Nathan Irvin Huggins, Harlem Renaissance ( London: Oxford University Press, 1971 ).
Langston Hughes, The Big Sea ( New York: Hill and Wang, 1981 ; originally published 1930).
Louis C. Hunter, Steamboats on the Western Rivers: An Economic and Technological History ( New York: Dover Publications, 1993 ).
Tera W. Hunter , To ’Joy My Freedom ( Cambridge, MA: Oxford University Press, 1997 ).
Fred L. Israel, ed., 1897 Sears, Roebuck Catalogue ( Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 1968 ).
Kristen Iversen, Molly Brown: Unraveling the Myth ( Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 1999 ).
Nathan E. Jacobs, ed., NHCA’s Golden Years ( National Hairdressers and Cosmetologists Association/Western Publishing, 1970 ).
Stephen R. James, Jr., Cultural Resources Investigations, Delta Mat Casting Field, Additional Lands, Madison Parish, Louisiana ( Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, April 1993 ), submitted by Panamerican Consultants, Inc. (Tuscaloosa, AL).
David A. Jasen and Trebor Jay Tichenor, Rags and Ragtime ( New York: Seabury, 1978 ).
James Weldon Johnson, Along This Way: The Autobiography of James Weldon Johnson ( New York: Penguin Books, 1990 ).
———, Black Manhattan ( New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1930; reprinted New York: Atheneum, 1968 ).
Beverly Washington Jones, Quest for Equality: The Life and Writings of Mary Eliza Church Terrell, 1863–1954 ( Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Publishing, 1990 ).
Jacqueline Jones, Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow ( New York: Basic Books, 1985 ).
Bruce Kellner, The Harlem Renaissance: A Historical Dictionary for the Era ( Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984 ).
———, ed., “Keep a-Inchin’ Along”: Selected Writings of Carl Van Vechten About Black Art and Letters ( Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979 ).
Charles Flint Kellogg, NAACP: The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967 ).
Paul Underwood Kellogg, Wage-Earning Pittsburgh: The Pittsburgh Survey (6 vols.; NewYork: Russell Sage Foundation/Survey Associates, Inc., 1914 ).
Beverley Rae Kimes and Henry Austin Clark, Jr., Standard Catalog of American Cars: 1805–1942 ( 3rd ed.; Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 1996 ).
Jeff Kisseloff, You Must Remember This: An Oral History of Manhattan from the 1890s to World War II ( San Diego and New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989 ).
Theodore Kornweibel, Jr., “Seeing Red”: Federal Campaign Against Black Militancy: 1919–1925 ( Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998 ).
George L. Lankevich, American Metropolis: A History of New York City ( New York: NewYork University Press, 1998 ).
C. Henri Leonard, The Hair: Its Growth, Care, Diseases and Treatment ( Detroit: C. Henri Leonard, Medical Book Publishers, 1880 ).
Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Neal, Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis ( Denver: University of Colorado Press, 1990 ).
Gerda Lerner, Black Women in White America: A Documentary History ( New York: Vintage Books, 1973 ).
David Levering Lewis, When Harlem Was in Vogue ( New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1981 ).
———, W.E.B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race 1868–1919 ( New York: Henry Holt, 1993 ).
C. Eric Lincoln and Lawrence H. Mamiya, The Black Church in the African American Experience ( Durham: Duke University Press, 1990 ).
Alain Locke, ed., The New Negro: Voices of the Harlem Renaissance ( New York: Macmillan, 1992 ; originally published by Albert & Charles Boni, 1925).
Rayford W. Logan and Michael R. Winston, Dictionary of American Negro Biography ( New York: W. W. Norton, 1982 ).
Gordon McKibben, Cutting Edge: Gillette’s Journey to Global Leadership ( Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1998 ).
Linda O. McMurry, To Keep the Waters Troubled: The Life of Ida B. Wells ( New York: Oxford University Press, 1998 ).
Norris McWhirter, Guinness Book of World Records, 1980 Super Edition ( New York: Bantam Books, 1979 ).
The Madam C. J. Walker Beauty Manual ( 2nd ed., Indianapolis: The Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company, 1940 ).
Wilma Mankiller, Gwendolyn Mink, Maysa Navarro, Barbara Smith and Gloria Steinem, eds., The Reader’s Companion to U.S. Women’s History ( Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998 ).
