NATO
The Berlin Wall
Sputnik
How did the Cuban Missile Crisis end?
The Soviet premier agreed to dismantle the installations of missiles in hopes that the United States would not invade Cuba.
The United States invaded Cuba and took over the Soviet Union’s missiles.
The United States launched an attack on the Soviet Union’s missiles.
The United States invaded Cuba and launched a nuclear bomb at the Soviet Union.
What book was written by a
man who suffered from locked-in syndrome, leaving his entire body motionless except for his left
eyelid?
A Beautiful Mind: The Life of Mathematical Genius and Nobel Laureate John Nash
Into the Wild
The Diving Bell and the Butterfly
The Autobiography of Malcolm X
Which of the following is true regarding Dietrich Bonhoeffer?
Bonhoeffer believed the role of the churches was to help the victimized Jewish people.
Bonhoeffer created an illegal seminary for the purpose of training pastors.
Bonhoeffer was involved in a plot to assassinate Hitler.
All of the above.
Which of the following is true?
Pure mathematics is the study of math pertaining to science and applied mathematics uses mathematical techniques in nonscientific fields.
Pure mathematics is the study of completely abstract math and applied mathematics uses mathematical techniques in very real and specialized ways.
Applied mathematics is the study of completely abstract math and pure mathematics uses mathematical techniques in very real and specialized ways.
Applied mathematics is the study of math pertaining to science and pure mathematics uses mathematical techniques in nonscientific fields.
Which of the following involves the assessment of risk and the creation of insurance policies to mitigate the risk for finance and insurance industries?
Statistics
Actuarial science
Operations Research
Scientific computing
Which of the following has the highest amount of diversity in wildlife?
Lake
River
Wetland
Stream
What are the three types of
forests?
Tropical, arctic, and savanna
Tropical, temperate, and boreal
Boreal, savanna, and alpine
Alpine, prairie, and boreal
Yucatec Maya, Uspantek, and a dialect of Tzotzil are the only Mayan languages that:
Feature tone
Have a writing system
Have prefixes
Have suffixes
The closest language to that spoken during the Classic era in the Central Lowlands is:
Ch’ol
Poqomchi
Yucatec
Poqomam
ANSWER KEY: b, a, c, d, b, b, c, b, a, a
Lesson 31
HISTORY: The Baby Boomers and the Sixties
Postwar Baby Boom, The Suburbs, The Sixties, Civil Rights Movement, Feminism, Hippies
LANGUAGE ARTS: Nonfiction
A People’s History of the United States, Helter Skelter: The True Story of the Manson Murders, In Cold Blood, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal, The Education of Henry Adams, Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil
MATH: Fermat’s Last Theorem
About Pierre de Fermat, Fermat’s Last Theorem, Sophie Germain, Ernst Kummer, Faltings’s Theorem, Andrew Wiles
SCIENCE: Photosynthesis
What Is Photosynthesis?, Leaf Structure, Chloroplast and Chlorophyll, Light Reactions, Dark Reaction, The Carbon Cycle
FOREIGN LANGUAGE: Filipino
The Origins, Differences Between Tagalog and Filipino, The Written Language, Influence of Outsiders, Filipino Today, Useful Filipino Phrases
LESSON 31A
THE BABY BOOMERS AND THE SIXTIES
Postwar Baby Boom The term baby boomer refers to a person born between 1946 and 1964. At the end of World War II in 1945, millions of men returned home. On June 22, 1944, Congress passed the GI Bill of Rights, allowing for homes and farms to be available with low interest rates and little to no down payment for GIs. As soldiers returned from war, they got married and started having families. Prior to the war, the average number of births per year was from 2.3 to 2.8 million. In 1946, however, there were 3.47 million births. In the late 1950s, there was an all-time high of 4.3 million births per year.
NONFICTION
A People’s History of the United States A People’s History of the United States by Howard Zinn tells history unlike ever before, offering the historical context from different perspectives. For example, his first chapter deals with Columbus and the New World. He begins the chapter by telling the perspective of the Arawak Indians who met with Columbus. Zinn then provides details about the murders committed by Columbus’s men, and how this is a detail that is not widely talked about in traditional history. Within every chapter of the book, Zinn goes over a major event, retells the event from new perspectives, includes events and information mainstream history has left out, and interprets how the elite attempted to maintain control.
