by Elisa New
My two greatest writerly debts are to Sarah Potvin and Charlotte Maurer.
Sarah, now a professional archival librarian, showed her gift for research early on. She worked on this book as my research assistant from 2000 to 2004, all through her four years at Harvard and beyond. I owe to her the discovery of Jacob Levy’s and Bernhard Baron’s patents, my understanding of the importance of Norddeutscher Lloyd, and much detail about Baltimore socialism and the importance of H. L. Mencken.
Charlotte Maurer, my dear friend and cherished editor, came to my rescue at the moment it became clear that I may have written a book, but I had not yet told a story. Without Charlotte’s firm common sense and candor, her steady work and kindness, this book might never have been finished.
SELECTED FURTHER READINGS
JEWS IN EASTERN EUROPE
Abramowicz, Hirsh. Profiles of a Lost World: Memoirs of East European Jewish Life Before World War II. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1999.
Appelbaum, Anne. Between East and West: Across the Borderlands of Europe. New York: Pantheon, 1994.
Ascheim, Stephen S. Brothers and Strangers: The Eastern European Jew in German and German-Jewish Consciousness, 1800-1923. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.
Baron, Salo. The Russian Jew Under Czars and Soviets. New York: Macmillan, 1974.
Bilmanis, Alfred. A History of Latvia. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 1970.
Dawidowicz, Lucy. The Golden Tradition: Jewish Life and Thought in Eastern Europe. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1967.
Dubnow, Simon M. History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, From the Earliest Times Until the Present Day. 3 vols. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1916-1920.
Eliach, Yaffa. There Once Was a World: A Nine-Hundred-Year Chronicle of the Shtetl of Eishyskok. Boston: Little, Brown, 1998.
Gorky, Maxim. Untimely Thoughts: Essays on Revolution, Culture, and the Bolsheviks, 1917-1918. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995.
Greenbaum, Masha. The Jews of Lithuania: A History of a Remarkable Community, 1316-1945. Jerusalem: Gefen, 1995.
Hundert, Gershon David, ed. The Yivo Encyclopaedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.
Jacobson, Dan. Heschel’s Kingdom. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2002.
Katz, Jacob. Out of the Ghetto: The Social Background of Jewish Emancipation, 1770-1880. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973.
Levin, Dov. The Litvaks: A Short History of the Jews of Lithuania. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2000.
Lohr, Eric. Nationalizing the Russian Empire: The Campaign Against Enemy Aliens in World War I. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.
McLachlan, Gordon. Lithuania. 2nd ed. Old Saybrook, CT: Globe Pequot Press, 1999.
Mendelson, Ezra. The Jews of East Central Europe Between the World Wars. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983.
Nathans, Benjamin. Beyond the Pale: The Jewish Encounter with Late Imperial Russia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
Palmer, Alan. The Baltic: A New History of the Region and Its People. New York: Overlook, 2005.
Raisin, Jacob. The Haskalah Movement in Russia. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1913.
Schoenburg, Nancy, and Stuart Schoenburg. Lithuanian Jewish Communities. New York: Garland, 1991.
Vital, David. A People Apart: The Jews in Europe, 1789-1939. Oxford History of Modern Europe. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Wisse, Ruth R. The Modern Jewish Canon: A Journey Through Language and Culture. New York: Free Press, 2000.
GERMANY: HISTORY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; JEWS
Alon, Amos. The Pity of It All: A Portrait of the German Jewish Epoch, 1743-1943. New York: Holt, 2002.
Bach, Hans I. The German Jew: A Synthesis of Judaism and Western Civilization, 1730-1930. Published for the Littman Library of Jewish Civilization by Oxford University Press, 1985.
Berend, Ivan T., and Gyorgy Ranki. Economic Development in East-Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries. New York: Columbia University Press, 1974.
Blumenthal, Michael. The Invisible Wall: The Mystery of the Germans and the Jews. Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint, 1998.
Braudel, Fernand. The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible. New York: Harper & Row, 1979.
