by Ian W. Toll
13. Hoyt, How They Won the War in the Pacific, p. 280.
14. “Colonel Weller’s Report of NGF at Tarawa,” (undated), Julian C. Smith Papers, COLL/202, Series 4, Tarawa.
15. Julian C. Smith, Lt. Gen., US Marine Corps, (ret.), Mr. Benis M. Frank, interviewer, Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC, p. 281.
16. Sherrod, Tarawa, p. 61.
17. Rogal, Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Beyond, p. 122.
18. Sherrod, Tarawa, p. 62.
19. Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, p. 855.
20. Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, p. 223.
21. Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, p. 22, USMC Archives.
22. Rogal, Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Beyond, p. 124.
23. Lt. G. D. Lillibridge, 1967, PC No. 1342, USMC Archives.
24. Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, p. 23, USMC Archives.
25. Sherrod, Tarawa, p. 68.
26. David M. Shoup, oral history, p. 2, Fifth Amphibious Corps files.
27. Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, USMC Archives.
28. CO, LT 1/6 to C.G., 2nd MarDiv, December, 6, 1943, “Report of Operations, GALVANIC,” USMC Archives.
29. Sherrod, “Marines’ Show.”
30. Lt. G. D. Lillibridge, 1967, PC No. 1342, USMC Archives.
31. Julian C. Smith, oral history, p. 293, Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC.
32. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 122.
33. Rogal, Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Beyond, p. 127.
34. Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, USMC Archives.
35. Sherrod, “Marines’ Show.”
36. Marshall Ralph Doak, My Years in the Navy, online at http://www.historycentral.com/Navy/Doak (accessed November 10, 2014).
37. Rogal, Guadalcanal, Tarawa and Beyond, p. 128.
38. Ibid., pp. 128–29.
39. Sherrod, “Marines’ Show.”
40. Vern Garrett, oral history, in Smith and Meehl, eds., Pacific War Stories, p. 159.
41. Sherrod, Tarawa, p. 96.
42. Wukovits, One Square Mile of Hell, p. 165.
43. Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, USMC Archives.
44. Robert B. Sheeks, oral history, in Smith and Meehl, eds., Pacific War Stories, p. 188.
45. Sherrod, Tarawa, p. 97.
46. Ibid., p. 93.
47. Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, USMC Archives.
48. Alex Vraciu quoted in Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 209.
49. Jim Pearce quoted in ibid.
50. Frank W. J. Plant, personal account, No. 1024, USMC Archives.
51. Wukovits, One Square Mile of Hell, p. 183.
52. Sherrod, Tarawa, p. 101.
53. Lt. Melvin A. Traylor Jr. quoted in Wukovits, One Square Mile of Hell, p. 187.
54. Sherrod, Tarawa, p. 95.
55. Ibid., p. 77.
56. Ibid., p. 96.
57. Sherrod, “Marines’ Show.”
58. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 125.
59. Lucas, Combat Correspondent, p. 200.
60. Cooper, Navy Nurse, p. 87.
61. R. K. Turner to Spruance, November 30, 1943, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Series I, correspondence.
62. “Commander of Central Pacific Force, War Diary,” November 23, 1943, entry, p. 20, FDR Map Room Papers, Box 182.
63. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 129.
64. H. W. Hill to Spruance, November 25, 1943, p. 2, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Series I, correspondence.
65. Arthur Lamar, “Recollections of Fleet Admiral Nimitz,” USNI Oral History Program, 1970, p. 40.
66. Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 236.
67. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 132.
68. Memorandum, King to Nimitz regarding the loss of U.S.S. Liscome Bay (CVE-56), December 30, 1943, Serial 002903, in NARA, RG 38, Records of the Office of the CNO, Box 36.
69. Michael Bak Jr., USNI Oral History Program, 1988.
70. Ibid.
71. Memorandum, King to Nimitz regarding the loss of U.S.S. Liscome Bay (CVE-56), December 30, 1943, Serial 002903, in NARA, RG 38, Records of the Office of the CNO, Box 36.
72. Potter and Nimitz, Great Sea War, p. 323.
73. Major J. F. Mills quoted by Lucas, Combat Correspondent, p. 170.
74. Harry W. Hill, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 685, Vol. 3, p. 305.
75. Edson’s remarks excerpted in “Colonel Weller’s Report of NGF at Tarawa” (undated), Julian C. Smith Papers, COLL/202, Series 4, Tarawa.