FERMAT’S LAST THEOREM
About Pierre de Fermat Pierre de Fermat lived from 1601 to 1665 in France. Fermat was a lawyer and government official who provided some of the most important work in number theory, analytic geometry, and calculus of probabilities. For Fermat, math was more of a hobby and he was not interested in getting his work published. In fact, the one thing he ever published was done so anonymously. Fermat created very important work relating to minima and maxima, and had a long-standing feud with René Descartes. Fermat created many theorems that he claimed to have proven, but many of the proofs have never been found. His most intriguing work was his last theorem, which remained unsolved for three centuries.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
What Is Photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is the process that plants and some bacteria perform to convert the energy that comes from sunlight into usable energy. The sunlight is first turned into a sugar, and then through a process called cellular respiration, the sugar is turned into adenosine triphosphate, known as ATP, a form of energy. Plants require water and carbon dioxide, and as a result of photosynthesis, oxygen is released into the atmosphere. Without photosynthesis, life would not exist. The process of photosynthesis can be summarized as:
6CO2 + 6H2O → 6(CH2O) + 6O2
The products are 6(CH2O), which is energy in the form of sugar and oxygen.
FILIPINO
The Origins Filipino is a Western Austronesian language. Filipino is based on another language, Tagalog, which was spoken in Manila. It was not until 1987 that the term Filipino was adopted, and the language was declared the official language of the Philippines. Though little is known about the history of the language, the first written Tagalog dates to around a.d. 900. In the 1930s, the government decided that there must be an official language of the country but did not specify what the language would be. By the 1970s, more than half of the population spoke Tagalog. When Tagalog became the official language in 1987, the term Filipino, (originally Pilipino), was used to unite the people. Many feared that by using Tagalog (which was the language of the dominant group in the Philippines) there would be dominance of the Tagalog culture, and so the name of the language was changed to handle these fears and increase acceptance.
LESSON 31B
THE BABY BOOMERS AND THE SIXTIES
The Suburbs The rise in numbers of families brought a rise in consumerism, and people began moving outside of the cities, concentrating in the suburbs. Suburbs made living in houses affordable. The first, and most famous, example of a suburban community was Levittown in Long Island, New York. Thousands of identical homes were built by Bill Levitt and his company, and suburbs like Levittown began popping up all over the nation. The rise of
suburbs led to the building of new schools, strip malls, and a sense that everything was the same. Black families were originally not allowed to live in suburbs, furthering segregation.
NONFICTION
Helter Skelter: The True Story of the Manson Murders In August of 1969, over the course of two days, a series of horrible murders occurred in Los Angeles that shook the world. The murderers were a group of young men and women who followed the leadership of Charles Manson. Written by Vincent Bugliosi, the prosecutor in Charles Manson’s case, and Curt Gentry, Helter Skelter: The True Story of the Manson Murders tells the story of how Manson was able to coerce people into following him, details the murders and other horrible escapades of Manson’s, and brings to light Manson’s idea of Helter Skelter, an apocalyptic war between the blacks and the whites.
FERMAT’S LAST THEOREM
Fermat’s Last Theorem Fermat did not want his work published, and many feared it would be lost. After his death, his son began collecting his father’s work. His calculations and theorems were in the form of letters and comments in books, and inside a copy of Diophantus’s Arithmetica, was a note referring to a theorem. This would become Fermat’s most famous work. Fermat’s last theorem states:
If n is greater than 2 in the problem xn + yn = zn, there are no solutions that are not non-zero integer solutions.
Fermat claimed to have discovered a “remarkable” proof of this problem that would not fit in the margins of the book. The proof was never discovered, and for three centuries mathematicians were unable to figure it out.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Leaf Structure The main organs for plants to perform photosynthesis are leaves. Leaves play a critical role in allowing carbon dioxide and water in and allowing oxygen and sugar to escape. As water comes in through the roots of the plant, it is transported to the leaves via cells. A waxy layer, called the cuticle, covers the leaf. This waxy layer prevents carbon dioxide from coming in and oxygen from going out. As a result, leaves have tiny openings called stomata (stoma is the singular term), which allow the carbon dioxide to pass and the oxygen to enter.
FILIPINO
Differences Between Tagalog and Filipino Though Filipino is almost identical to Tagalog, when the language was adopted as the official language, some minor changes did occur. The inclusion of new words from other languages like English and Spanish was embraced, and Western sounds and letters of the alphabet that were not previously found in Tagalog were incorporated into the Filipino alphabet. Students are taught in schools that the language is Filipino, and do not refer to it as Tagalog.
LESSON 31C
THE BABY BOOMERS AND THE SIXTIES
The Sixties By the 1960s, the baby boomers (of which there were 70 million) were now teenagers, and the innocence of the 1950s was replaced with rock and roll music, the tensions of the Cold War, the civil rights movement, the assassination of President Kennedy, experimentation with drugs, a sexual revolution, and antiwar protests. The “American Dream” that was so sought after in the 1950s started to crumble and the role of government was constantly questioned. The sixties was a period dominated by a countercultural revolution.
NONFICTION
In Cold Blood Truman Capote was a celebrity due to his writing and his personality. His best-known work had been romantic novels like Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1958). After ten years abroad in Europe, Capote decided to turn to nonfiction. In 1966, In Cold Blood came out, and it is considered by many to be the first nonfiction novel. The subject of his book was the 1959 murders of Herbert Clutter and his wife and children in Holcomb, Kansas. Capote researched the book for five years, interviewing the two murderers and becoming very close to them. In Cold Blood tells the stories of both the murderers and the victims.