Carole Marks, Farewell—We’re Good and Gone ( Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989 ).
———, and Diana Edkins, The Power of Pride: Stylemakers and Rulebreakers of the Harlem Renaissance ( New York: Crown, 1999 ).
Tony Martin, Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association ( Dover, MA: Majority Press, 1976 ).
Frank Lincoln Mather, Who’s Who of the Colored Race (Chicago: Who’s Who of the Colored Race, 1915 ).
William D. Miller, Memphis During the Progressive Era ( Memphis: Memphis State University, 1957 ).
Nina Mjagkij, Light in the Darkness: African Americans and the YMCA, 1852–1946 ( Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1994 ).
W. E. Mollison, The Leading Afro-Americans of Vicksburg, Miss. ( Vicksburg: Biographia Publishing Co., 1908 ).
Andrew Morrison and John H. C. Irwin, The Industries of Saint Louis: Her Advantages, Resources, Facilities and Commercial Relations as a Center of Trade and Manufacture ( St. Louis: J. M. Elstner & Co., 1885 ).
Deirdre Mullane, ed., Crossing the Danger Water: Three Hundred Years of African American Writing ( New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1993 ).
William M. Murphy, Notes from the History of Madison Parish, Louisiana ( 1927 ).
Cynthia Neverdon-Morton, Afro-American Women and the Advancement of the Race, 1895–1925 ( Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1989 ).
Thomas J. Noel, Denver Landmarks & Historic Districts: A Pictorial Guide ( Denver: University of Colorado Press, 1996 ).
Kenneth O’Reilly, Nixon’s Piano ( New York: The Free Press, 1995 ).
Gilbert Osofsky, Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto ( 2nd ed.; New York: Harper Torch books, 1971 ).
Harry P. Owens, Steamboats and the Cotton Economy: River Trade in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta ( Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1990 ).
Nell Irvin Painter, Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction ( New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977 ).
Gerald W. Patton, War and Race: The Black Officer in the American Military, 1915–1941 ( Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981 ).
Kathy Peiss, Hope in a Jar: The Making of America’s Beauty Culture ( New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt, 1998 ).
Paula F. Pfeffer, A. Philip Randolph: Pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement ( Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990 ).
Eliza Potter, A Hairdresser’s Experience in High Life ( Cincinnati, 1859 ).
Armistead S. Pride and Clint C. Wilson II, A History of the Black Press ( Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1997 ).
Robert V. Remini, The Legacy of Andrew Jackson ( Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988 ).
John William Reps, St. Louis Illustrated ( Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1989 ).
Coy D. Robbins, Jr., Forgotten Hoosiers: African Heritage in Orange County, Indiana ( Bowie, MD: Heritage Books, 1994 ).
Dunbar Rowland, History of Mississippi: The Heart of the South, Vol. 1 ( Chicago and Jackson, MS: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1925 ).
Nancy Rubin, The Life and Times of Marjorie Merriweather Post ( New York: Villard Books, 1995 ).
Elliott Rudwick, Race Riot at East St. Louis, July 2, 1917 ( Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982 ; originally published Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1964 ).
Robert W. Rydell, All the World’s a Fair ( Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984 ).
Dorothy Salem, To Better Our World: Black Women in Organized Reform, 1890–1920, Vol. 14 of Black Women in United States History: From Colonial Times to the Present ( Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Publishing, 1990 ).
Jack Salzman, David
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Allon Schoener, ed., Harlem on My Mind: Cultural Capital of Black America 1900–1978 ( New York: Delta/Dell Publishing, 1979 ).
Elliott P. Skinner, African Americans and the U.S. Policy Toward Africa, 1850–1924 ( Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1992 ).
Robert Sklar, Movie-Made America: A Cultural History of American Movies ( New York: Vintage Books, 1994 ).
J. Clay Smith, Jr., Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer 1844–1944 ( Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993 ).
Eileen Southern, The Music of Black Americans: A History ( 3rd ed.; New York: W. W. Norton, 1997 ).
Joe Gray Taylor, Louisiana Reconstructed 1863–1870 ( Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1974 ).
Quintard Taylor, In Search of the Racial Frontier: African Americans in the American West, 1528–1990 ( New York: W. W. Norton, 1998 ).
Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, African American Women in the Struggle for the Vote ( Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998 ).
James Thomas, From Tennessee Slave to St. Louis Entrepreneur: The Autobiography of James Thomas, edited with an introduction by Loren Schweninger ( Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1984 ).
