Truesdale, Dorothy S. “Historic Main Street Bridge.” Rochester History 3, no. 2 (1941): 1–24.
Credits
PART AND CHAPTER TITLE PAGES
1: Col. Fremont planting the American standard on the Rocky Mountains, by Baker & Godwin, 1856. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ppmsca-03212.
2: George Catlin, Prairie Meadows Burning, 1832, oil on canvas, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Gift of Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Jr., 1985.66.374.
3: The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Print Collection, The New York Public Library. “Charleston, S.C.” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1851. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47d9-7ccf-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99.
4: View of St. Louis by Leon Pomarede, ca. 1832–1835. Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, Bentonville, Arkansas, 2007.16. Photography by Dwight Primiano.
5: View of Washington by Robert Pearsall Smith, 1850. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-pga-03316.
6: Art and Picture Collection, The New York Public Library. “Fremont On The Rocky Mountains.” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1876 - 1877. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e1-1fe4-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99.
7: Albert Bierstadt, Among the Sierra Nevada, California, 1868, oil on canvas, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Bequest of Helen Huntington Hull, granddaughter of William Brown Dinsmore, who acquired the painting in 1873 for “The Locusts,” the family estate in Dutchess County, New York, 1977.107.1.
8: Map of Oregon and Upper California from the surveys of Frémont and other authorities. Drawn by Charles Preuss in 1848. From The Expeditions of John Charles Frémont: Map Portfolio edited by Donald Jackson and Mary Lee Spence, published by University of Illinois Press, 1970.
9: Inauguration of President Polk – The Oath, 1845. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ppmsca-51565.
10: Portrait of General John C. Frémont by George Peter Alexander Healy. The Athenaeum.
11: Forest Camp—Shastl Peak from Memoirs of My Life by John Charles Frémont. Page 377. Published by Belford, Clarke & Company, 1887.
12: Cascade, Nevada Fall on Left, View above Vernal Fall, 1861, by Carleton E. Watkins. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gilman Collection, Museum Purchase, 2005.
13: Sagundai from Memoirs of My Life by John Charles Frémont. Page 491. Published by Belford, Clarke & Company, 1887.
14: Mexican News, by Alfred Jones (engraver) and Richard Caton Woodville, 1853. . Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-pga-03889.
15: From The Expeditions of John Charles Frémont, edited by Donald Jackson and Mary Lee Spence, published by University of Illinois Press, 1970.
16: Charles Christian Nahl, August Wenderoth, Miners in the Sierras, 1851–1852, oil on canvas mounted on canvas, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Gift of the Fred Heilbron Collection, 1982.120.
17: Union, engraved by Henry S. Sadd, copied after T.H. Matteson, 1852. National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, NPG.87.253.
18: San Francisco / S.F. Marryat, delt., by M. & N. Hanhart, and Frank Marryat, 1850. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-pga-01463.
19: Mrs. J.C. Fremont sitting on the porch of her house in Mariposa. 1867. Photographer unknown. Albumen print carte de viste. Collection of Oakland Museum of California. Gift of Mrs. Carolyn K. Louderback.
20: Stump Speaking by George Caleb Bingham, 1853–54. Saint Louis Art Museum, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States.
21: Political cartoon from 1856. Wisconsin Historical Society, WHS56967.
22: John Charles Frémont, his wife Jessie Benton Frémont, and their daughter stand before a redwood tree. Photograph from the John Charles Frémont and Jessie Benton Frémont papers, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, PR 13 CN 2011:212.
INSERT
1: Portrait of Mrs. Jessie Benton Fremont, Wife of Gen. John Fremont, by Thomas Buchanan Read. 1856. Braun Research Library Collection, Autry Museum, Los Angeles; 81.G.2.
2: John C. Frémont. LC-BH82-523. Brady-Handy Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.
3: Letter from John C. Frémont to Joel Poinsett, Box 1, John Charles Frémont and Jessie Benton Frémont papers, 1828–1980, MSS1459, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
4: Tasayac, or the Half Dome, from Glacier Point, Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County, Cal, by Carleton E. Watkins. LC-DIG-stereo-1s01436. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.
5: Christopher Carson, 1943. LC-USZ62-107570. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.
6: Thomas Hart Benton. LC-DIG-DS-13456. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.
7: From Memoir of the Life and Public Services of John Charles Fremont by John Bigelow. Published by Derby & Jackson, New York, 1856.
8: From box 4, folder 1, John Charles Frémont and Jessie Benton Frémont papers, 1828–1980, MSS1459, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
9: From box 2, folder 9, John Charles Frémont and Jessie Benton Frémont papers, 1828–1980, MSS1459, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
10: From box 2, folder 1, Horace Greeley Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
11: Francis Preston Blair. LC-BH83- 45 [P&P]. Brady-Handy Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.
12: Astor House Broadway, 1867, Society of Iconophiles, 1909 / etched by S.L. Smith, from a photograph. LC-DIG-ds-01872. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.
13, 14: From the collection of the Local History & Genealogy Division, Central Library of Rochester & Monroe County, NY.
