For example, if you were asked to simplify log4(x) + log4(y), you would do:
log4(x) + log4(y) = log4(xy)
To simplify 3log3(x), remember to make the multiplier the exponent inside of the log. It would look like this:
log3(x3)
No matter how complicated the problem might look, the processes are very simple.
RNA
Small Interfering RNA Small interfering RNA, also known as siRNA, play an important role during the translation process. The small interfering RNA take part in what is known as RNA interference, or RNAi. The small interfering RNA strand (which is double-stranded) has a phosphate group and, at the end, a hydroxyl group. During translation, this hydroxyl group interferes by binding and creating the degradation of the messenger RNA at certain sequences. This prevents the creation of certain proteins based on the sequence of nucleotides and interferes with gene expression, a process that can help in defending against viruses.
ENDANGERED LANGUAGES
Chong The Chong language, a Western Pearic language and part of the Eastern Mon-Khmer language family, is spoken in parts of Thailand and Cambodia. There are a total of 5,500 speakers of Chong (500 in Thailand and 5,000 in Cambodia). The language didn’t have a writing system until 2000, when a version of the Thai writing system was simplified and introduced. Following the introduction of the writing system, teaching materials for the language appeared for the first time. In Thailand, there are ongoing efforts to revitalize the language.
LESSON 40E
ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT
Hamas Hamas (short for Harakat Al-Muqawama Al-Islamia) is a group of radical Islamic fundamentalists who mostly operate in the Gaza Strip. Hamas wishes to create an Islamic Palestinian state and destroy Israel, and uses politics and terrorism in pursuit of their goal. In the 2006 election, a majority of the seats in the legislature of Palestine were won by Hamas. Many large-scale suicide bombings and attacks on military targets have been conducted by Hamas. Hamas has not turned any of its violence toward the United States. Attacks are only aimed at Israel and its territories.
EDITING STRATEGIES
Grammar, Spelling, and Punctuation Think back to the lessons on grammar and punctuation. Have you used your commas, semicolons, apostrophes, and colons correctly? Are you able to explain the reason you used the specific marks that you chose? Check for words that are commonly confused. These can be tricky sometimes and can go right past you without even noticing (for example, there is a big difference between the words affect and effect, and then and than). All of these might seem like very small, minute details, but they can create big distractions for the reader.
LOGARITHMS
Change-of-Base Formula If you wish to calculate a log that doesn’t have a base of 10, you have to use what is known as the change-of-base formula. This formula states:
For example, if you wanted to convert log4(9) to base 5, you would do:
Using the change-of-base formula is useful for locating plot-points of a graph that is a nonstandard log (that is, a log that does not have a base of 10).
RNA
Precursor Messenger RNA A single strand of messenger RNA, which is considered immature, is known as the precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA). Precursor Messenger RNA is created by the process of transcription within the nucleus of a cell by a DNA template. Upon being processed, the precursor messenger RNA turns into the mature messenger RNA, or simply, the messenger RNA. After being processed, the new strand of mRNA is exported from the nucleus and translated into the protein, thus starting the cycle.
ENDANGERED LANGUAGES
Sarikoli The Sarikoli language is a southeastern Iranian language and a member of the Pamir language group. The language is spoken in China by the Tajik people. In China, it is known as the “Tajik language” even though it is not the language spoken in Tajikistan. There are currently around 20,000 speakers of Sarikoli, with most living in Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County of southern Xinjiang Province, and others living close to the Pakistan-Chinese border in the Pakistani-controlled part of Kashmir. Even though Sarikoli is related to the Wakhi language, the two are not mutually intelligible.
LESSON 40F
ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT
Recognizing Israel Many Palestinians want Hamas to recognize Israel so that peace can be negotiated. Though Hamas recognizes that Israel exists, they refuse to recognize the land as a Jewish state and do not plan on making peace. Leaders from the United States and Europe have refused to work with Hamas or provide any aid to Palestine until Hamas has recognized Israel and disarms. Even though a large majority of Palestinians want peace, Hamas has refused to listen to them, and will not recognize Israel and will not give up on an Islamic Palestinian state.
EDITING STRATEGIES
Proofreading Once you have made any changes that needed to be done, your last step is to proofread. There are several steps one can take during the proofreading process. First, be aware of your strengths and weaknesses. If punctuation is not your strong suit, make sure to check every sentence for punctuation errors. One very effective way to proofread is to read what you’ve written from bottom to top and from right to left. By doing this, mistakes will stick out like a sore thumb. You should also scan your paper all the way through for any typos. Reading your writing out loud will also give new insights into your writing and help you spot any errors.
LOGARITHMS
Applications of Logarithms Logarithms have very real applications in both math and non-math subjects alike. The nautilus, for example, is a cephalopod that has a large shell. The chambers of the shell are approximate copies of the last chamber that are scaled by a constant number. This same idea can be found in mathematics, and it is known as the logarithmic spiral. Logarithms are used to measure the strengths of earthquakes (which is known as the Richter Scale) and how bright stars are. They are even used in psychology (where Hick’s law uses a logarithm to explain the time it takes a person to choose an alternative and the amount of choices they are faced with).
RNA
RNA Therapeutics Scientists have realized the significance of RNA in many ways. Not only can the molecule be tested with new drugs, but it can provide insight into the formation of diseases. New therapies and treatments are being created based on RNA. RNA acts as a messenger and informs cells (cancer or normal) what proteins to make. Scientists are attempting to have RNA disrupt the message of cancer before it is made. Others are attempting to create an mRNA sequence that will bind to oligonucleotides that will target a therapeutic protein.
