Marseilles 174, 183
Marshall, Alfred 152–3, 258
Marshall Field’s 192, 194
Marshall Plan 272, 307
Martinique 79, 172
Marx, Jenny, née Jenny von Westphalen 114, 115
Marx, Karl 95, 112–15, 203, 230, 378, 385, 476, 664
Marx family 113–15
Marxism 112–13, 159, 266, 284, 292, 329, 345, 680 see also Stalinism; destroying workers’ pride in own products 337; radical use of fashion striking at Marxist position on culture industries 323
Maslow, Abraham, hierarchy of needs 272–3
Mason City 524
mass comfort 227
mass consumption 7–8, 13, 283, 301, 462, 680, 681; in Asia 371; beginning of 10; bourgeois habitus, mass ideology and 292–3; chocolate 167; consumers considering themselves as a mass 198; and displacement of goods 167–8; Duhamel on 283; and free trade 162, 164; and instalment credit 411; Marshall’s critique of 153; and mercantilism 162; nationalism and mass consumer culture 167; preceding mass production 10; in Stuart England 59; and the welfare state 681
mass culture 58, 304, 315, 345
mass ideologies see ideologies
mass markets 4, 47, 121, 140, 155, 168, 169, 173, 317, 370; in home furnishing 224–5; and imperialism 140, 155, 173; luxury as a mass market 399
Mass Observation 319, 419, 474, 475
mass production 3, 59, 138, 167, 225, 263, 266, 283, 298, 359, 409, 596, 608; and careful selection 463; as challenge to intellectual elite 283–4; Czechoslovakian furniture 327; Duhamel on 283; and Ford 227, 247; goods invading the home 223–4; and instalment credit 411; preceded by mass consumption 10; and standardization see standardization; taking sustained pleasures from goods of 463; and wages 247
Massey, Douglas 591
maté 80–81, 84
material comfort 237, 290, 309, 334, 369, 484, 520, 596, 615 see also comfort
material culture see also consumer culture; material lifestyle: American 237–8; arrival and spread in England 58–63; and the city see cities and urban life; clash of material civilizations 274–300; Cold War rivalry over best material civilization 301–37; and desire for things 51, 96–7, 99, 100–101, 102, 285, 340 see also desire for things; and the division of people from things 95–7, 230–31, 235–6; domestic consumer revolution 222–71; and emotional relationships with goods 104–5, 315–16, 320–21, 337, 686; inward-looking 399; material life insurance 34; material privatism 392, 399; material remembrance 104; materialist monoculture 324; new world order based on material civilization 378; organic 95; under the Raj 139–46, 296–8; Renaissance 17, 31–2, 33–4; of the self 101, 104–5, 229, 231–2, 285; Soviet 293–6; viewed as separate sphere of life 9
material desires see desire for things
material flows 78–9, 167–8, 169–70, 589, 664–75; analysis of 665–7, 667; Direct Material Input 665; embedded flows 669; on the ocean 23, 24–6, 88, 120, 124, 167, 357, 683; and recycling see recycling of waste; and remittances see remittances, marriage; remittances, migrant worker; and social metabolism 664, 668, 677; Total Material Requirement 665; and waste 629, 664–75 see also waste
material intensity 665, 667, 668
material lifestyle 220, 274, 340, 510 see also material culture
material race 310, 328, 329
material self 231, 233, 296, 304, 314–15, 321, 385, 678 see also body
materialism 8, 11, 273, 334, 380, 381, 403; and the Church 306, 609, 610–11, 615; and Freudianism 284; Islam’s clash and relationship with 616–21; Marxist 113, 284; material desires see desire for things; materialist monoculture 324; and Nazism 301, 306; as the new religion 606; selfish 224, 273; shared goal of a material lifestyle 274; and socialist consumer culture 326–37
Mather, Cotton 99
Matsushita Electric 364, 378
Mattel 485
Max Havelaar label 565, 577
Mayans 626
McClintock, Anne 171
McDonald’s 351, 442, 485, 523
McKendrick, Neil 10, 22, 69
meat 2, 153, 252, 588, 598–9, 604, 651, 675, 684
Mecca 80
media 329, 616 see also radio; television
Mehta, Pradeep 391
Meissen tableware 88
melancholia 106
Melbourne 558