15: Frederick Douglass, created between 1879 and 1900. LC-USZC4-3623. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.
16: “The Grand National Fight 2 Against 1 Fought on the 6th of Nov. 1856” by J. Childs and John L. Magee. 1856. LC-USZ62-92030. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.
17: James Buchanan, fifteenth president of the United States, by N. Currier. LC-DIG-pga-09177. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.
18: John Bigelow. LC-DIG-DS-13455. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.
19: Black Republican Imposture Exposed! Washington, 1856. LC- 1041663032. Library of Congress.
20: From Box 2, John Charles Frémont and Jessie Benton Frémont papers, 1828–1980, MSS1459, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
21: Opening page of Jessie Benton Frémont’s memoir, Fremont Family papers, circa 1839–1927, BANC MSS C-B 397, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
22: Jessie Benton Frémont. UtCon Collection / Alamy Stock Photo.
23: San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library.
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Index
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
Abert, J. J., 36, 345
First Expedition, 41, 42, 49, 57
Second Expedition, 60–61, 62
Third Expedition, 108
abolitionism (abolitionist movement), 85–87, 105, 167, 242–46, 268–71, 318–21. See also slavery
National Convention of Colored Citizens (1843), 85–87, 243
Academy of Music (New York City), 333–34
Adams, Charles Francis, 314
Adams, Jasper, 5, 6
Adams, John Quincy, 87, 105, 314
Africa (ship), 265
Agua Caliente, 221–22
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Alcatraz Island, 122, 217
Alta California, 48, 75–76, 117–19
Alta California (newspaper), 219, 220, 221, 233
Alvarado, Juan B., 222–23
American Civil War, xxvi, 341–46
American Geologists and Naturalists Convention (1845), 98–99
American Indians. See Indians
American Indian Wars. See Indian Wars
American Party, 299, 310–11
American River, 79–80, 190
American Temperance Union, 42
Anacostia River, 176
anti-immigrant sentiment, xxv–xxvi, 92, 101–4, 286, 289–93
Apache Indians, 48, 344
Appomattox Court House, 346
Arizona Territory, 348
Arkansas, statehood, 232
Arkansas River, 75, 108, 195–96
Army Corps of Topographical Engineers, xix–xx, 13–14, 38–39
Asia (ship), 273
Aspinwall, William, 201, 223
Astor, John Jacob, 68–69, 192–93
Astor House, 192–94
Astoria: Or, Enterprise Beyond the Rocky Mountains (Irving), 68–69
Atchison, David, 257, 275, 303, 304
Athenaeum, The, 68
Australia, 259, 272
Babbitt, Almon, 280–81, 285–86
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 11
Bancroft, George, 94–95, 112–13, 166
Banks, Nathaniel P., 291
during Civil War, 345
election of 1854, 291
presidential election of 1856 and, 293, 294, 296, 311–12
barometer, 43, 54
Battle of Appomattox Court House, 346
Battle of Ironclads, 343
Battle of Los Angeles, 172, 222, 348–49
Battle of Palo Alto, 170
Battle of San Pasqual, 172
Battle of Shiloh, 342
Battle of the Alamo, 130
Battle of Yerba Buena, 160
Beale, Edward F., 191, 225–26, 257
Jessie and, 177, 211–12, 260
John’s court martial, 177, 191
news of gold, 191, 212, 225
Beale, John, 260
Bear Flag Rebellion, 154–59, 166, 228
Bedford and Co., 192–93
Beecher, Catharine, 269
Beecher, Henry Ward, 269, 321
Beecher, Lyman, 269
Bellefontaine Cemetery, 288
Bennett, James Gordon, 125, 310
Benton, Elizabeth Preston McDowell
death of, 286, 288
family background of, 19–20, 30–31
family life and children, 19–22, 182
health and medical treatment, 44–45, 147, 191–92
Jessie’s elopement with John, 37
slavery and, 30–31, 286
trip to St. Louis, 23–24
Benton, James, 23–24
Benton, Randolph, 23–24, 47, 50, 96
Benton, Thomas Hart, 237
background of, 26–27
bond with daughter Jessie, 20–22, 31–32
conspiracy theories against, 104
daughter’s elopement with John, 37
death of, 344
election of 1821, 28–29
election of 1852, 272
election of 1854, 286–87, 291
fire of 1855, 287–88
Jackson and, 22, 26–27
gun duel, 22, 26, 39, 363n
John’s court martial, 178–81
John’s first encounter with, 17
John’s First Expedition, 40–42
John’s presidential campaign of 1856, 301–2, 329–30
John’s Second Expedition, 59
John’s Third Expedition, 109, 135–36, 143–44
Mexican-American War, 167–68, 170–71, 173–74, 177–78, 179–80
