The origins of our universe was not in a singularity.
The origins of our universe was in a singularity that stopped moving.
Modern Icelandic formed around 1550 with the introduction of:
The printing press
The Lutheran Reformation
Translation of the Bible
All of the above
What type of language is
Icelandic?
East Germanic
West Slavonic
Northern Germanic
Southern Germanic
ANSWER KEY: a, c, d, d, b, c, a, b, d, c
Lesson 16
HISTORY: The Industrial Revolution
What Was the Industrial Revolution?, Textiles, Steam Power, Transportation, Iron and Coal, The Cotton Gin
LANGUAGE ARTS: Literary Elements
Plot, Protagonist, Antagonist, Foreshadowing, Point of View, Setting
MATH: Geometry
Polygons, Area, Perimeter, Circumference, Volume, Surface Area
SCIENCE: THE Periodic Table
What Is the Periodic Table?, The History of the Periodic Table, Groups, Periods, Blocks, Names of the Elements
FOREIGN LANGUAGE: Croatian
The Origins, Attempt at Standardizing Croatian, The Illyrian Movement and Forward, Phonology, Croatian Today, Useful Croatian Phrases
LESSON 16A
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
What Was the Industrial Revolution? The Industrial Revolution can be broken into two parts: the first Industrial Revolution, which started in England and lasted from 1750 to 1850; and the second Industrial Revolution, which took place in America and lasted from 1850 to 1940. The Industrial Revolution was a great burst of technological advancement that changed the world from a rural, agricultural economy to that of an urban and industrial one.
LITERARY ELEMENTS
Plot Simply put, the plot is the story found in literature, film, television, or other narrative work. It is the sequence of events that make up the story. German novelist Gustav Freytag considered the plot to any story to be composed of five parts: exposition, which introduces the main characters and their stories and relationships; a rising action, which begins with a conflict of some sort (this generally involves the character striving for a certain goal); the climax, which is the turning point of the story; the falling action, where loose ends are tied up; and lastly, the resolution or denouement.
GEOMETRY
Polygons Geometry is the study of shapes and their properties. Polygons are particular types of shapes used in geometry. Polygons have many straight sides. With regular polygons, all of the angles and sides have to be the same. A shape with three sides and angles is called a triangle. A shape with four sides and angles is called a quadrilateral. A shape with five sides and angles is a pentagon, six makes a hexagon, and so on. A shape that has two pairs of parallel lines is called a parallelogram.
THE PERIODIC TABLE
What Is the Periodic Table? The periodic table is a table displaying the various elements. There are currently 118 known elements. The elements are placed along the grid in accordance with how they look and how they act. Rows and columns also have particular meaning in the Periodic Table. If elements are in the same row (each row is considered a period), that means they have something in common. The elements in the center of the table are known as transition elements.
CROATIAN
The Origins Croatian is a South Slavic language. The language developed from Old Church Slavonic which, in the ninth century, became the official language of the land. Based on the local dialect of Old Church Slavonic, Croatian developed and used three alphabets: Cyrillic, Glagolithic, and Latin. Over time, the language was strongly influenced by Slovenian and Serbian.
LESSON 16B
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Textiles In 1750 England, the modern factory system developed in textiles as a result of power-driven machinery. Prior to these machines, textile work was done completely by hand. With the spinning machine, however, a person would just have to operate a foot pedal and let the machine do the rest. The most famous model of the spinning machine was the spinning jenny. In the 1740s, the first textile mills began appearing in England, and by the 1780s, there were over 120 textile mills.
LITERARY ELEMENTS
Protagonist The protagonist is the main character found in the story. It is who the entire plot of the story revolves around. For example, even though in The Wizard of Oz, the story is about finding the Wizard of Oz, whose name is the title of the book, the story’s protagonist is actually Dorothy, because the story is about her journey, not the Wizard. The protagonist can sometimes be the narrator of the story. A false protagonist is a dramatic device where the protagonist is disposed of unexpectedly. A famous example of this can be found in Hitchcock’s Psycho, where halfway through the movie, the main character is killed.
GEOMETRY
Area The area is the amount of space inside a shape. To find the area of a square or any other plane shape, the formula is simple. You multiply the length by the height of the object. To find the area of a parallelogram, you multiply the base by the height of the object. For trapezoids — shapes with four sides but only one pair of parallel sides — you add the lengths of the two parallel sides, divide by two, and then multiply that number by the height.