men 43, 110, 156, 260–62, 309; baboos 143; British men in the Raj 145; effeminate 196; free time activities of Europeans aged 20 to 74 (1998–2002) 458; free time in comparison to women 450, 457, 458–9, 469; and housework 260, 447, 483, 546; ‘macaronis’ 196; male fashion 200–201, 315; and shopping 200–201
Mencken, H. L. 240
Menger, Carl 3, 151
Mennonites 574
mental health/illness 305, 434, 487, 511, 555
mercantilism 91, 92, 120, 131; mercantilist empire 91, 92, 161, 163, 164; unfitness for mass consumption 162
merchants 25, 69, 103, 109, 129, 130–31, 145, 146; as agents of peace 158; as ambassadors of fashion and taste 38, 81–4; Chinese 24–5, 44, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52–3; merchant houses 49; Renaissance 30, 35; salt 49, 52–3
Mercure 70
Mesopotamia 68
methane 666
Methodism 612 see also Wesleyans
Mexico 64, 79, 208–9, 591, 596, 643; Mexican migrants to the US 588–9, 590, 591
Meyer-Ehlers, Grete 250–51
miasma theory of disease 630
microwaves 14, 260, 588
Middle Ages 1, 38, 58
middle classes: American 412, 431; approach to money and goods 342; in Asia 140, 142, 143, 373–5, 380, 392, 519; aspiring 79, 142, 224, 341; borrowing 416; bourgeoisie see bourgeoisie; in Brazil 374; British ‘middling sort’ and 65, 73; and the British state 548; conspicuous consumption 228; consumer culture and a burgeoning middle class 340; and credit 412; cultural poaching 347; and domestic technologies 259; domestic water use 184; English 65; as first to embrace luxuries 117; furniture choice 226–7; garage contents 1, 661–2; homes 224, 246, 247, 341; intimate domesticity 489; mass culture versus educated taste 304; Muslim women 620; and the Ottoman touch 251–2; and thrift 412, 416; unchaperoned middle-class women 196–7; women and ethical consumerism 155
middling sort 65, 73, 374, 398
Midland Bank 416
migration 588–605 see also displacement; mobility; Africa Migration Project 589, 592, 593–5, 594; American deportation of Chinese immigrants 128; within Asia 356, 595; and diffusion of tastes and products 78–9, 165, 214–15, 589, 596–602; economic migrants 379, 588–96 see also remittances, migrant worker; and homogenization 219–20, 527; and ideas of ageing 519; Irish diaspora 599–600; Jewish migrants 86, 598, 600, 615; migrant communities 208, 214, 596–7; migrant food cultures 596–602, 603–5; migrant labour/workers 58, 64, 334, 383, 512; and possessions 596; and property-owning democracy 239, 240; and remittances see remittances, migrant worker; and spread of coffee houses 86; and state regulation of ethnic cuisine 603–4; triangular 596; and tribal culture and identity 347–8; to the US, 1860–1920 598
Migros 349
Milan 35, 310, 348–9
Milka 172
Mill, John Stuart 151
Millar, John 110
Miller, Henry 341
millionaires 434, 439
Mills, C. Wright 435
MIND 555
Ming dynasty 4, 10, 22, 24–5, 43–53, 57, 69, 80, 95, 96, 678; trade routes 45
minimum wage 156, 157, 287
mining towns 524
Mintz, Sidney: Sweetness and Power 79, 162
Mirabeau, Victor de Riqueti, Marquis de 100, 116
mirrors 37, 49, 55, 56, 61, 93, 130, 138, 192, 212, 222, 294, 359, 360
misery U-index 454, 454
missionaries: in Africa 125–6, 133–5, 614–15; as ambassadors of taste 81–4; and Benedict’s rule 134; Catholic 79, 80, 81–4; and the demotion of the consumer 134; England as missionary nation 126; going native 125–6; and Karo women 142; and mission stations as islands of Western lifestyle 126; M
oravian Mission 133; wages paid by 133
Mittag, Günter 336
Mitterand, François 552
Miyazawa Kiichi 384, 545
mobile phones 387, 464–5, 470, 471, 482, 493, 591, 594, 622, 658, 664, 681, 686
mobility 94, 216, 301, 496, 528, 661 see also displacement; migration; travel; America’s cycle of freedom, social mobility and democracy 237; and elderly people 498–9, 509, 511–15; and the firm’s loss of control over leisure 528–9; labour/work 76, 661; and leisure activities 458–9, 460; physical 458–60, 469; upward 341, 614
Mobro 642
Mocca 79
