by Iris Chang
Plessy v. Ferguson
poetry, Angel Island
Presbyterian Mission Home
Princeton University
Promontory Point (Utah)
prostitution: in China; decline in ; disease and; escapees from ; as lucrative; at mining camps ; rescue efforts; in San Francisco; trafficking in
Protect the Emperor Society Punti-Hakka feud
Puyi, Henry
Qian Long
Qing dynasty. See also Manchus/Manchuria; boycott of American goods and; corruption of ; educational exchange program of ; efforts to save; impoverishment of; overthrow of -b0; rebellions against ; repression of Han people by; slavery investigation by
Qinghua College
queues
Qume Corporation
Quotations of Chairman Mao
race, definition of
racism, generally; denunciation of ; reasons for
racism, anti-African American
racism, anti-Asian
racism, anti-Chinese . See also legislation, anti-Chinese; violence against Chinese; adopted children and; in California; children and; Chinese responses to ; during cold war; decrease in; on East Coast; in education ; in employment ; in fishing industry; gold rush and; in immigration laws. See also exclusion laws; interracial marriages and ; in military; during 1960s, 261; police and-386n; in San Francisco; spying allegations and; in suburbia ; surveys of; transcontinental railroad and; during twenty-first century; against women
racism, anti-Native American
railroads: Chinese; southern; transcontinental. See transcontinental railroad
Rainer, Luise
Rape of Nanking
Rape of Nanking, The (Chang) Reagan, Ronald
Redford, Edward
Red Guard Party
Red Turban rebellion (1853)
reentry, right of
Republic of China
restaurants, Chinese
Revive China Society
Rice Room, The (Fong-Torres)
Rock Springs (Wyoming)
Rocky Mountains
Rohmer, Sax
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
Roosevelt, Theodore
Sacramento
Sacramento-San Joaquin delta
Sampson, Calvin
San Francisco: architecture of; birth and citizenship records destroyed; board of health ordinances; brothels in; Chinatown. See Chinatown, San Francisco’s; Chinese theater in; Dupont Street; earthquake of 1906, 145; education in ; first Chinese in; foreign-born population; foundry industry; Geary Act and; as gold rush town; history of; immigrants’ arrival in; intellectual community in; journey to; as manufacturing center; murder rate in; numbers of Chinese in; prostitution in; racism in. See racism, anti-Chinese; restaurants, Chinese ; rule of law lacking in; vigilantism in; violence against Chinese in; violence in; women in
San Francisco Chronicle
San Francisco Daily Alta California
San Francisco Examiner
San Francisco Focus
San Francisco Herald
San Francisco Human Rights Commission (1968)
San Francisco Human Rights Commission (1969)
San Francisco Star
San Francisco State College
Saxton, Alexander
Scheer, Robert
School Law of 1870
schools: Chinese-language; public
Schulze, Charles
Scott Act (1888)
Scribner’s Monthly
Seattle
Seattle Times
Secret Order of the Knights of Saint Crispin
See, Lisa
Seeley, Jean H. segregation
Sesame Street
Sewing Woman
Shanghai Shanghai Children’s Welfare Institute Shelby, Richard
Shieh Tung-ming Shoong, Joe
Shoshone Indians sidewalk ordinance
Sierra Nevada
Sigel, Elsie
Silicon Valley
Sing Tao Daily
Sino-American relations; Boxer Rebellion (1900) and; Burlingame Treaty (1868); Chinese civil war and; during cold war; Deng-Reagan pact; diplomatic links; economic growth of China and; exclusion laws and ; Taiwan and; Tiananmen Square massacre (1989) and
Sino-Japanese War
Six Companies, Chinese
60 Minutes
Slatkin, Nora
slavery: African American; in California; Chinese; of women
Smith, Robert
Smith, William Russell
smuggling
snakeheads
Snake River Massacre (1887)
social welfare system
Soong, Ailing
Soong, Charlie
Soong, Chingling
Soong, Meiling
Soong, T. V. sororities
South, the. See also specific cities; Chinese plantation workers in; during civil rights era; grocery stores in; interracial marriage in; numbers of Chinese in ; post-Civil War; rights of Chinese in; segregation in
South America
Sowell, Thomas
spies and spying
Squire, Watson C.