76. Memorandum King to Nimitz, December 16, 1943, Serial: 04258, Holland M. Smith Collection, COLL/2949, Box 1.
77. Lamar, “I Saw Stars,” p. 16.
78. Vandegrift and Asprey, Once a Marine, p. 232.
79. Julian Smith to Willie Llew, December 20, 1943, Julian C. Smith Papers, COLL/202, Box 8, Series 7, Correspondence, December 1943.
80. Julian Smith to Warren W. Brown, December 25, 1943, ibid.
81. Julian Smith to Islar Simms, December 25, 1943, ibid.
82. For example, see Spruance to Samuel Eliot Morison, March 19, 1963, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Box 2, Folder 6.
83. “Mid-Pacific Stronghold,” p. 19.
84. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 134.
85. Julian C. Smith, Lt. Gen., US Marine Corps, (ret.), Mr. Benis M. Frank, interviewer, Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC, p. 309.
86. C.O. Yorktown, “Report on Operation Galvanic, 19 November to 27 November, 1943,” in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 14.
87. Lt. (jg) Ralph Hanks, oral history, in Hammel, ed., Aces Against Japan, p. 170.
88. Diary of Alexander Wilding Jr. quoted in Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 276.
89. Truman J. Hedding (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1972.
90. Ibid.
91. C.O. Yorktown, “Report on Operation Galvanic, 19 November to 27 November, 1943,” in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 14.
92. Fitzhugh Lee account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 112.
93. Quoted in Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 282.
94. C.O. Yorktown, “Report on Operation Galvanic, 19 November to 27 November, 1943,” in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 14.
95. Clark and Reynolds, Carrier Admiral, p. 134.
96. Truman J. Hedding (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1972.
97. C.O. Yorktown, “Report on Operation Galvanic, 19 November to 27 November, 1943,” in NARA, RG 38, “WWII Action and Operational Reports,” Box 14.
98. Truman J. Hedding (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1972.
99. Clark and Reynolds, Carrier Admiral, pp. 136–37.
100. Kernan, Crossing the Line, p. 99.
101. Ibid.
102. Ibid., p. 100.
103. Ibid., p. 102.
104. Ibid., p. 106.
105. Ibid.
106. Clark and Reynolds, Carrier Admiral, p. 138.
107. Ibid., p. 139.
108. Joseph J. Clark, CCOH Naval History Project, Part 2, Vol. 2, p. 432.
109. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 292.
110. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, January 27, 1944, quoted in Clark and Reynolds, Carrier Admiral, p. 140.
111. U.S.S. Essex Cruise Book, 1944 (unpaginated).
112. George W. Anderson Jr., USNI Oral History Program, 1983, p. 120.
113. Joseph J. Clark, CCOH Naval History Project, Part 2, Vol. 2, p. 444.
Chapter Twelve
1. Edwin T. Layton, “Recollections of Fleet Admiral Nimitz,” USNI Oral History Program, 1970, p. 90.
2. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, No. 139, Interrogation Nav No. 34, Interrogation of Commander Nakajima, Chikataka, Imper
ial Japanese Navy, October 21, 1945, p. 143.
3. Joseph J. Clark, CCOH Naval History Project, Part 2, Vol. 2, p. 445.
4. Edwin T. Layton, “Recollections of Fleet Admiral Nimitz,” USNI Oral History Program, 1970, p. 91.
5. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, pp. 215–35.
6. Roger Bond account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 132.
7. C. S. King account in ibid., p. 285.
8. David S. McCampbell account in ibid., p. 196.
9. Mitscher quoted by Arleigh A. Burke in ibid., p. 167.
10. Arleigh A. Burke account in ibid., pp. 167–68.
11. CINCPAC War Diary, Book 5, pp. 1834–47.
12. Sherman, Combat Command, p. 226.
13. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 145.
14. Truman J. Hedding (ret.), USNI Oral History Program, 1972.
15. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 144.
16. Shaw et al., History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II, p. 152.
17. Richard L. Conolly to Commandant of Marine Corps, November 26, 1952, in ibid.
18. 1st Lt. Samuel H. Zutty quoted in ibid., p. 171.
19. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 146.