modernity 95, 96, 138, 198, 204, 209; Americanization as tool of modernization 378 see also Americanization; in Asia 358, 368, 378, 379–82; childhood seen as invention of bourgeois modernity 486; combined with the traditional 362, 373–87; and disenchantment see disenchantment; metropolitan 208, 220–21; modern living and the home 245–63; modern things as ticket out of extended family/community 260; modern utilities 175–6, 180, 181, 183, 188–9, 220, 248, 249; the ‘modern woman’ 254, 359; modernist artists 199, 319; modernist homes 222; nationalism and consumerist modernity 298; and religion 606; and the separation of man, things and nature 95–7, 230–31
Modigliani, Franco 420–21
Mods and Rockers 498
Modugno, Domenico 351
Moffat, Robert 126
Moldova 590
Mombasans 125
Monboddo, James Burnett, Lord 104
moneylenders 408, 410, 412, 415, 432 see also banks; credit; loan sharks 361, 367, 412, 440
monopolies 49, 89, 120, 133, 139, 161, 162, 182, 183, 388, 549–50; elite 345; healthcare 555; and mini-democracies 287; natural 152, 176, 391
Monopoly (game) 281
Montelupo 30
Montesquieu 100
Montevideo 80
Moody, Dwight 608–9, 612
mopeds 6, 272, 311, 333, 496
moral economy 278, 563, 571, 578, 581
morality see also ethics; fairness: conflict over possible negative effects of increasing goods 279; conspicuous consumption as moral threat 380; ‘consumerism’ and moral failure 677; and credit/debt 405–7; department stores, shopping and moral/sexual anxieties 196, 197; as a framing force 7; and leisure 216; and Marxist/Freudian materialism 284; moral anarchy 305; moral boundaries to Renaissance possessions 34–5; moral defence of private recreation 261; moral geography 573, 583–4; moral panic about young consumers 313; moral pollution 490; moral restraints 143 see also restraint; trade and Renaissance morals 35; and waste 623, 634, 651
Moravia 133, 525, 527
Morelia, Mexico 208–9
Morga, Antonia de 25
Moritz, Karl Philipp 63
Mormons 608, 609–10
Morrisons 568
mortgages 12, 239, 242–3, 244, 405, 409, 413–14, 420, 427, 432, 440; Australian 423, 522; British 242, 420; Danish debt 425; Dutch debt 425; flexible 427, 428; German debt 425; illegal mortgage clauses 558; mortgage packets 532; mortgage relief 540; second 427; sub-prime 426; subsidized 681
Moscow 192–3, 194, 204, 293, 295, 310, 329
Moser, Ameli 117–18
Motivational Research (MR) 315–16
motorways 290
MP3 players 464
Mrs Beeton’s Household Management 598
Mughal empire 137, 138, 142
Muir and Mirrielees 192–3, 194, 204, 295
multi-tasking 471, 689
Mummery, A. F. 158
Mun, Thomas 97
Muncie, Indiana 248, 280–81
Munich 568
municipal socialism 182
municipal waste 305, 622–7, 630–53
Murano 29
Murobuse Takanobu 377–8
Murray, Gilbert 306
Muscular Dystrophy Group 555
museums 231, 262, 467, 477, 546
music: artists 263, 351, 352; composition 267; cultures 351–3; festivals 351–2, 685; genres 346, 467 see also jazz; opera; popular music; halls 201, 213; making 463, 465–6, 467, 472; recordings and broadcasting 263, 265, 267–8, 294, 464, 466–8, 685
musical instruments 30, 31, 32, 36, 52, 170, 279, 314, 463, 465, 466, 467; pianos see pianos
Muslims see Islam/Muslims
muslin 65, 67, 139, 193, 195
Mustafa III 40
Nader, Ralph 552, 555; ‘Nader’s Raiders’ 553
Naidu, Sarojini 298
Nanjing 43, 44, 46, 47; Treaty of 298
napkins 21, 30, 34, 55, 57, 77, 108, 115
Naples 351
Napoleonic Wars 116
Nasser, Gamal Abdel 300
National Cash Register Company (US) 530
National Consumer Council (NCC) 551, 560
National Consumers’ League 287
national dress 297–8, 299–300
national economics (Nationalökonomie) 116, 153, 154
National Health Service (NHS) 522, 538, 556, 560
national identity 204, 242, 296–8, 379, 566 see also anti-colonialism; nationalism
national parks 281
National Products movement, China 299
National Spastics Society 555
nationalism 116, 196, 274; and advertising 172–3; aggressive 119; anticolonial see anti-colonialism; arson by nationalists 322; and boycotts see boycotts; Chinese 298–9; and consumerist modernity 298; consumption, savings and 364, 415; Egyptian 299–300; and exotic goods 168–9; and identity see national identity; Indian 129, 137, 143, 144, 268, 296–8, 379–80; Japanese 363; and marketing 298; and mass consumer culture 167; national music festivals 351–2; national products 297–300; ‘national’ shops 300; organized consumers’ contribution to 297–300; and shared moral script 385; South Korean 385; Wafdist 299; and youth ideals 496
