
speeches to troops 90, 165–6, 389–90
nickname of le petit caporal 91
post-battle reports (exaggeration in) 92, 197, 268, 639
public adulation 94, 133–4, 154
and use of punishments 99, 125 and n, 126, 178–9, 181 and n, 182
and
aides-de-camp 101
concern for soldiers 125–6, 134–7
appointment of officers 133–4, 345n, 671–2
and esprit de corps 134
military philosophy 134–7
military reviews 135
role of luck 269
bulletins 372, 455–6, 576, 629–30, 772
underestimation of British 394
and peace negotiations 656–7
military strategy
early grasp of 61–2
‘strategy of the central position’ 82, 133
manoeuvre sur les derrières 88
bataillon carré system 112–13, 116, 646, 751
ordre mixte 132
military campaigns and battles see individual campaigns and battles; Sixth Coalition, war of; Third Coalition, war of
foreign strategies 91–2, 499
in Syria/Middle East 186
plans for invasion of England 327–32, 357–8, 364–5
‘Continental System’ 427–31, 548–9, 560–61
politics and governance
and early Italian nationalism 95–6, 118, 241
religious reforms in Italy 118
negotiation of treaties 138–40, 142
role in Fructidor Coup 146–8
peace negotiations with Italy 148, 149–51, 154
reforms in Egypt 169, 174
and Brumaire coup (1799) 206–28
policy of national unification 238–46
marriage alliances 304–5, 320–21
concern with minutiae of administration 351, 367, 401–2, 467, 549, 742
see also N–, as emperor; N–, as First Consul (below)
as First Consul
appointment as Consul 225, 231–49
moves into Tuileries 246–8
religious settlement (1800–1801) 270–75
and Code Napoléon 275–9
social reforms 279–81
and Conseil d’État 281–4
declared Consul for life 310–11
as emperor
and renewal of war against Austria 250–51
campaign for imperial throne 341–2
proclamation as 342
and succession 342, 343, 533–4
appointment of Marshals 344–5
and use of honours 349–50, 399–400, 464–6 and n, 531
strategy in Europe 362–3, 459–60, 490–91, 493, 499
view of Austria 365, 499
and Joseph as king of Naples 397, 399
imperial household 468 and n, 469
and Portugal 473–5
and Spain 474–5, 478–88, 493–7
and height of empire 527–51
excommunication by Pius VII 530
political errors (1810) 550–51
preparation for war with Russia 556–79
coup against (Malet) (1812) 622–3
on return from Russia 636–7, 639–42
Concordat with Pius VII (1813) 639–40
government after Leipzig 685–7
and prospect of failure (1814) 690–91
options for peace terms (1814) 691–2
deposition and abdication (1814) 710, 711, 713–16
exile on Elba 722–30
decision to retake throne 726, 727, 728–9
escape from Elba 729–31
Hundred Days (return to France 1815) 730–39
size of force 730–31
proclamations at Golfe-Juan 731–2
Route Napoléon (to Grenoble) 732, 733, 734–7
reversal of Bourbon reforms 744–5
proposals for European peace 746
ratification of Acte Additionnel 749
Waterloo campaign 750–69
return to Paris after Waterloo 770–73
second abdication 772–3
contemplation of escape from France 774–6
surrender to Royal Navy 774, 776–7
last years on St Helena and death 778–802
will 799–801
death and burial 801
remains reinterred 801–2
appearance 58–9, 68, 75, 101, 149, 177, 247
dress 469–70
on Elba 717
in 1815: 747, 777
character
Corsican accent 9
handwriting 9, 16
heroes 12, 13, 136, 158, 284, 491
social and political beliefs 17–18, 25–6, 29, 38, 97–8
religious views 22, 32–3, 99, 258, 271–2, 401
confidence 72–3, 75
identity as French 73
spelling of name 73 and n
and public image 106
use of histrionics 149
view of women 157–8, 278, 281, 460–61n
and savants on Egyptian expedition 165, 167
relations with Muslims in Egypt 169–71, 174–7
conservatism 243
dynamism 282–3
impatience 371, 471–2
speed of travel 462, 499, 555, 595–6
dislike of dissent 466–7
relations with staff 472