FERMAT’S LAST THEOREM
Sophie Germain Many mathematicians attempted to solve Fermat’s last theorem. Though great progress was made, the theorem was far from being proved and remained famous in the math world. Sophie Germain, who lived from 1776 to 1831 in France, used the pseudonym Monsieur Le Blanc in her studies to hide the fact that she was a woman. Germain began working on the theorem, and after several years of work, believed she had made a breakthrough. Germain showed that for exponents that were prime numbers and less than 100, there were no solutions that were prime to the exponent.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Chloroplast and Chlorophyll Plant cells have specialized organelles known as chloroplasts that are not found in animal cells. The chloroplasts make sugar and starch through photosynthesis. They also contain the molecule chlorophyll, which is a pigment that absorbs the energy of light and gives plants their green color. As the sunlight hits the plant, all of the wavelengths are absorbed except for green, which gets reflected back. When the light hits the chloroplast, the chlorophyll uses the sun’s energy to combine water and carbon dioxide, which leads to the creation of sugar and oxygen.
FILIPINO
The Written Language In 1593, the Spanish came to the Philippines and established colonial rule. Prior to this time, Tagalog was written in Baybayin, a form of writing known as an abugida, a system consisting of fourteen consonants and only three vowels. When the Spanish took control of the land, the Latin alphabet was introduced, and Tagalog was written using a total of thirty-two letters. When Tagalog became the national language, the alphabet changed yet again, to a system known as Abakada, which consisted of twenty letters. In 1987, the alphabet was again changed to be able to incorporate the Spanish and English influences in Filipino. This new alphabet consisted of twenty-eight letters.
LESSON 31D
THE BABY BOOMERS AND THE SIXTIES
Civil Rights Movement One of the most significant things to come out of the 1960s was the civil rights movement, which peaked from 1955 to 1965. Though African Americans had fought for nearly a century for equal rights, and there had been some progress, it was during this time that the most substantial accomplishments were made. In 1954, Brown v. Board of Education made segregation in public schools unconstitutional. Among some of the most critical events that occurred during this time period was the entry of the first African American student into the University of Mississippi; the work of Martin Luther King Jr.; the protests in Birmingham, Alabama; the March on Washington; the Civil Rights Act of 1964; the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.; and the Civil Rights Act of 1968.
NONFICTION
Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal Fast food is part of our everyday life. If we are not eating it, then we are seeing it on television, or our children are playing with toys from fast-food restaurants. Eric Schlosser’s Fast Food Nation examines the ever-growing industry of fast food in the United States. Schlosser goes into great detail, from the creation to the marketing of fast food, and provides plenty of interesting information on a wide variety of topics. Besides simply taking a look at what the food is made of, Schlosser looks at the industry. He discusses, for example, how fast-food companies have moved their operations to anti-union states, like Kansas, Iowa, Texas, and Nebraska, to take advantage of low wages that would not be allowed in areas like New York or Chicago.
FERMAT’S LAST THEOREM
Ernst Kummer Ernst Kummer was the next to make a major breakthrough in Fermat’s last theorem. Kummer lived from 1810 to 1893 in Germany. Kummer introduced the idea of “ideal” numbers, and his work with this concept would provide great insights into the theorem. In 1843, Kummer realized that attempts made at proving Fermat’s theorem didn’t work because the factorization of integers could not continue on to different rings of complex numbers. Kummer claimed that ideal numbers needed to be used. This concept was critical to understanding Fermat’s last theorem, ring theory, and abstract algebra.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Light Reactions There are two stages to photosynthesis. They are the light-
dependent process (also known as light reactions) and the light-independent process (or dark reactions). Light reactions are the processes that occur in the chloroplasts and
thylakoids in which light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy. During this process, water is split and oxygen is released. Light reactions have two photosystems (photosystem I and photosystem II) which harvest the light. The chlorophyll in photosystem I is the stronger absorber of the light. The two products to come out of light reactions are ATP and NADPH2.
FILIPINO
Influence of Outsiders The Spanish controlled the Philippines from 1593 until 1898. From 1898 until 1946, the Philippines was controlled by the United States. The Spanish imposed their religion, political ideologies, language, alphabet, and social and economic institutions on the people of the Philippines. As a result of the Spanish conquest, it is estimated that 40 percent of the Filipino language is comprised of either Spanish words or words derived from Spanish, and until 1987, Spanish was one of the official languages of the country. As the Americans controlled the Philippines, English was also introduced as an official language.
LESSON 31E
THE BABY BOOMERS AND THE SIXTIES
A Ton of Crap Page 34