Craig, Gordon. The Germans. New York: Putnam, 1982.
Doblin, Alfred. Journey to Poland. New York: Paragon, 1991.
Dollinger, Philippe. The German Hansa. London: Macmillan, 1970.
Fudge, John D. Cargoes, Embargoes, and Emissaries: The Commercial and Political Interaction of England and the German Hanse, 1450-1510. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995.
Gay, Peter. Schnitzler’s Century. New York: Norton, 2002.
Hanak, Peter. The Garden and the Workshop: Essays on the Cultural History of Vienna and Budapest. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999.
Higgonet, Patrice, David S. Landes, and Henry Rosovsky. Favorites of Fortune: Technology, Growth, and Economic Development Since the Industrial Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.
Hoerder, Dirk, and Jorg Nagler, eds. People in Transit: German Migrations in Comparative Perspective, 1820-1930. German Historical Institute. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
King, Wilson. Chronicles of Three Free Cities: Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck. New York: Dutton, 1914.
Landes, David. The Unbound Prometheus: Technological and Economic Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1969.
Levine, Bruce C. The Spirit of 1848: German Immigrants, Labor Conflicts, and the Coming of the Civil War. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992.
Lloyd, T. H. England and the German Hanse, 1157-1611: A Study of Their Trade and Commercial Diplomacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Meyer, Michael, and Michael Brenner. German Jewish History in Modern Times. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.
Pollard, Sidney. European Economic Integration: 1815-1970. London: Thames & Hudson, 1974.
Robertson, Ritchie, ed. The German-Jewish Dialogue: An Analysis of Literary Texts, 1749-1993. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Roy, James Charles. The Vanished Kingdom: Travels Through the History of Prussia. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1999.
Schorske, Carl E. Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture. New York: Vintage, 1980.
Stern, Fritz. Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichroder, and the Building of the German Empire. New York: Vintage, 1979.
Seward, Desmond. The Monks of War: The Military Religious Orders. New York: Penguin, 1995.
Taylor, A.J.P. The Course of German History. London: Routledge, 1988.
Urban, William. The Baltic Crusade. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1975.
TOBACCO, BALTIMORE, AND THE CHESAPEAKE
Berlin, Ira. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998.
Breen, T. H. Tobacco Culture: Mentality of the Great Tidewater Planters on the Eve of Revolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985.
Brooks, Jerome E. Green Leaf and Gold: Tobacco in North Carolina. 2nd ed. Raleigh: Division of Archives and History, North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, 1997.
Brooks, Neal A., Eric G. Rockel, and William C. Hughes. A History of Baltimore County (Maryland). Towson, MD: Friends of the Towson Library, 1979.
Brugger, Robert J. Maryland: A Middle Temperament. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.
Byrd, William. The Prose Works of William Byrd of Westover: Narratives of a Colonial Virginian. Edited by Louis B. Wright. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1966. Originally published as The Westover Manuscripts, 1841.
Clemens, Paul G.E. The Atlantic Economy and Colonial Maryland’s Eastern Shore: From Tobacco to Grain. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,
1980.
Cooper, Patricia A. Once a Cigar Maker: Men, Women, and Work Culture in American Cigar Factories, 1900-1919. The Working Class in American History. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992.
Davis, David Brion. Slavery in the Colonial Chesapeake. Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1986.
Douglass, Frederick. The Oxford Frederick Douglass Reader. Edited with an introduction by William L. Andrews. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Genovese, Eugene. The Political Economy of Slavery: Studies in the Economy and Society of the Slave South. New York, Pantheon, 1961. _. Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made. New York: Pantheon, 1974.
George, Christopher T. Terror on the Chesapeake: The War of 1812 on the Bay. Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Books, 2000.
Johnson, Charles Richard, and Patricia Smith. Africans in America: America’s Journey Through Slavery. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1998.
Kolchin, Peter. American Slavery, 1619-1877. New York: Hill & Wang, 1993.