Mildred I. Thompson, Ida B. Wells-Barnett: An Exploratory Study of an American Black Woman, 1893–1930 ( Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Publishing, 1990 ).
Emma Lou Thornbrough, The Negro in Indiana Before 1900: A Study of a Minority ( Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau, 1985; Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993 ).
Stewart E. Tolnay and E. M. Beck, A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882–1930 ( Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995 ).
Selwyn K. Troen and Glen E. Holt, St. Louis ( New York: New Viewpoints, 1977 ).
Ted Tunnell, Crucible of Reconstruction: War, Radicalism, and Race in Louisiana, 1862–1877 ( Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984 ).
William M. Tuttle, Jr., Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919 ( Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970 ).
Carl Van Vechten, Nigger Heaven ( New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926 ; reprinted Colophon Books, 1971, and Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000, with an introduction by Kathleen Pfeiffer).
Charles Vincent, Black Legislators in Louisiana During Reconstruction ( Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1976 ).
Juliet E. K. Walker, The History of Black Business in America: Capitalism, Race and Entrepreneurship ( New York: Macmillan Library Reference, 1998 ).
Joseph Frazier Wall, Andrew Carnegie ( Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989 ).
Booker T. Washington, The Negro in Business ( Wichita, KS: DeVore & Sons, 1992 ; reprint of Hertel, Jenkins & Co., 1907 ).
———, Up From Slavery ( New York: Penguin Books, 1986 ).
T. H. Watkins, The Great Depression: America in the 1930s ( Boston: Little, Brown, 1993 ).
Vernon Lane Wharton, The Negro in Mississippi 1865–1890 ( Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1947 ).
C. Albert White, A History of the Rectangular Survey System (Washington, DC: GPO, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 1991 ).
Howard A. White, The Freedmen’s Bureau in Louisiana ( Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1970 ).
Shane White and Graham White, Stylin’—African American Expressive Culture from Its Beginnings to the Zoot Suit ( Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998 ).
Walter White, A Man Called White: The Autobiography of Walter White ( Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1948 ).
Frederick W. Williamson and George T. Goodman, Eastern Louisiana: A History of the Watershed of the River and the Florida Parishes ( Shreveport: The Historical RecordAssociation, 1939 ).
C. Vann Woodward, Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction ( Boston: Little, Brown, 1951, and Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor, 1956 ).
John A. Wright, Discovering African-American St. Louis: A Guide to Historic Sites ( St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press, 1994 ).
Nathan B. Young, Your St. Louis and Mine ( St. Louis: N. B. Young, 1937 ).
Robert L. Zangrando, The NAACP Crusade Against Lynching, 1909–1950 ( Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980 ).
Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 1492–Present ( New York: Harper-Collins, 1995 ).
Government and Legal Documents
Della Hammond Ashley, Eastern Cherokee Application No. 25682, National Archives, Reel 213, M1104 Cabinet 094-01.
Owen Breedlove and Minerva Anderson, Marriage bond (Nov. 20, 1869) and license (Dec. 6, 1869), Madison Parish, Louisiana, 13th District Court, Book B page 29, MPCH.
Owen Breedlove and Mary Lewis, Marriage bond (Aug. 26, 1874) and license (Aug. 27, 1874), Madison Parish, Louisiana, 13th District Court, Book B page 378, MPCH.
Adoption of Fairy Mae Bryant by Mrs. Lelia Walker Robinson, Decree of Court, Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, No. 505 January Term, 1913, Docket “A.”
Cholera Epidemic of 1873, House Executive Document 95, 43rd Congress, Second Session ( Washington, DC: GPO, 1875 ).
“Climate and Crops, Nebraska Section,” Climate and Crop Service of the Weather Bureau, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebraska, Vol. 10, No. 7, July 1905.
The Consolidation and Revision of the Statutes of a General Nature ( New Orleans, 1852 ).
Heirs of Burney v. John T. Ludeling, Vol. 3 ( 1895 ), Louisiana Supreme Court, 47 La. Ann. 1434, 17 SO. 877.
Jennie Lias—Jennie Lias affidavit, Dec. 26, 1919.
Walter H. Loving report to Director of Military Intelligence on National Race Congress, Dec. 20, 1918, RG 165, File 10218-302, Records of the War Dept. General and Special Staffs, Correspondence of the Military Intelligence Division, Correspondence relating to “Negro Subversion,” Microfilm M1440.