THE PERIODIC TABLE
The History of the Periodic Table The periodic table of today was created by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869; however, he was not the first. In 1789, a list of thirty-three chemical elements was published. These were organized by earths, gases, metals, and nonmetals. In 1829, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner came to the realization that based on chemical properties, elements could be grouped into groups of three, or triads. By 1869, there had been several attempts at perfecting the table, and what made Mendeleev’s table so special was that it left gaps for elements not yet discovered. Also, it occasionally ignored the order by atomic weight to better classify into chemical families.
CROATIAN
Attempt at Standardizing Croatian In the seventeenth century, there was an attempt to unify Croatia, which at the time had been ruled by two dynasties. Ikavian-Kajkavian was chosen to be the unifying dialect because it was an intermediate between all of the other dialects. However, when the dynasties were overtaken by the Holy Roman Emperor, the standard language was abandoned and replaced by Neo-Shtokavian.
LESSON 16C
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Steam Power The steam engine provided an efficient and cheap source of power. The first practical steam engine was created in 1712, and it was later perfected by Scottish inventor James Watt in the 1770s. The steam engine was an integral part of the Industrial Revolution. It provided power for machinery and soon moved from the factories to being used in locomotives and ships.
LITERARY ELEMENTS
Antagonist The antagonist is the character in opposition to the protagonist. The antagonist may also represent a threat or opposing idea to the protagonist. For example, if the superhero is the protagonist, the evil villain is the antagonist. A classic example of an antagonist is Voldemort or Snape from the Harry Potter series. Harry is the protagonist, and they are his antagonists.
GEOMETRY
Perimeter Perimeter is a very simple idea, with a very simple solution to finding it. The perimeter of an object is the distance around the outside of the shape. The easiest way of finding the perimeter is by adding up all of the sides. For example, if a rectangle has two sides that are 7 inches and two sides that are 3 inches, then the perimeter would be 7 + 7 + 3 + 3 = 20.
THE PERIODIC TABLE
Groups The vertical columns in the periodic table are called groups. The groups are the most important way to classify elements. In the current format, the groups are numbered 1 to 18 from the left to the right. Elements in a group share similar configurations of the atom’s outermost electron shells. The groups are given names such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, pnictogens, an
d chalcogens, to name a few.
CROATIAN
The Illyrian Movement and Forward In the nineteenth century, there was an attempt to create a common South Slavic literary language. This was known as the Illyrian movement. The Shtokavian dialect was chosen as the standard language to be used among Croats and Serbs, and the Serbo-Croatian language was standardized. In 1954, the Novi Sad Agreement established Serbo-Croatian as one language with two variants. The Novi Sad Agreement remained until the collapse of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1991, which led to several disputes.
LESSON 16D
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Transportation Prior to the Industrial Revolution, transportation was limited to horse-drawn carriages and boats. In the 1800s, the first steamboat was created by an American inventor. Within just a few years, steamboats appeared both in the United States and in England and traveled the Atlantic with goods and raw materials. Technological advancements soon led to better roads and the first steam-powered rail systems.
LITERARY ELEMENTS
Foreshadowing Foreshadowing is used to suggest developments that will be found later on in the plot. Formal patterning is a form of foreshadowing where certain events, actions, and gestures let the reader anticipate the plot. A red herring is a hint given to the reader that intentionally misleads the reader.
GEOMETRY
Circumference Circumference is the same idea as perimeter, only it applies to circles. The formula for finding the circumference requires a little more work however. To find the circumference, multiply the diameter of the circle by π, which as you may recall, is simplified to 3.14. If only the radius is provided, multiply the radius by 2 to find the diameter, and then solve for the circumference.
THE PERIODIC TABLE
Periods The horizontal rows in the periodic table are known as periods. All the elements in a period have the same number of electron shells. Currently, the maximum number of electron shells for any type of element is seven. As you move across a period, the atomic number increases. The atomic number is the number of protons found in the atom’s nucleus.
CROATIAN
Phonology Croatian has a total of thirty letters in its alphabet (which stems from the Latin alphabet), with twenty-five of those letters being consonants and only five being vowels. Vowels can be long or short, and when they are stressed, they carry a rising or falling tone. Understanding consonants is a bit more difficult, and they are affricate (begin as a stop and end with a sound of incomplete closure) and palatal (where the tongue is raised to the hard palate).
LESSON 16E
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Iron and Coal Without iron and coal, there would not have been an Industrial Revolution. Coal provided the power for the steam engines as well as energy to fuel the smelting of iron. The iron was then used to build and improve machinery, ships, and bridges. The reason Great Britain became a leader in the Industrial Revolution, and in fact, the first industrialized nation, was due to their large coal and iron ore deposits.