Kulikoff, Allan. Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680-1800. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
Mencken, H. L. Happy Days: Mencken’s Autobiography: 1880-1892. Buncombe Collection, vol. 1. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.
Morgan, Lynda J. Emancipation in Virginia’s Tobacco Belt, 1850-1870. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992.
Morgan, Philip D. Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
Olson, Sherry H. Baltimore: The Building of an American City. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
Rawick, George P., ed. The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1972.
Scharf, J. Thomas. History of Baltimore City and County. Introduction by Edward G. Howard. Baltimore: Regional, 1971.
Wennersten, John R. Maryland’s Eastern Shore: A Journey in Time and Place. Centreville, MD: Tidewater, 1992.
Whitehorne, Joseph A. The Battle for Baltimore: 1814. Baltimore: Nautical and Aviation, 1997
Zunz, Dieter. The Maryland Germans: A History. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat, 1972.
CROSSING THE ATLANTIC
Bowen, Frank. A Century of Atlantic Travel, 1830-1930. Boston: Little, Brown, 1930.
Drechsel, Edwin. Norddeutscher Lloyd Bremen, 1857-1970: History-Fleet-Ship-Mails . 2 vols. Vancouver: Cordillera, 1994-1995.
Fox, Stephen. Transatlantic: Samuel Cunard, Isambard Brunel, and the Great Atlantic Steamships. New York: Harper Perennial, 2004.
Norddeutscher Lloyd. Seventy Years North German Lloyd: Bremen: 1857-1927. Berlin: Atlantic-Verlag, 1927.
Roebling, Johann August. Diary of My Journey from Muehlhausen in Thuringia via Bremen to the United States of North America in the Year 1831. 1832. Translated by Edward Underwood. Trenton, NJ: Roebling, 1931.
AMERICAN IMMIGRATION AND AMERICAN JEWISH CULTURE
Birmingham, Stephen. Our Crowd: The Great Jewish Families of New York. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1967.
Cohen, Naomi W. Encounter with Emancipation: The German Jews in the United States, 1830-1914. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1984.
Dinnerstein, Leonard, and Mary Dale Paulson. Jews in the South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1973.
Fein, Isaac. The Making of an American Jewish Community: The History of Baltimore Jewry from 1773 to 1920. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1971.
Glanz, Rudolf. Studies in Judaica Americana. New York: Ktav, 1970.
Howe, Irving. The World of Our Fathers: The Journey of the East European Jews to America and the World They Found and Made. New York: New York University Press, 2005.
Levin, Alexandra Lee. The Szolds of Lombard Street: A Baltimore Family, 1859-1909. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1960.
Raphael, Marc Lee. The Columbia History of Jews and Judaism in America. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
Sanders, Ronald. Shores of Refuge: A Hundred Years of Jewish Immigration. New York: Holt, 1988.
Sandler, Gilbert. Jewish Baltimore: A Family Album. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.
Sarna, Jonathan. American Judaism: A History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004.
Silberman, Lauren R., and Avi Y. Decter. The Jewish Community of Baltimore. Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia, 2008.
Wenger, Beth. The Jewish Americans: Three Centuries of Jewish Voices in America. New York: Doubleday, 2007.
Whitfield, Stephen. American Space: Jewish Time: Essays in Modern Culture and Politics. Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 1996.
PROGRESSIVISM, LABOR, SOCIALISM
Argersinger, Joann. Making the Amalgamated: Gender, Ethnicity, and Class in the Baltimore Clothing Industry, 1899-1939. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
Banta, Martha. Taylored Lives: Narrative Productions in the Age of Taylor, Veblen, and Ford. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
Chace, James. 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft and Debs: The Election That Changed the Country. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004.
Crooks, James B. Politics and Progress: The Rise of Urban Progressivism in Baltimore, 1895-1911. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968.
Dick, William M. Labor and Socialism in America: The Gompers Era. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat, 1972.
Diner, Steven J. A Very Different Age: Americans of the Progressive Era. New York: Hill & Wang, 1998.
Ely, Richard T. The Labor Movement in America. New York, Macmillan, 1905.
