J. A.
A Woman
A Lady
Anonymous
Which of the following was NOT a theme found in Jane Austen’s work?
Realism
Great displays of emotions
Humor
Social commentary
Another name for modern
algebra is:
Linear algebra
Abstract algebra
Elementary algebra
Algebra II
What rule states if a and b are elements in G, then ab, the product, is also in G?
The property of closure
The inverse property
The identity property
Associativity
Which of the following accurately describes the steps in the water cycle?
Evaporation, condensation, precipitation
Condensation, evaporation, precipitation
Evaporation, precipitation, condensation
Precipitation, condensation, evaporation
Which of the following is NOT a group clouds are classified into?
Cirrus
Stratus
Cumulonimbus
Alto
Which Hungarian dialect is most significantly different?
Northeast Hungarian
Székely
West Hungarian
Csángó
In Hungarian, how many
different ways are there to express levels of politeness?
2
3
4
9
ANSWER KEY: b, d, c, b, b, a, a, c, d, c
Lesson 20
HISTORY: The War of 1812
What Was the War of 1812?, Invasion of Canada, Surrender of Detroit, Hartford Convention, Treaty of Ghent, The Battle of
New Orleans
LANGUAGE ARTS: Debating
Know Your Facts, Causality, Regression to the Mean, Innuendo, Clarity, Emotionalism
MATH: Curves
What Is a Curve?, Conics, Circles, Ellipses, Parabolas, Hyperbolas
SCIENCE: Global Warming
Greenhouse Gases, The Greenhouse Effect, The Role of the Industrial Revolution, Impact of Global Warming, The Clean Air Act, Fact
or Fiction?
FOREIGN LANGUAGE: Korean
The Origins, The Korean Writing System, Vocabulary, Dialects, Differences Between North Korean and South Korean, Useful Korean Phrases
LESSON 20A
THE WAR OF 1812
What Was the War of 1812? The War of 1812 began in 1812 and lasted until 1815. The British, who were in a war with France, wanted to restrict trade between the newly formed United States of America and France. This was considered illegal by the Americans. Following years of Britain’s restrictions and attacks on American ships, as well as their funding Native Americans’ attacks on American settlements, war was declared on Britain and their Canadian colonies. This new war with Britain reaffirmed the stance that the United States had to be independent from Britain.
DEBATING
Know Your Facts One of the very first steps in becoming a great debater is understanding your facts. The source of the material can help or hurt your argument. If a source is taken from a newspaper or magazine, make sure the information is not formed on some sort of bias. It is always a good idea to check your information with multiple sources that have different backgrounds (for example, international newspapers present a very different perspective from local newspapers).
CURVES
What Is a Curve? A curve is similar to a line in that it is a continuously moving point, but it does not have to be straight. A curve starts out like a straight line then begins to deform in a smooth and continuous formation. The shape the curve takes on is the result of a particular equation. Closed curves repeat and open curves have infinite length.
GLOBAL WARMING
Greenhouse Gases The Earth’s atmosphere is made up of many different gases. Greenhouse gases are particularly important because they let visible light through while not letting heat through. These gases absorb the extreme energy and heat coming from infrared light. The major greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone. Without the greenhouse gases, life would not be able to survive on Earth.
KOREAN
The Origins The Korean language is a Ural-Altaic language. Ural-Altaic languages originated in northern Asia and include the Turkic, Mongol, Finnish, Hungarian, and Manchu languages. Despite grammatical similarities, a relationship between Korean and Japanese has not been discovered yet. From 108 b.c. to a.d. 313, the Chinese occupied northern Korea, and by the fifth century, Classical Chinese was the written language and much of the Chinese language was borrowed.
LESSON 20B
THE WAR OF 1812
Invasion of Canada When war was declared against the British, the War Hawks (members of Congress who wanted to go to war with Britain and the Native Americans) set their sights on an attack of the British in Canada. The American forces divided into segments at Niagara, Lake Champlain, and Detroit. On July 12, 1812, the Americans invaded. The divided American troops were no match for the British, and fighting was pushed into American territory.
DEBATING
Causality Avoid causal relationships that are “post hoc ergo propter hoc.” In other words, relationships that state because A happened, and right after, B happened, that must mean A was the cause of B. If you sneezed and then the light went on, it would not be smart to assume that because you sneezed the light went on. You should also avoid the idea that correlation proves causality. For example, if you say people who own dogs are not allergic to dogs, this doesn’t mean that if we give dogs to people they will not be allergic.