LITERARY ELEMENTS
Point of View The point of view is the perspective the story is being told from. A narrator can tell the story in first person, where it is the narrator who is experiencing it (use of the word I), and sometimes is limited to the information in the moment. The third-person narrator is objective, an unattached observer that does not take a character’s perspective. An omniscient narrator can relate multiple characters’ perspectives, knowing all, including characters’ thoughts. And a limited omniscient narrator knows all, like an omniscient narrator, but only about one or two of the characters.
GEOMETRY
Volume Whereas area deals with two-dimensional figures, volume is the amount of space in three-dimensional figures. To find the volume of a rectangular prism, multiply the length by the width by the height. To find the volume of a triangular prism, you do the same formula and then multiply by ½. As the shapes get more advanced, so too does the formula for volume. For example, the formula for finding the volume of a cone is 1∕3 times the area of the base times the height.
THE PERIODIC TABLE
Blocks A set of adjacent groups is known as a block or family. There are five blocks: s-block (the first two groups), p-block (the last six groups except for helium), d-block (the transition metals), f-block (part of the lanthanoids and actinoids), and g-block (which is hypothetical; no elements exist in the g-block yet). These blocks reflect the configuration of the electrons.
CROATIAN
Croatian Today Croatian is spoken by 6 million people today, and is the national language of Croatia. The language is also spoken in Herzegovina, Bosnia, Slovakia, Italy, Austria, and Hungary. Though Croatian, Bosnian, and Serbian are extremely similar, speakers emphasize differences between the languages as a result of a deep and complicated cultural, political, and religious history.
LESSON 16F
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Cotton Gin In America, the cotton gin, created by Eli Whitney, was revolutionary in the American cotton industry. Prior to his invention, farming cotton required hundreds of hours separating the raw fibers from the cottonseed, which was all done by hand. With this new invention however, up to 50 pounds of cotton could be cleaned in one day. Though its technological advancement was great, the cotton gin would ultimately revitalize slavery in the South.
LITERARY ELEMENTS
Setting The setting of a story is more than just a backdrop for the actions to occur. It also sets the mood and tone of the entire story, as well as any context that needs to be understood. The setting establishes the time period, the culture, and the geography, and in some cases the setting can be just as important as the characters.
GEOMETRY
Surface Area The surface area is the sum of all of the areas. For rectangular prisms, finding the surface area requires finding the area of each side and adding them together (this of course can be simplified by finding the area of one side and then multiplying it by two because there are two sides, and then doing the same thing for the other sides). To find the surface area of a cylinder, the formula is: 2πr2 + 2πrh
THE PERIODIC TABLE
Names of the Elements The naming of the elements is complex. Sometimes it is just the first letter of the element (such as oxygen, O; or hydrogen, H), sometimes it’s the beginning of the Latin word (gold is Au, from the Latin aurum), while other times it is named for the person who discovered it or for a whole slew of other reasons (polonium is Po, which stands for Poland, named after the country that the people who discovered the element were from).
CROATIAN
Useful Croatian Phrases Here are some helpful phrases to use when traveling to Croatia:
Hello. Zdravo.
Pleased to meet you. Drago mi je.
Good morning. Dobro jutro.
Good day. Dobar dan.
Good night. Laku noć.
Yes. Da.
No. Ne.
Please. Molim.
Thank you. Hvala.
Excuse me. Oprostite.
I don’t understand. Je ne razumijem.
How much is it? Koliko kosjta?
Where’s the toilet? Gdje je zahod?
Goodbye. Zbogom.
LESSON 16 QUIZ
One result of the Industrial Revolution was:
A shift from urban and industrial to rural and agricultural
A shift from rural and agricultural to urban and industrial
A shift from rural and industrial to urban and agricultural
A shift from industrial and rural to industrial and agricultural
One reason Great Britain became the first industrialized nation was due to their:
Use of steam
Large amount of spinning jennies
Large amount of cotton gins
Large coal and iron ore deposits
If the narrator says “I” in the story and is talking about his or her own experience, this is an example of:
First person
&nbs
p; Third person
Omniscient narrator
Limited omniscient narrator
What is a red herring?
When you only know the perspective of one or two characters
Where the story takes place
A hint given to the reader with the intention of misleading the reader
The character in opposition of the protagonist
What is the perimeter of a square with sides that measure 6 inches?
12 inches
24 inches
36 inches
18 inches
What is the area of a rectangle with sides that measure 7 inches and 9 inches?
63
32
58
16
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