20. Kenneth Dodson letter dated February 9, 1944, in Shenk, ed., Authors at Sea, p. 293.
21. Ibid., pp. 294–96.
22. Potter, Nimitz, p. 334.
23. Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 224.
24. Beaver, Sailor from Oklahoma, p. 283.
25. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 148.
26. Entry dated January 6, 1944, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 5, p. 1833.
27. “Special Report of flintlock and catchpole Operations,” March 1, 1944, p. 7, USMC Archives.
28. Harry W. Hill, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 685, Vol. 3, p. 297.
29. Shaw et al., History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II, p. 227.
30. Sherman, Combat Command, p. 226.
31. CINCPAC to COMINCH, December 26, 1943, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 4, p. 1830.
32. Ramage, “Raid on Truk.”
33. Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 227.
34. Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 291.
35. Ramage, “Raid on Truk.”
36. Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 229.
37. Masataka Chihaya, “Account of the Fiasco of Truk,” in Goldstein and Dillon, eds., Pacific War Papers, p. 279.
38. Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 223.
39. Boyington, Baa Baa Black Sheep, p. 250.
40. Ibid., p. 252.
41. Statement of Lt. (jg) Woodward M. Hampton, VF-1, Ernest J. King Papers, Box 9.
42. Ibid.
43. Ramage, “Raid on Truk.”
44. Sherman, Combat Command, p. 230.
45. Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 235.
46. Charles Moore, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 655, Vol. 5, pp. 896–97.
47. William I. Martin account in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 149.
48. Masataka Chihaya, “Account of the Fiasco of Truk,” in Goldstein and Dillon, eds., Pacific War Papers, p. 282.
49. “Return Visit.”
50. Ibid.
Chapter Thirteen
1. Agawa, Reluctant Admiral, pp. 196–97.
2. Entry dated August 5, 1943, Sugiyama Memo, 2 vols. (Tokyo: Hara Shobso, 1967), quoted in Irokawa, Age of Hirohito, p. 91.
3. “New Operational Policy” document quoted in Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, p. 468.
4. Ibid.
5. Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 295.
6. Okumiya, Horikoshi, and Caidin, Zero!, p. 228.
7. Ibid., p. 227.
8. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 7, p. 331.
9. Mainichi Shinbun, February 23, 1944, quoted in entry dated March 16, 1944, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, p. 160.
10. Entry dated October 5, 1943, in ibid., p. 91.
11. Lt. Cmdr. Iyozo Fujita, oral history, in Werneth, ed., Beyond Pearl Harbor, p. 241.
12. Atsushi Oi, “The Japanese Navy in 1941,” in Goldstein and Dillon, eds., Pacific War Papers, p. 23.
13. Sakai, Caidin, and Saito, Samurai!, p. 185.
14. Horikoshi, Shindo, and Wanteiz, Eagles of Mitsubishi, p. 141.
15. Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 300.
16. Sakai, Caidin, and Saito, Samurai!, p. 27.
17. Okumiya, Horikoshi, and Caidin, Zero!, pp. 36–37.
18. Saburo Sakai oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 139.
19. Ibid., p. 140.
20. Tagaya, Imperial Japanese Naval Aviator, p. 9.
21. Sakai, Caidin, and Saito, Samurai!, p. 27.
22. Entry dated March 12, 1944, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, p. 154.
23. Entry dated May 30, 1944, in ibid., p. 202.
24. Entry dated September 30, 1944, in ibid., p. 259.
25. Potter, Nimitz, p. 358.
26. Julian C. Smith, Lt. Gen., US Marine Corps, (ret.), Mr. Benis M. Frank, interviewer, Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC, p. 307.
27. Hoyt, How They Won the War in the Pacific, p. 371.
28. U.S. Department of State, FRUS, 1943, The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, Vol. 4, p. 780.
29. Coffey, Hap, p. 334.
30. Potter, Nimitz, p. 340.
31. Ibid., p. 342.
32. Kenney, General Kenney Reports, p. 348.
33. Potter, Nimitz, p. 343.
34. Ibid., p. 344.
35. Ibid., p. 354.
36. Terasaki and Miller, Bridge to the Sun, p. 134.
37. Aiko Takahashi diary, entry dated April 21, 1943, in Yamashita, ed., Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies, p. 169.