CURVES
Conics Conics are algebraic forms that are curved. They are the result of a cone being sliced by a plane. Four common conics are the circle, the ellipse, the parabola, and the hyperbola. All conics can be written by using the formula:
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
GLOBAL WARMING
The Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect is a natural process that heats the Earth’s surface and atmosphere. As the energy passes through the atmosphere, 26 percent of it is reflected and scattered back into space from the clouds. The clouds absorb 19 percent of the energy and another 4 percent is reflected from the Earth’s surface and sent back to space. Fifty-one percent of the Sun’s energy that reaches the Earth’s surface is used in a number of processes such as heating the surface. The majority of this energy is absorbed by the greenhouse gases and then sent back in a continuous cycle, further heating the planet until it is no longer available for absorption.
KOREAN
The Korean Writing System The Korean alphabet, Hangul, was created in 1444. The consonants got their shape based on the shape the mouth made when the sound was pronounced. The writing direction (vertically and right to left) and method of writing the symbols in blocks was taken from the Chinese. After Hangul was created, most Koreans could write in both Hangul and Classical Chinese, and during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, a mix of the two systems (Hanja) became popular until 1945 when use of Chinese characters diminished.
LESSON 20C
THE WAR OF 1812
Surrender of Detroit On August 15, 1812, the British forces captured Detroit. In fact, no actual fighting took place. The British general Isaac Brock, along with the Native American British allies, tricked the American general William Hull. Though his men outnumbered the British and Native Americans, Hull thought otherwise and surrendered the fort and town of Detroit.
DEBATING
Regression to the Mean When debating, it’s important to take into account the regression to the mean, sometimes known as chance or luck. The less reliable a measurement, the more regression to the mean there is. If you take a measurement from a large sample, and then choose the individuals with the highest and lowest scores and do the measurement again, the high-scoring individuals will get a
lower average score, and the individuals who scored low will have a higher average score.
CURVES
Circles The most common curve is the circle. The circle is made up of determinate lines. They do not extend forever, but rather have an ending point. When drawing curves on a graph with an x and y axis, a basic formula that tells you the curve will be a circle is x2 + y2 = a2. Both values are squared, making them positive, and both have the same coefficient, making them equal distances. Another formula for making a circle is:
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2
In this formula, h and k represent the x and y coordinates that are found in the center of the circle, and r is the radius. For example, if you have coordinates (8,5) with a radius of 10, your circle would be (x – 8)2 + (y – 5)2 = 100.
GLOBAL WARMING
The Role of the Industrial Revolution When the Industrial Revolution began, not only did it have huge impacts down on the ground, but it also had huge impacts up in the atmosphere. The burning of fossil fuels such as coal, gas, and oil pours greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. As a result, the Earth is absorbing and holding more heat than is being radiated into space.
KOREAN
Vocabulary The vocabulary of the Korean language is a blend of pure Korean words and Sino-Korean words, which were taken from written Chinese or Korean words in Chinese characters. This is similar to how Indo-European languages infused Greek and Latin into their languages. Today, many of the loanwords found in the language are from the English language. The vocabulary of North Korea favors the native Korean vocabulary over the Sino-Korean vocabulary.
LESSON 20D
THE WAR OF 1812
Hartford Convention On December 14, 1814, Federalist delegates from Massachusetts, Connecticut, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island met to discuss opposition to the war, and even the possibility of New England seceding. As a result of the Hartford Convention, constitutional amendments were proposed. These amendments stated that war and laws that restricted Congress needed a two-thirds majority in Congress, successive presidents could not be from the same state, presidents were limited to a single term, and the three-fifths clause would be eliminated.
DEBATING
Innuendo Innuendo is alluding to something that is not being said outright, often a rumor or popular belief. Though it is not necessarily nice, innuendo is certainly effective when debating. Innuendo is an easy way to work from prejudices without having to make overt statements that would require facts to back it up, or that might be difficult to defend.
CURVES
Ellipses An ellipse is another form of a closed curve. Its appearance resembles a circle, only it is squashed and is an oval. Ellipses are defined by two points, known as Focus 1 (F1) and Focus 2 (F2). At any point of the ellipse, if the distances of the focus points are added up, they are constant. The basic formula for an ellipse is:
GLOBAL WARMING
Impact of Global Warming With the increase in greenhouse gases, the average temperature of the Earth begins to increase. Global warming can have serious effects on the planet. Oceans will rise, hurricanes will become more frequent as the temperature of the oceans increases, there will be an increase in droughts and heat waves, and of course maybe the most well-known result of global warming, the polar ice caps will melt, which can throw the Earth’s ecosystems completely out of balance.