Peacemaker accident of 1844, 88–89
personality of, 22–23
presidential election of 1828 and, 22
presidential election of 1844 and, 104
slavery and, 29–30, 31, 90–91, 94–95, 104–5, 167, 232, 256–57, 275, 285, 301
trip to St. Louis, 23–26
westward expansion advocacy, 17, 26–29, 104–7, 109, 135–36, 146–47, 233–34
California, 106, 183–84, 240–42
Oregon, 27, 39–42, 50, 68–69, 105, 106, 146, 330
Texas annexation, 90–91, 94–95, 104–5, 106
trade with Asia, 27–28, 38
Benton, Thomas Hart (painter), 344
Benton Democrats, 256–57, 272, 329
Bent’s Fort
Fourth Expedition, 195–96
Second Expedition, 75
Third Expedition, 108, 109, 115, 148
Bernier, Baptiste, 72
Berreyesa, José de los Reyes, 158
Bierstadt, Albert, 65
Bigelow, John, 296–97, 299–300, 306, 323–24, 326, 337, 350
Billy Chinook Lake, 344
Bingham, George Caleb, 282
Black Hawk (Sauk leader), 26
Black Hawk War, 26
Blackstone, William, 205, 235–36
Blair, Francis Preston
background of, 295–96
Benton and, 41, 61–62, 104, 301, 329
Jessie and, 257, 259–60, 285–86, 293–95, 302, 312, 324
Lincoln and, 341
presidential election of 1856 and, 294–97, 301, 302, 312, 324, 327, 329, 335
Second Expedition, 62
Blair, Francis Preston, Jr. “Frank,” 329
Bloody Island, 24
Bodisco, Alexander de, 32, 38
Bodisco, Harriet Williams, 32, 38
Border Ruffians, 304–5
Borglum, John Gutzon, 352–53
Boston Courier, 102–3
Boston Tea Party, 28
Brady, Mathew, 297–98, 343
Brannan, Sam, 259
Brant, Sarah Benton, 23–24
Broadway Tabernacle (New York City), 336
Brooks, Preston, 305–6
Brown, John, 304
Buchanan, James, 237
Benton and, 107–8, 136
Conquest of California, 134–36
inauguration of, 339–40
Jessie and, 32, 149
presidency of, 340, 342
presidential election of 1844, 93–94
presidential election of 1856, 298–99, 315–16, 321, 331–32, 334–35
Second Expedition, 99
Secretary of State, 107–8, 134–35, 136
sexuality issue, 107, 316
Buckingham, Joseph T., 102–3
Butler, Andrew, 305
Calhoun, John C., 237
Compromise of 1850, 240–41, 245
Nullification Crisis, 9
presidential election of 1844, 102
Texas annexation, 89–91, 240
California
American interest in, 106–10
boundary commission, 226, 230
Compromise of 1850 and, 240–49, 269
Conquest of. See California Campaign
Constitutional Convention, 219–20, 227–36
Jessie’s arrival in, 217–21, 223–24
John’s initial interest in, 82, 96, 106–8
John’s 1848 map, 66
Larkin’s letters, 125–26, 144–45
Polk’s interest in, 95, 106–7, 109, 113, 134–35
Third Expedition, 116–17, 121–40
Castro’s expulsion order, 128–30, 131, 148, 151–52
on Gavilan Peak, 129–31
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Gillespie’s messages to John, 134–37, 143–44
Jessie’s letter, 147–51
John’s promise to Castro, 126–27, 128
Klamath Lake Massacre, 137–40
letter to Jessie, 123–24
move to Santa Cruz, 127–28
planning for, 108–9
Sacramento River Valley, 131–33
U.S. Senators from
Gwin, 233, 246–47, 248, 251–52, 256, 272
John, 233–36, 246–56
gold-mining bill, 249–52, 254–56, 300–301
Indian tribes, 248–49
land titles bill, 248, 254
reelection campaign, 252–56
slavery issue, 247, 254
legislature deadlock, 255–56
California Battalion, 166, 309
California Boundary Commission, 226, 230
California Campaign (Conquest of California), xxi, xxii, xxiii, xxv–xxvi, 165–76
Battle of Monterey, 159–63, 161, 166
Bear Flag Rebellion, 154–59, 166, 228
Castro’s expulsion order, 128–29, 131, 148, 151–52
Siege of Los Angeles, 172, 222, 348–49
California Constitution, 232–33, 240
California Convention, 219–20, 227–36
California Gold Rush, xxi, 190–91, 212, 222, 224, 226–27, 257–58, 303
California Republic, 155–59
California State Library, 235–36
California Trail, 14, 117–18
Cameron, Simon, 342
caning of Charles Sumner, 305–6
Cape Hatteras, 195
Capture of Monterey (1842), 124
Capture of Monterey (1846), 159–63, 161
Carrington, Edward Codrington, Jr., 288–89, 292
Carrington, Edward Codrington, Sr., 288
Carson, Kit, 48, 353
background of, 48
Bear Flag Revolt, 158, 166
during Civil War, 343
dispatches from California, 171–72, 173–76, 183
First Expedition, 48–49, 50
Indian Wars, 343–44
Jessie and, 171–72, 173–74, 183
Mexican-American War, 158, 166, 171–72, 173–76
Second Expedition, 60, 73, 76, 77, 97
in Taos, New Mexico, 185, 198, 209
Third Expedition, 113–14, 133
Klamath Lake Massacre, 137–40
Imperfect Union Page 49