On Her Own Ground

  Madam Walker Spirit Awards for Entrepreneurs,

  Madam Walker Theatre Center, as National Historic Landmark,

  Madison Times-Democrat,

  Mahan Sisters,

  Major, Gerri. See Dismond, Geraldyn

  Malone, Aaron,

  Malone, Annie. See Pope-Turnbo, Annie

  Manassas Industrial School,

  Mance, Mercer,

  Mann, William Hodges,

  Manning, A. E.,

  Manufacturing, largest black enterprise in,

  Marcel Wave,

  Marinoff, Fania,

  Marshall (Texas),

  Martin, Mary,

  Masons,

  Maury County (Tennessee),

  Medical Reserve Corps,

  Memphis (Tennessee)

  Avery Chapel AME,

  Persons lynching in,

  Menelik II (Emperor of Ethiopia),

  Mercer, R. E.,

  Messenger, The,

  Methodist churches,

  Metropolis (Illinois),

  Migrants from the South,

  lack of grooming of,

  Layten’s association for protection of female,

  Madam Walker’s agents’ responsibility for,

  in World War I,

  Miller, Flournoy,

  Miller-Reed Company,

  Mills, Florence,

  Minos, Mrs. J. M.,

  Mirski, Prince Basil,

  Mississippi

  lynchings in,

  Parchman Prison,

  Mississippi River,

  steamboats on,

  Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway,

  Missouri Federation of Colored Women,

  Missouri Press Society,

  Mite Missionary Society,

  Monarch Talking Picture Company,

  Montani, P. L.,

  Montgomery Ward,

  Moody, Mrs, O. L.,

  Moore, Al,

  Moore, Fred,

  Moorland, Jesse,

  Morehouse College,

  Morgan, J. P.,

  Morgan State University,

  Morris, Elias Camp,

  Moton, Robert Russa,

  at Paris Peace Conference,

  Wilson’s meeting with,

  Mound Bayou (Mississippi),

  Mt. Meigs School,

  Murat, Princess Violette,

  Murrell, William,

  Music School Settlement,

  NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People),

  Amenia Conference (1916) of,

  antilynching campaigns of,

  East Saint Louis riots and,

  Lelia Walker in,

  Madam Walker as member of,

  Texas and Louisiana organizing by,

  Villa Lewaro originally willed to,

  white leadership of,

  See also: Crisis, The

  NACW. See National Association of Colored Women

  Nail, John B. “Jack,”

  Nail, John E.,

  Napier, James Carroll,

  Nashville (Tennessee),

  Natchez (Mississippi),

  National Afro-American Council, Business Bureau of,

  National American Woman Suffrage Association,

  National Association of Colored Women (NACW),

  Douglass’s former home purchased by,

  NAACP and,

  National Association of Funeral Directors,

  National Bankers Association,

  National Bar Association,

  National Equal Rights League (NERL),

  National Federation of Afro-American Women,

  National League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes,

  National Medical Association,

  National Negro Business League (NNBL),

  history of,

  Madam Walker and,

  1913 convention of,

  1914 convention of,

  National Negro Business League (cont.)