Standard Oil
Stanford, Leland
Stanford University Stockton
Stout, Arthur
Stratton, David
strikes
Strobridge, James
suburbia, Chinese in
Sue, Sam
Suen Sum
Sun, Brian
Sun, Charles
Sun, David
Sung dynasty
Sun Yat-sen
Tacoma
Taiping Rebellion (1850)
Taiwan; author’s family in; Chinese immigration to ; education in ; emigration policies of; history of-285n; independence movement; intellectuals; Japan and ; military service in; as Nationalist Republic of China; Nationalists and ; People’s Republic of China (PRC) and; return to-354n; societal transformation of; technology industry in -354n; United Nations and; United States and, relations between; White Terror
Taiwanese Americans and immigrants ; deaths among; kidnapping of; occupations of; “parachute children” of; quota for; return to Taiwan by -354n; success of
Taiwan Experience (Wen)
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (TSMC)
Takaki, Ronald
Tan, Amy
Tan Fuyuan
Tang Guoan
Tang Shaoyi
Tan Yumin
Tape, Joseph
Tape v. Jennie Hurley
taxes
Taylor, Zachary
technology industry
Terrible Kids, The
textile mills
Third World Liberation Front
Thousand Pieces of Gold (McCunn)
Three Obediences
Three People’s Principles
Tiananmen Square massacre (1989)
Tien, Chang-Lin
Time
Ting, Sam
Toishan county
tongs; rebellion against Qing dynasty by; treatment of women by ; warfare between
To Save China, to Save Ourselves (Renqui Yu)
tourism
Toy, Noel
transcontinental railroad; Chinese immigrants and; completion of ; Cornish workers; cost of ; daily life; disease among workers ; economic effects of; fatalities; Irish workers ; landslides; reasons for building ; recruitment for; strike by Chinese; wages; weather extremes
Treaty of Nanking
Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Shomonoseki
Triads
Truman, Harry Tsao,Frank
Tsen, Louis
Tseng, Kuo-fan
Tsien Hsue-shen
Tsung. C.
Tu, John
Tung Chee-hwa
Twain, Mark
Two Years Before the Mast (Dana)
Tye Kim Orr
Unbound Feet (Yung)
Union Pacific
unions. See also Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance
United Nations
United States: attractiveness to immigrants; baby boom ; Chinese concepts of ; Chinese immigration to. See immigration, Chinese; counterculture movement in; departure of Chinese from; eastern. See East Coast; eastern European immigration to ; economic crises . See also specific crises; European immigration to; expansionism in; founding ideals of; Great Depression. See Great Depression; infant mortality; interracial marriage in. See marriage; Irish immigration to. See Irish immigrants; isolationism of; life expectancy; Midwest, settlement of ; the North. See North, the; per capita income; population of ; poverty in; power of; racism in. See racism, anti-African American; racism, anti-Asian; racism, anti-Chinese; racism, anti-Native American; relations with China. See Sino-American relations; slavery in. See slavery; social inequality in; the South. See South, the; Taiwan and, relations between ; textile mills; travel across ; urban woes of; wealth in ; working conditions
United States Employment Service
United States v.Ju Toy
universities and colleges, U.S. See also education; specific institutions: Asian American studies at; author’s family at; Chinese at ; first Chinese graduate from; growth in; Nationalist spies at; racism at; Taiwanese at
University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Los Angeles
University of California, racial quotas
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
U.S. Constitution. See also specific amendments
U.S. News & World Report
U.S. Supreme Court
U.S.S.R.