emotional self-control 641
health 8, 795
scabies 49–50
complaints about 148–9, 434
fever at Borodino 601
reports in letters 630, 653–4
at Dresden 668, 671
Leipzig campaign 672, 681
suicide attempts 715, 772
haemorrhoids 756–7
at Waterloo 756–7, 760
deterioration on St Helena 792–4, 795–9
depression 793
alleged arsenic poisoning 796
stomach cancer 796–8
personal life 468–73
courtship of Désirée Clary 53–4, 56–7, 59–60
social life in Paris (1795) 58–9
marriage to Josephine de Beauharnais (1796) 70–72
acquisition of art from Italy 85n, 87–8, 89, 105–6
wealth 143, 247–8
election to Institut de France 156–7
divorce from Josephine 171, 535–7, 538
affair with Pauline Fourès 182–3
reconciliation with Josephine 207–8
mistresses 330–31, 361 and n, 399–400, 437n, 533, 780–81; Marie Colonna-Walewska 435, 437, 462–3, 517, 534
daily regime 470–71, 790–91
marriage to Marie Louise of Austria 539–43, 655
parting from Marie Louise and son 692
relations with family 7–8, 304–5, 398–9, 461–2, 772
and mother 6, 7, 11, 724, 730, 774, 789n
allegations of illegitimacy 10
Joseph 15–16, 660, 705–7
and father 18–19
Jérôme 644, 740
Pauline 692, 721
and will 799–800
letters xxxv–xxxvi, 48–9, 297–8n, 359, 412 and n, 435n
to Joseph Fesch 15–16
to Joseph 29, 39, 58, 59–60, 707
to Directory 94–5
to Josephine 82–3, 92–3, 99–100, 102–4, 107–8, 124, 373, 462; published (1833) 104
intercepted, published by British goverment 171–2
from Egypt 180 and n
to Cambacérès 305–6
on administrative detail 351, 367, 402, 448–9
on art of ruling 362
from Prussia 423
from Poland 446, 447
to Jérôme 461–2
dictation and secretaries 471–2
from Vienna 531–2
to Marie Louise 540, 615–16, 645, 650, 653, 706, 714–15, 724�
��5
from Russian campaign 575
to Berthier (1812) 575
reading and books
purposeful love of reading 8–9, 12–14, 20, 25
interest in history 12–13
admiration for Rousseau 13, 22
collection of books for Egypt expedition 163, 165
collection of books for Russia 569, 595–6n
library at Longwood 802
writings and essays 21–4, 25–6
‘On Suicide’ 21–2, 794
The Hare 22
history of Corsica 24, 27, 31, 32, 34
‘A Parallel between Love of Glory and Love of Country’ 24
‘Dissertation sur l’Autorité Royale’ 25
melodramas 26
‘New Corsica’ 31
‘Dialogue sur l’Amour’ 35
and Lyons Academy essay prize (1791) 35
pamphlets on Corsica 43–4
Le Souper de Beaucaire 45–6, 56
Clisson et Eugénie 62–3
Caesar’s Wars 464–5, 790
notes for autobiography 625
memoirs (on St Helena) 789–91
Bonaparte, Napoléon-François-Joseph-Charles (son by Marie Louise) 6, 564–5, 807
Bonaparte, Napoléon-Louis-Charles (son of Louis) 311, 482, 533–4
Bonaparte, Pauline (Maria-Paola) (sister) 7, 352, 779, 796, 806
marriage to Charles Leclerc 143–4, 343–4
and death of Leclerc 302
marriage to Don Camillo Borghese 302
infidelities 343–4
bodyguard in Russian campaign 572–3
loyalty to N 692, 721
on Elba 724, 730
Bonaparte, Stéphanie (daughter of Joseph), marriage to Karl Ludwig of Bavaria 395
Bonnet, General, Lützen 647, 650
Bonneuil, Michelle de 333
Bordessoulle, General Étienne
Dresden 669
Leipzig 677
Borghese, Don Camillo Filippo Ludovico 530, 806
marriage to Pauline Bonaparte 302
Borghetto, battle of (1796) 100
Bormida, River 259, 262–3
Borodino, Kutuzov at 598–9
Borodino, battle of (1812) 601, 602–3, 604, 606–8
battlefield 601, 604
aftermath 609–10
Boswell, James
on Ajaccio 4
Account of Corsica 19, 30
Bouchotte, Jean-Baptiste, war minister 48, 55
Boudet, General
Marengo 264, 266
Aspern 515
Boulay de la Meurthe, Antoine 774
Council of Five Hundred 209
and new constitution (1799) 232
and N’s return (1815) 741
Boulogne, invasion camp at 329, 331–2, 350
Bourbon, House of
requests for restoration 248–9
restoration 713–14
Bourbon, House of XVIII
Napoleon Page 115