Fried, Albert. Socialism in America from the Shakers to the Third International. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.
Gompers, Samuel. Seventy Years of Life and Labor: An Autobiography. Edited by Philip Taft and John A. Sessions. New York: Dutton, 1957.
Hofstadter, Richard. The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R. New York: Vintage, 1955.
Kloppenberg, James T. Uncertain Victory: Social Democracy and Progressivism in European and American Thought, 1870-1920. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
McNeil, George E., ed. The Labor Movement: The Problem of To-Day. Milwaukee: Hazen, 1892.
Pike, E. Royston. Human Documents of the Lloyd George Era. New York: St. Martin’s, 1972.
Pratt, Norma Fain. Morris Hillquit: A Political History of an American Jewish Socialist. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1979.
Riis, Jacob A. How the Other Half Lives: Studies Among the Tenements of New York. 1890. New York: Penguin, 1997.
Rodgers, Daniel T. Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998. _. The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 1850-1920. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.
Rose, Edward J. Henry George. Twayne’s United States Authors Series. New York: Twayne, 1968.
Steffen, Charles G. The Mechanics of Baltimore, 1763-1812: Workers and Politics in the Age of Revolution. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984.
Steffens, Lincoln. The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1951.
ANGLO-JEWRY AND THE ANGLO-AMERICAN CIGARETTE WARS
Alford, B.W.E. W.D. and H.O. Wills and the Development of the UK Tobacco Industry, 1786-1965. London: Methuen, 1973.
Aris, Stephen. But There Are No Jews in England. New York: Stein & Day, 1971.
Bermant, Chaim. The Cousinhood: A Vivid Account of the English-Jewish Aristocracy. New York: Macmillan, 1972.
Brandt, Allan M. The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America. New York: Basic, 2007.
Buruma, Ian. Anglomania. New York: Vintage, 1998.
Corina, Maurice. Trust in Tobacco: The Anglo-American Struggle for Power. New York: St. Martin’s, 1975.
Cox, Howard. The Global Cigarette: Origins and Evolution of British-American Tobacco, 1880-1945. Oxford: Oxford University Pres
s, 2000.
Croad, Stephen. “Changing Perceptions: A Temple of Tobacco in Camden Town.” Transactions of the Ancient Monument Society 40 (1996): 1-16.
Great Britain, The Monopolies Commission. Report of the Supply of Cigarettes and Tobacco and of Cigarette and Tobacco Machinery, 1948. London: HMSO, 1961.
Heimann, Robert K. Tobacco and Americans. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960.
Klein, Richard. Cigarettes Are Sublime. Chapel Hill: Duke University Press, 1993.
Kluger, Richard. Ashes to Ashes: America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris. New York: Vintage, 1997.
Middleton, Arthur Pierce. Tobacco Coast: A Maritime History of Chesapeake Bay in the Colonial Era. Edited for the Museum by George Carrington Mason. Newport News, VA: Mariners’ Museum, 1953.
Parker-Pope, Tara. Cigarette: Anatomy of an Industry from Seed to Smoke. New York: New Press, 2001.
Percy, Alfred. Tobacco Rolling Roads to Waterways: Tobacco, Incentive to Early Science. Madison Heights, VA: Percy, 1963.
Tate, Cassandra. Cigarette Wars: The Triumph of “The Little White Slaver.” New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
THE BALTICS DURING WORLD WAR II
Cohen, Rose, and Saul Issroff. The Holocaust in Lithuania, 1941-1945. Jerusalem: Gefen, 2002.
Ehrenberg, Ilya, and Vassily Grossman. The Black Book. New York: Holocaust Library, 1980.
Eisen, George. Children and Play in the Holocaust: Games Among the Shadows. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988.
Eksteins, Modris. Walking Since Daybreak: A Story of Eastern Europe, World War II, and the Heart of our Century. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1999.
Faitelson, Alex. Heroism and Bravery in Lithuania, 1941-45. Jerusalem: Gefen, 1996.