Versailles Treaty (1919)
veterans, U.S. Civil War
Vietnam War
violence: in Chinatown neighborhoods ; against Chinese. See violence against Chinese; in San Francisco
violence against Chinese; during gold rush; during Korean War; in Los Angeles; by Nationalists; in Oregon; by police-386n; in San Francisco ; by snakeheads ; in Washington Territory; in Wyoming
Vrooman, Robert
wages and earnings; in China ; gold mining; grocery owners ; per capita income; of plantation workers; in research labs ; transcontinental railroad; of women
Wah Ching (Chinese Youth)
Wah Lee
Walsh, Richard
Wang, An
Wang, Andrew
Wang, Charles
Wang, David
Wang, Ling-chi
Wang, Yichu
Wang Libin
Wang Xiling
War Brides Act (1945)
Ward, Arthur Sarsfield
Warrior Lessons (Eng)
Washington Grammar School
Washington Post
Washington Territory
Watanabe, Terri
Weimah, King
Wen, Sayling
We Served with Pride
Western Military Academy
West Point
When I Was a Boy in China (Lee)
White Terror
Who’s Who in China (1925)
Wild Swans (Chang)
Wing Chan
Wing Lai
Wise, John
Wolff, Edward N.
Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood in China (Kingston)
women: activism of; Chinese; Chinese American. See women, Chinese American; Irish immigrant; prairie life of; wages of
women, Chinese American: American-born ; on Angel Island; in California; career options of; education of; first Stanford graduate; garment industry workers; Hong Kong wives; isolation of; laundry wives; marriage of. See marriage; merchants’ wives; military roles of; numbers of; as prostitutes. See prostitution; racism against; ratio of Chinese men to; relative freedom of; in San Francisco; scarcity of ; slavery of; stereotypes of; tongs and; upbringing of; as wives; working; during World War II
Women’s Army Corps
Wong, Anna May
Wong, Cy
Wong, Delbert
Wong, Esther
Wong, Fred
Wong, George
Wong, H. K.
Wong, Jade Snow
Wong, Joel
Wong, Mark
Wong, Paul S.
Wong, Victor
Wong Ah So
Wong Kee
Wong Kim Ark
Wong Loy
Wong Shee
Wong Wai
Woo, S. B.
Workingmen’s Party of California
World Trade Organization
World War II
Wu, Chien-Shiung
Wu, David
Wu, Frank
Wu, Jian Xiong
Xerox
Xiao Chen
Yahoo!
Yale University
Yan, Swallow
Yang, Chen-ning
Yang, Jerry
Yang, K. T.
Yang, Linda
Yang, Linda Tsao
Yang Chen-ning
Yee, Tet
Yee Pai
Yeh Ming Hsin
Yick Wo v. Hopkins
Ying, Ouyang
YMCA
Young, Alice
Yu, Albert
Yu, Alice Fong
Yu, Renqiu
Yuan Jialiu
Yuan Shikai
Yung, Judy
Yung Wing
Yu Shuing
Yut Kum
Zhang Deiyi
Zhan Tianyou
Zhong Guoqing
Zia, Helen
1
The Chinese delegation to Cuba led to the signing of a 1879 treaty between China and Spain to end the coolie trade, and the delegation to Peru resulted in treaties that protected the rights of Chinese immigrants in that country, and permitted only immigration on a voluntary basis.
2
The nickname grew out of Chinese claims of being part of a celestial kingdom.
3
Eventually, U.S. engineers would build the Panama Canal in the early twentieth century.
4
Gambling was as addictive for Chinese railroad workers as whiskey among their white counterparts. Chinese gamblers left their mark on Nevada, where casinos credit the nineteenth-century Chinese railroad workers with introducing the game of keno, based on the Chinese lottery game of pak kop piu.