nationalization 277, 391
Nazism 11, 234, 235, 274, 289–92, 414; culinary Aryanization programme 598; film 313; and materialism 301, 306
necessity 75, 100, 201, 289, 345, 359, 500, 518 see also needs
neckerchiefs 68
Neckermann 513
needlework 457, 458, 462
needs see also necessity: and affluence 272–3, 320–21, 508–9; emotional 321; expansion of 278–9; false 329; hierarchy of 272–3; and wants 5, 294, 365, 407, 677
Negri, Pola 282
negroes 63 see also African-Americans
Nehru, Jawaharlal 298, 357, 381
neo-liberalism 5, 273, 389, 391, 392, 403, 522, 549, 553, 567
Nepal 589–90
Nestel, Georg Christoph 42
Nestlé 565, 618–19
Netherlands/the Dutch: as an advanced society in 17th century 39–40; butter extraction from cocoa 167; cacao transported to Venezuela by Dutch 79; ‘cashing out’ on the home 428; and coffee 79, 87, 164, 164; consumer culture 53–8, 56; credit 424, 425; cultural state support 547; Delftware 88; domestic interior at centre stage 108; Dutch housewives’ organization 250; Dutch National Bank 563; Dutch Republic 4, 10, 54–8; elderly people 507, 508, 511; and the Englightement 96; fair trade 562, 564, 566, 568, 574–5, 577; farmers 54, 55, 75; flow of goods and slaves in colonies (1770) 82–3; herring trade control 26; home ownership 236, 245, 428; household waste 1980–2005 643; income share of the rich 436, 437; increase in possessions during 17th and 18th centuries 23; industriousness 97; legacy in Ceylon 146; middle classes 117; mopeds 311; over-indebtedness 431; price controls 27; radio 265; reading habits 354; recycling 644; savings 420; shop opening hours 481; smuggling of tobacco through Dutch ports 162; social spending 539; supermarkets 349; townhouses 55–7; travelling cinemas 212; urban density 93; waste 632, 644; working hours 449, 450; youth running wild 310–11
New Book of Chinese Design 89
New Consumer 567
New Deal 274, 285, 286–7, 288, 389, 413, 524, 529, 543
New Help 107–8
New Labour 548
New Look 200
New World 24, 25, 64, 78, 80, 84, 599 see also Latin America; New England 111, 177
New Zealand 429, 463, 466, 509, 537, 557
Newark, New Jersey 186, 187, 187, 188
Newcomen, Thomas 72
Nicaragua 78, 80, 172
Niccoli, Niccolò 31
Nietzsche, Friedrich 216, 442, 568
Nigeria 124, 131, 591, 592, 593, 594, 652; Pentecostalism 613, 614, 615
Nike 567
Nimby-ism 669
nitrate 170
nitrogen cycle 2
Nivea 291
Nixon, Francis 66
Nixon, Richard 329, 544
nobility see aristocrats/gentry
NOOR 620
North Korea 607
Norway 338, 339, 354, 457, 567; fair trade 566; free time activities of men and women aged 20 to 74 (1998–2002) 458–9; household waste 1980–2005 643; people with holiday homes 655; solo living 654; Sunday restrictions 478
nostalgia 219, 288, 304, 352, 377, 384, 485
‘Not in My Back Yard’ (Nimby-ism) 669
Nottingham 657
novelty 53, 60, 71, 88, 97–8, 114, 293, 439, 678 see also innovation; Benjamin on 198; charity shops and the desire for 657; consumer’s role as creator of 463; coupled with familiarity 321; credit and the cult of 405; Hume on the soul and 102; and the ‘kid in the candy store’ syndrome 443; and preservation of the old 661; as product of East–West exchange 88; products 64–6, 80, 189, 350; psychological effect of 102; pursuit of 4, 49, 51, 330, 405, 496, 623, 661; and risk 387
Nuremberg 38, 39, 40, 41
Oakland, California 309
Obermaier, Uschi 323
objectivity 95–6, 197
obsolescence, inbuilt 258
Odessa 295–6
Odna (Alone) 292–3
Ohayo (Good Morning, film) 365
oil: boom 590; crisis (1973) 324, 330, 638, 639; global trade in 683; wasting 622; wealth 607
old people’s homes 504, 505, 506, 508, 510, 511
Oldenberg, Karl 153
Older American Act 501
Olearius, Adam 85
Oman 618
Ombudsmen 557–8, 559
Onitsha 131
Onyeani, Chika 135
opera 220, 263, 340, 437, 463, 466, 484, 546
Empire of Things Page 118