KOREAN
Dialects There are many dialects found in Korean. In South Korea, the standard language is based on the dialect of Seoul. In North Korea, the standard language is based on the dialect of Pyongyang. The dialects found in both North Korea and South Korea are mutually intelligible. The dialect that is most noticeably different is that of Jeju Island, which features many archaic words that have since been lost in the Korean language of today.
LESSON 20E
THE WAR OF 1812
Treaty of Ghent The War of 1812 ended on December 24, 1814, with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent between the United States and Britain. The treaty called for amnesty for all Native American participants, the return of prisoners of war and territory, the return of slaves, and a commitment to end the international slave trade.
DEBATING
Clarity When debating, you are arguing against someone who opposes your opinions and wants to make you look bad. That is why clarity is so essential to being a good debater. Your words can and will be interpreted by the other person, so choosing your words wisely is essential. Stay away from generalizations or ambiguous terms. Be precise and make your opinion clear so it can’t be misconstrued later on.
CURVES
Parabolas A parabola is a curve that is U-shaped. It is the locus of a point that is always the same distance from the focus and a given line, called the directrix. The standard equations for making parabolas are:
y – k = a(x – h)2 and x – h = a(y – k)2
If a is greater than zero, the parabola opens upward, and if it is less than zero, it opens downward.
GLOBAL WARMING
The Clean Air Act The Clean Air Act, first passed in 1963, is a United States federal law enacted to control air pollution. Since 1963, it has had two significant amendments, one in 1970 and the other in 1990. In 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court stated global warming emissions are air pollutants and would be subject to regulation by the EPA under the Clean Air Act if it was proven they were an endangerment to the public’s health. In 2009, the EPA released their findings, claiming that global warming emissions were a danger to public health. In 2010, the Senate rejected the findings, and an effort to have it passed is still ongoing.
KOREAN
Differences Between North Korean and South Korean Though North Korea and South Korea speak the same language, the lasting separation from one
another has created subtle differences in the languages. While they both use the same letters, called jamo, some of the letters have different names. Also, the North uses a different stroke in one jamo than the South, and compound vowel and tense consonant jamos are not treated separately in South Korea but are in North Korea, and some
jamos have different names.
LESSON 20F
THE WAR OF 1812
The Battle of New Orleans Two weeks after the Treaty of Ghent, news of the treaty had not yet spread to the United States, and the United States fought in the Battle of New Orleans, its greatest military victory of the war. The British were 7,500 strong, while the Americans were only 5,000. A total of 2,036 British soldiers were killed, with only twenty-one American casualties; turning Andrew Jackson, the general of the battle, into a national hero.
DEBATING
Emotionalism Though a debate is essentially an argument, emotion-charged words and arguments will do more harm than good. Do not stoop to heated personal attacks or labeling your opponents with broad titles (for example, socialist, baby killer). That discredits you and your argument. You need to prove the other person wrong with facts and information, not by criticizing the person’s lifestyle or personality.
CURVES
Hyperbolas A hyperbola is kind of like two parabolas put together, making a sort of X shape. There are two types of hyperbolas: vertical and horizontal. The formula for a horizontal hyperbola is:
The formula for a horizontal hyperbola is:
GLOBAL WARMING
Fact or Fiction? Even today there are those who do not believe global warming is real. They claim there is not enough evidence to prove greenhouse gases are heating the planet or will in the future, reliable sources of temperature data do not show a trend of global warming, the computer models are too crude to predict the future climates, and even that should global warming occur, it would be beneficial to society.
KOREAN
Useful Korean Phrases Here are some helpful phrases to use when traveling to Korea. Note that these are written out phonetically.
Hello. Annyeonghaseyo.
How are you? Eotteohke jinaeseyo?
Pleased to meet you. Mannaseo bangapseumnida.
>
Good morning/afternoon/evening. Annyeong hashimnikka.
I don’t understand. Moreugesseumnida.
How much is this? Ige eolmayeyo?
Thank you. Kamsahamnida.
Where’s the toilet? Hwajangsiri eodiyeyo.
Excuse me. Shillehagessumnida.
Goodbye. Annyeonghi gyeseyo.
LESSON 20 QUIZ
Which of the following was NOT a constitutional amendment proposed from the Hartford Convention?
Declaration of war and laws that restricted Congress needed to be passed with a two-thirds vote in Congress.
Successive presidents could not be from the same state.
Presidents were limited to a single term.
A Ton of Crap Page 21