5
Years later, some of the Chinese railroad workers would journey back to the Sierra Nevada to search for the remains of their colleagues. On these expeditions, known as jup seen you (“retrieving deceased friends”), they would hunt for old grave sites, usually a heap of stones near the tracks marked by a wooden stake. Digging underneath the stones, they would find a skeleton next to a wax-sealed bottle, holding a strip of cloth inscribed with the worker’s name, birth date, and district of origin.
6
This license fee was repealed in 1864.
7
Even women who had not been prostitutes were treated by the tongs as property, without rights of their own. In Seattle, a Chinese widow who turned down several proposals of marriage from tong members received an ultimatum: “She would either have to marry one of them men or go back to China,” a neighbor recalled. “This woman came over to me and cried. She said she did not want to go back to China. Her children had been born here and she wanted to stay in the country.” The tongs forced her to return anyway.
8
One Chinese student, Chung Mun-yew, became coxswain for the Yale varsity crew team, helping Yale defeat Harvard in 1880 and 1881 in races along the Thames River. Another student, Liang Tun-yen, led a Chinese baseball team to several victories.
9
These graduates had the good fortune of witnessing the height of America’s industrial and technological revolution during the nineteenth century: during the 1870s, the decade of the mission’s existence, Alexander Graham Bell would invent the telephone, and Thomas Edison the phonograph and electric light bulb.
10
By 1882, the Sun would report that the Chinese “from the fashionable clubs of Mott and Park Street rode... in Chath
am Square coaches, carrying a liberal supply of liquor and cigars... accompanied by their Irish wives, many of them young, buxom and attractive.”
11
The exclusionists expanded their reach beyond the continental United States into newly annexed territory. In 1898, the U.S. government applied the exclusion laws to the Chinese community on the Hawaiian islands. While the Hawaiians received U.S. citizenship upon annexation, the ethnic Chinese were required to apply for certificates of residence, even though many came from families who had lived on the islands for generations. These measures applied to the Chinese in the Philippines when it, too, became a U.S. territory in 1898.
12
The Wong Kim Ark case was only one of several important legal battles waged by the Chinese that would pioneer the field of civil rights law in the United States. Another landmark case, Yick Wo v. Hopkins, would set the standard for equal protection before the law. Between 1873 and 1884, the San Francisco board of supervisors passed fourteen anti-Chinese laundry ordinances, one of which was a fire safety ordinance that mandated that all laundry owners in wooden buildings be licensed or risk heavy fines and six months of imprisonment. Since all of the Chinese laundries in the city were housed in wooden buildings, the Chinese viewed the ordinance as discriminatory, designed to cripple their livelihoods. When the board of supervisors rejected virtually every Chinese application for a license, the laundrymen protested by refusing to comply with the law and keeping their wash houses open. In 1885, the board refused to grant Yick Wo, a Chinese laundryman, a license to operate his business, even after he had secured city permits to prove that his building had passed the fire and health inspections. In response, the Chinese laundry guild filed a class action lawsuit that eventually made its way to the Supreme Court, which ruled that while the ordinance appeared to be “fair on its face and impartial in appearance,” its enforcement was not. The high court concluded that any law applied in a discriminatory manner, whether to U.S. citizens or foreign aliens, was unconstitutional because it violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
13
Shanghai was divided at the time into Chinese districts and international settlements, where Western foreigners enjoyed extraterritorial rights.
14
Between 1855 and 1934, a child born abroad legally gained U.S. citizenship if his father was a U.S. citizen at the time of the birth, and had lived in the United States before the birth.
15
There was the infamous “chopsticks slaying case” involving Wong Shee, the wife of a New York merchant. In October 1941, she arrived at Angel Island, where immigration officials separated her from her nine-year-old son. After hearing rumors that she would be deported to China, Wong Shee killed herself by ramming a chopstick through her ear. A few years later, in 1948, thirty-two-year-old Leong Bick Ha hanged herself from a bathroom shower pipe after failing her examination. That same year, Wong Loy tried to leap from the fourteenth floor of an immigration building when told that she would be sent back to China.