  1916 convention of,

  1918 convention of,

  National Negro Cosmetics Manufacturers Association,

  National Negro Press Association,

  National Race Congress for World Democracy (1918),

  National Urban League,

  National Women’s Party,

  NBC (National Baptist Convention),

  Nebraska,

  Negro Farmers’ Conference (1912),

  Negro in Business, The (Washington),

  Negro Silent Protest Parade Committee,

  Negro spirituals,

  Nelson, A’Lelia Ransom,

  NERL. See National Equal Rights League

  New Bedford (Massachusetts),

  New Negro era,

  New Orleans (Louisiana),

  Newport (Rhode Island),

  Newspapers and publications

  lynching reports in,

  Palmer’s condemnation of,

  in St. Louis,

  Washington on proper types of advertising for,

  See also specific newspapers and publications

  Newton, Sarah,

  New York Age,

  at and on Paris Peace Conference,

  New York City

  Atlantic Fleet’s return to,

  description of,

  Howell’s Funeral Home,

  Lelia Walker’s pied-à-terre in,

  Madam Walker’s lectures in,

  Manhattan Casino,

  1907 bank panic in,

  Salem Methodist Church,

  369th parade in,

  Tiffany’s showroom,

  Waldorf-Astoria Hotel,

  See also Harlem

  New York Colored Republican Club,

  New York Evening Post,

  New York Herald,

  New York News,

  New York News & Harlem Home Journal,

  New York Post,

  New York Times, The,

  Niagara Movement,

  organizational meeting of,

  Nigger Heaven (novel),

  Night riders,

  92nd Infantry Division,

  93rd Infantry Division (Provisional),

  NNBL. See National Negro Business League

  Noblesville (Indiana),

  Norfolk & Western Railroad,

  Normal Industrial and Agricultural College,

  North Carolina

  death penalty case in,

  free blacks restricted in,

  North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company,

  North Louisiana and Texas Railroad,

  North Star,

  Nugent, Bruce,

  Oakland (California),

  Odd Fellows,

  Oklahoma City Black Dispatch,

  Order of the Eastern Star,

  O’Reilly, Kenneth,

  Oreste, Michel,

  Original Ozonized Ox Marrow Company,

  Our Nig (novel),

  Overstreet, Marie,

  “Over There” (song),

  Overton, Anthony,

  Ovington, Mary White,

  Owen, Chandler,

  Owens, B. J.,

  Owens, Bob,

  Ozono,

  Palestine (Texas),

  Palmer, A. Mitchell,

  Palmer, William Jackson,

  Palmer Memorial Institute,

  Palmolive Soap products,

  Pan-African Association,

  Pan-African Congress (Paris, 1919),

  Panama,

  Madam Walker in,

  Paris (France)

  Lelia Walker in,

  news of Madam Walker’s death in,

  Paris Peace Conference,

  black delegates to,

  Parker, Henry,

  Parker, Maria,

  Parks, Ada,

  Parks, Boyd,

  Parks, Wesley G.,

  Parrish, Charles H.,

  Parrish, Mme. L. C.,

  “Party, The” (poem),

  Patent medicines,

  Lydia Pinkham’s,

  Patton, Otho,


  Patton, Sari Price,

  Payton, Philip A.,

  Peabody, Charles A.,

  Peabody, Philip G.,

  Peiss, Kathy,

  Pendegraph, Mary,

  Pennsylvania Negro Business Directory,

  Pennsylvania State Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs,

  Pensacola (Florida),

  Perry, Edward,

  Perry, Marion Rowland, Jr. (A’Lelia Bundles’ grandfather),

  courtship and marriage of,

  Perry, Walker (Walker Gordon Jackson),

  Persons, Eli,

  Peterson, Iver,

  Petrolatum,

  Phi Beta Kappa,

  Philadelphia (Pennsylvania),

  Madam Walker Beauty Culturists Union convention in,

  Union Baptist Church,

  Philadelphia Tribune,

  Philanthropy

  Carnegie’s,

  Lelia Walker’s,

  Madam Walker’s,

  assistance to young men and women,

  Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute for Negro Girls,

  Hampton Institute,

  in her last will,

  Indianapolis YMCA,

  NAACP antilynching campaigns,

  NACW,

  proposed vocational school in Africa,

  in purchase of Douglass’s former home,

  rescue of girls in Liberia,

  Tuskegee,

  Philippines,

  Pinchback, Pinckney B. S.,

  Pine Bluff (Arkansas),

  Piney Branch School for Negro Children,

  Pinn, Henry,

  Pittman, Portia Washington,

  Pittman, Sidney,

  Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania)

  blacks in,

  Lelia’s home in,

  Madam Walker in,

  Walker’s top agent in,

  Pittsburgh City Directory,

  Pittsburgh Courier,

  Pius XI (Pope),

  Plessy v. Ferguson,

  Poage, George Coleman,

  Pocantico Hills estate,

  Polk, Frank,

  Polk, James Knox,

  Pollard, Curtis (and Pollard Church),

  Pope-Turnbo, Annie (Madam Poro; Annie Malone),

  Madam Walker as sales agent for,

  Madam Walker’s possible treatment by,

  1920s competition by,

  pullers and irons used by,

  rivalry between Madam Walker and,

  Poro, Madam. See Pope-Turnbo, Annie

  Port Chester (New York),

  Porter, Will,

  Portland (Oregon),

  Potter, Eliza,

  Powell, Adam Clayton, Sr.,

  Powell, Jesse,

  Powell, Louvenia Breedlove. See Breedlove, Louvenia

  Powell, Willie,

  Presbyterian church,

  Prest-O-Lite Company,

  Prosser, Agnes “Peggie,”