Charles B. McKernan Affidavit, Receiver’s Office, Ouachita, LA, Nov. 18, 1842, Receipt No 7699.
Madison Parish Deed Book COB: B page 289–290, “Caruther & Co. to Burney,” MPCH.
Records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, Records of the Assistant Commissioner for the State of Louisiana, 1865–1869, Washington, DC, National Archives, Record Group 105, Microfilm 1027, roll 27, frames 16, 63, 262; roll 34, frames 206–308, National Archives.
Records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, Record Group 105, Entry 1400 Morning Reports of the Assistant Surgeon at Birney Plantation January 1864–February 1865, Louisiana Chief Medical Officer, Box No 40, National Archives.
Report of the Joint Committee of the General Assembly of Louisiana on the Conduct of the Late Elections and the Condition of Peace and Order in the State, Session of 1869 (New Orleans, 1869).
Report and Testimony of the Select Committee of the United States Senate to Investigate the Causes of the Removal of the Negroes from the Southern States to the Northern States, 46th Congress, 2d Session, Report 693, Parts I, II and III (Washington, DC: GPO, 1880).
Lelia Robinson v. John Robinson, No. 1740 October Term 1913, Testimony Before Master, Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, July 16, 1914.
John B. Robison (sic) and Lelia McWilliams, Washington County, PA, Marriage License Application #18667, Oct. 18, 1909; Washington County, PA, Marriage Certificate #18667 Clerk of Courts.
Southern Claims Commission, Case No 20441, Estate of R. W. Burney v. the United States, Testimony of Congressman Greenburg Fort, Mar. 5, 1874.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, Seventh Census of the United States: 1850 (Washington, DC: GPO).
———, Eighth Census of the United States: 1860 ( Washington, DC: GPO).
———, Eleventh Census of the United States: 1890 ( Washington, DC: GPO, 1893 ).
U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Eastern States Land Grant Certificate #7699, Gener
al Land Office, Feb. 4, 1843.
Sarah Walker v. Charles J. Walker, Cause No. 87943, Marion County Superior Court Docket, Sept. 5, 1912.
Ida B. Winchester affidavit, Dec. 26, 1919.
Convention Proceedings
Madam Walker Hair Culturists’ Union
Minutes of the First National Convention of the Mme. C. J. Walker Hair Culturists’ Union ofAmerica, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Aug. 30–31, 1917.
National Association of Colored Women
Report of the First National Conference of the National Federation of Afro-American Women, Boston, Mass., July 29, 30 and 31, 1895, in Records of the National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs, 1895–1992, Part I: Minutes of NationalConventions, Publications, and President’s Office Correspondence ( Bethesda, MD: University Publications of America, 1993 ).
Mrs. M. F. Pitts and Miss L. Carter, “St. Louis Colored Orphan’s Home,” in Report of the Second National Conference of the National Federation of Afro-American Women, Washington, DC, July 20–22, 1896, from Records of the National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs, 1895–1992, Part I: Minutes of National Conventions, Publications, and President’s Office Correspondence ( Bethesda, MD: University Publications of America, 1993 ).
Fourth Convention of the National Association of Colored Women ( Jefferson City, MO: Hugh Stephens Printing Company, 1904 ): p. 3, RNACWC microfilm, 1895–1992, reel I, frames 0276–0297, LOC.
Minutes of the Eighth Biennial Convention of the NACW, July 23–27, 1912, Hampton Normal and Industrial Institute, LOC.
Minutes of the Ninth Biennial Convention of the NACW, Aug. 4–6, 1914, Wilberforce, OH, LOC.
Minutes of the Tenth Biennial Convention of the NACW, Aug. 7–10, 1916, Baltimore, MD, LOC.
Minutes of the Eleventh Biennial Convention of the NACW, July 8 to 13, 1918 (Washington, DC: NACW, 1918), LOC Microfilm.
National Negro Business League
Report of the Second Annual Convention of the National Negro Business League at Chicago, Illinois,Aug. 21–23, 1901 ( Chicago: R. S. Abbott Publishing Company, 1901 ).
Report of the Fourth Annual Convention of the National Negro Business League ( Wilberforce, OH, 1903 ).
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