38. Entry dated September 9, 1943, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, p. 76.
39. Entry dated December 9, 1943, in ibid., p. 117.
40. Entry dated September 11, 1943, in ibid., p. 77.
41. “Battle of the Spirits,” Japan Times and Advertiser, August 24, 1943.
42. Entry dated May 26, 1943, in Kiyosawa, Diary of Darkness, p. 31.
43. Entry dated September 5, 1943, in ibid., p. 75.
44. “Position Truly Grave,” Advertiser (Adelaide, Australia), October 27, 1943, p. 1.
45. Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 173.
46. Aiko Takahashi diary, entry dated June 10, 1943, in Yamashita, ed., Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies, p. 170.
47. Maintenance Lt. Hiroshi Suzuki, oral history, in Werneth, ed., Beyond Pearl Harbor, p. 93.
48. Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 306.
49. Entry dated May 31, 1944, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 380.
50. Navy Directive No. 373 quoted in Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 310.
51. Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 302.
52. Lt. Cmdr. Zenji Abe, oral history, in Werneth, ed., Beyond Pearl Harbor, p. 55.
53. Entry dated April 16, 1944, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 349.
54. Entry dated April 18, 1944, in ibid., p. 361.
55. Entry dated April 27, 1944, in ibid., p. 365.
56. Entry dated April 24, 1944, in ibid., p. 363.
57. Entry dated May 9, 1944, in ibid., p. 368.
58. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 8, p. 215.
59. Entry dated May 8, 1944, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 368.
60. Entry dated May 25, 1944, in ibid., p. 376.
61. Entry dated June 9, 1944, in ibid., p. 391.
62. Entry dated June 10, 1944, in ibid., p. 393.
63. Entry dated June 13, 1944, in ibid., pp. 395–96.
64.
Minoru Nomura, “Ozawa in the Pacific,” in Evans, ed., Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 313.
Chapter Fourteen
1. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, p. 434.
2. “Commander Joint Expeditionary Force, Marianas Operations, to CINCPAC,” August 25, 1944, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, August–September 1944,” Box 185.
3. Davis, Sinking the Rising Sun, p. 197.
4. CINCPOA to COMINCH, May 23, 1944, in CINCPAC War Diary, Book 5, p. 220.
5. Takeo Yamauchi, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 282.
6. CINCPAC to COMINCH, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas—June 1944,” dated November 7, 1944, A16-3/Sum, Serial 003623, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, March to June 1944,” Box 183, p. 9.
7. Notes by Glen C. H. Perry, King’s meeting with reporters, February 18, 1944, in Perry, “Dear Bart,”p. 248.
8. Buell, Master of Seapower, p. 439.
9. Spruance to Samuel Eliot Morison, January 20, 1952, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, Coll/707, Box 1.
10. Narrative by Arleigh Burke, Office of Naval Records and Library, recorded August 20, 1945, in NARA, RG 38, “World War II Oral Histories and Interviews, 1942–1946,” Box 4.
11. Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 257.
12. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 289.
13. CINCPAC to COMINCH, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas—June 1944,” dated November 7, 1944, A16-3/Sum, Serial 003623, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, March to June 1944,” Box 183, p. 30.
14. Zurlinden, “Prelude to Saipan, 15 June, 1944,” p. 582.
15. Robert B. Sheeks, oral history, in Smith and Meehl, eds., Pacific War Stories, p. 192.
16. Sherman, Combat Command, p. 240.
17. Richard King, letter to his parents, September 8, 1945, in Carroll, ed., War Letters, pp. 300–2.
18. Hopkins, Nice to Have You Aboard, p. 138.
19. Okumiya, Horikoshi, and Caidin, Zero!, p. 234.
20. Entry dated June 17, 1944, in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 407.
21. Commander, Fifth Fleet, War Diary for June 1944, A12/1, Serial 00398, entry dated June 15, 1944, FDR Map Room Papers, “U.S. Navy Action Reports, July to August 1944,” Box 184, p. 10.
22. Blair, Silent Victory, p. 653.
23. Spruance to Nimitz, July 4, 1944, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, MS Collection 12, Series I, correspondence, Box 2, Folder 1.
24. Spruance to E. B. Potter, February 21, 1955, Raymond A. Spruance Papers, Coll/707, Box 3.