ENDANGERED LANGUAGES
Chuvash The only surviving language of the Oghur branch, Chuvash is a Turkic language that is spoken in the Chuvashia region of Russia (where it is an official language). The writing system of Chuvash is based on Cyrillic. Chuvash is spoken by 1,640,000 people. Even though Chuvash is a Turkic language, it is not mutually intelligible with other Turkic languages. Other languages of the Oghur branch include Turkic Avar, Khazar, Bulgar, and maybe Hunnic.
LESSON 40 QUIZ
What was operation Defensive Wall?
A series of terrorist attacks launched by Hamas on Israel
Israel’s reoccupation of land in the West Bank that had been relinquished to Palestinians
Israel’s allowing the Palestine Liberation Organization to enter the Gaza Strip and West Bank
An operation where the British stopped immigration of the Jewish people to Palestine
What did the Balfour Declaration of 1917 state?
Britain wished to turn Palestine into a national home for the Jewish people.
Britain wished to turn Israel into a national home for the Arab people.
The United States wished to turn Palestine into a national home for the Jewish people.
The United States wished to turn Israel into a national home for the Arab people.
Which of the following is an example of editing?
Changing ’s to s’
Changing a semicolon to a colon
/>
Changing a sentence that reads as clichéd or hackneyed
Correcting a misspelled word
Which of the following is an example of proofreading?
Replacing a comma with a semicolon
Changing a sentence that had no meaning into one that has meaning
Replacing words with words that incite emotion
Using words that relate to the audience
What does logb(m) + logb(n) equal?
logb(m-n)
logb(m/n)
logb(m+n)
logb(mn)
What does n • logb(m) equal?
logb(mn)
logb(mn)
logbn(mn)
logbn(m)
What does ribosomal RNA do?
It targets cancer cells.
It creates polypeptides.
It turns immature mRNA into mature mRNA.
It carries amino acids into the developing protein.
What process does the small interfering RNA take part in?
Translation
RNA interference
Transcription
RNA therapy
Which of the following is an Aboriginal language of Australia with a total of five speakers remaining?
Chuvash
Sarikoli
Dyirbal
Votic
Which of the following is a Turkic language that had influences from the Hebrew language?
Votic
Karaim
Chuvash
Sarikoli
ANSWER KEY: b, a, c, a, d, b, b, b, c, b
Index
Note: Page numbers in bold indicate category topic lists. Page numbers in italics indicate quizzes.
Afrikaans, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286
Albanian, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82
Algebra (basic), 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138
Algebra (linear), 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146
Algebra (modern), 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154
Alice in Wonderland, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226
Alphabet, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32
American Revolution, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114
Amharic, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
Angles, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98
Animal types, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
Anthropology, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294
Applied mathematics, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250
Arabic, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226
Archimedes, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226
Austen, Jane, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154
Baby boomers and the sixties, 251, 252, 254, 255, 256, 258, 259, 260
Belarusian, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138
Big Bang, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106
Biographies, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250
Biomes, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250
Braille, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98
Bulgarian, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74
Calculus, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178. See also Precalculus
Cantonese, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 188
Category theory, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
Cells, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
Chaos theory, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242
Chemical formula, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138
Cherokee, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294
Chinese mathematics, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40
Circulatory system, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32
Civil rights, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302
Civil War, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146
Cold War, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250
Columbus and New World, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106
Composition, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24
Constitution, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122
Copenhagen interpretation, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198
Croatian, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130
Crusades, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82
Cultural Revolution (China), 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278
Curves, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162
Czech, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146
Dalton, John, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146
Debating, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162
Decimals, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66
Dialects, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106
Dickens, Charles, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286
Digestive system, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48
Diophantine equations, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302
DNA, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328
Dutch, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98
e (number), 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286
Early humans, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 268, 270
Earth’s layers, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82
Earth’s spheres, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234
Editing strategies, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336
Egypt, ancient, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24
Einstein, Albert, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188
Endangered languages, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336
Evolution, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Existentialism, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294
Extinct languages, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328
Fairy tales, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242
Fantasy fiction, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218
Fermat’s last theorem, 251, 252, 254, 255, 256, 258, 259, 260
Fibonacci sequence, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114
Figures of speech, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114
Filipino, 251, 253, 254, 255, 257, 258, 259, 260
Finnish, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114
Foreign languages
Afrikaans, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286
Albanian, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82
Amharic, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
Arabic, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226
Belarusian, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138
Bulgarian, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74
Cantonese, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 188
Cherokee, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294
Croatian, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130
Czech, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146
Dutch, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98
endangered languages, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336
extinct languages, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328
Filipino, 251, 253, 254, 255, 257, 258, 259, 260
Finnish, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114
French, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24
German, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40
Greek, 57, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66
Hebrew, 199, 200, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 210
Hindi, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242
Hungarian, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154
Icelandic, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122
Italian, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32
Japanese, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170
Khosian languages, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302
Korean, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162
Latin, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Mandarin, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178
Mayan languages, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250
Pashto, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278
Polish, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46
, 47, 48
Portuguese, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90
Russian, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56
sign language, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234
Spanish, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
spiritualism, mediums, talking to the dead, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 317, 319, 320
Swahili, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 267, 269, 270
Swedish, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106
Vietnamese, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198
Yiddish, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218
French, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24
French Revolution, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138
Galilei, Galileo, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114
Game theory, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226
Gandhi, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178
Gas laws, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278
Genetics, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74
Geologic periods, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242
Geometry, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130
German, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40
Global warming, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162
Graphs, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82
Great Depression, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226
Greek, 57, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66
Greek mathematics, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32
Group theory, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278
Gulf War, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
Hawking, Stephen, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122
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