  Prosser, Calvin,

  Prostitutes,

  in St. Louis,

  Providence (Rhode Island),

  Prudential Savings Bank,

  Psoriasis,

  Pueblo (Colorado),

  Pure Food and Drugs Act,

  Pythian Hotel and Bath House,

  Pythias, Colored Knights of,

  Queen, Hallie Elvira,

  Race riots

  at East Saint Louis,

  See also Lynching

  “Ragtime Millionaire” (song),

  Ragtime music,

  Railroads,

  Jim Crow on,

  Madam Walker’s near accident,

  Madam Walker’s private Pullman,

  segregated, boycott urged for,

  throwing Walker advertising packets from,

  Randolph, A. Philip,

  background of,

  black-Japanese alliance thought impossible by,

  Paris Peace Conference and,

  World War I opposed by,

  Randolph, Lucille Green,

  Ransom, Frank Breedlove,

  Ransom, Freeman Briley,

  background of,

  C. J. Walker and,

  on drug store sales of Glossine,

  on Louis George,

  after Madam Walker’s death,

  Madam Walker’s will and,

  on Paris Peace Conference,

  at Villa Lewaro,

  Ransom, Judy,

  Ransom, Nettie,

  Real estate,

  in Harlem,

  Reconstruction Act,

  Rector, Maggie,

  Reed, William Marion,

  Remini, Robert,

  Republican party

  in Bargain of 1877,

  in East Saint Louis,

  excluded from Paris Peace Conference,

  in Indiana,

  in Louisiana after Civil War,

  in New Mexico,

  in New York,

  Reynolds, Violet Davis,

  Riard, Fortune,

  Riley, James Whitcomb,

  Rivers, Joseph D. D.,

  Robbins, Coy D., Jr.,

  Roberts, E. P.,

  Roberts, Elias,

  Roberts, Ishmael,

  Roberts, Nancy Archer,

  Roberts, Needham,

  Roberts and Pope,

  Robeson, Eslanda,

  Robeson, Paul,

  Robinson, Bill “Bojangles,”

  Robinson, Christopher K.,

  Robinson, Jessie Batts,

  Robinson, John,

  Robinson, Mae. See Walker, Mae

  Robinson (Texas),

  Rockefeller, John D.,

  Rockefeller, Laura Spelman,

  Rodenburg, W. A.,

  Rodin, Auguste, “La Vieille Courtisane,”

  Roosevelt, Theodore,

  on East Saint Louis riots,

  Root, Elihu,

  Rosenwald, Julius,

  Ross, George,

  Ross, Hubert Barnes,

  Rouzeau, Edgar,

  Royal, Alexander,

  Rubinstein, Helena,

  Rucker, Henry, Jr.,

  Ruffin, Josephine St. Pierre,

  Russo-Japanese War,

  Russwurm, John B.,

  Rutgers, Pelagie,

  Safety razor,

  St. Louis (Missouri),

  black real-estate purchases in,

  blacks as factory workers in,

  black social classes in,

  Breedlove brothers in,

  descriptions of,

  public schools of,

  refugees from East Saint Louis in,

  St. Paul AME Church,

  Sarah Breedlove in,

  Twentieth Century Girls’ Club,

  violence in,

  Walker salon planned for,

  Wilson Brothers Pharmacy,

  World’s Fair (1904),

  St. Louis Argus,

  “St. Louis Blues,”

  St. Louis Colored Orphans Home,

  St. Louis Mirror,

  St. Louis Palladium,

  St. Louis Post-Dispatch,

  St. Louis Republic,

  St. Luke Penny Savings Bank,

  Salisbury (North Carolina),

  Sammons, Walter,

  Sanders, H. L.,

  Sanders, Henry L.,

  San Francisco (California),

  Sauer, George,

  Saunders, Mrs.,

  Savage, Augusta,

  Savannah (Georgia),

  Scalp, Madam Walker on cultivation of,

  Scalp disease,

  See also Walker System

  Scarborough, William S.,

  Schieffelin, William Jay,

  Scholtz, Edmund L.,

  Schomburg, Arthur,

  Schuyler, George,

  Scott, Dora,

  Scott, Eleanora Baker,

  Scott, Emmett,

  on Paris Peace Conference,

  at Villa Lewaro gala,

  in War Department,

  Scott, William Edouard,

  Sears, Roebuck and
Company,

  Seborrhea. See Dandruff

  Sedalia (North Carolina),

  Sedition Act of 1918,

  Self-determination of nations,

  Seymour, Horatio,

  Shank, Samuel Lewis “Lew,”

  Shanklin, Edith,

  Shaw, Anna Howard,

  Sherman, Lawrence Yates,

  Sherman, William Tecumseh,

  Shillady, John,

  Showboat (musical),

  Shuffle Along (musical),

  Sierra Leone, AME churches in,

  Simmons, Lieutenant,

  Sims, Jessie,

  “Since You Went Away” (song),

  Singerman, S. A.,

  Singleton, Benjamin “Pap,”

  Sissle, Noble,

  military service of,

  Sisters of the Mysterious Ten,

  Sitwell, Osbert,

  Skin color, social status and,

  Slavery

  abolition of,

  Africanisms prohibited under,

  black hair ridiculed under,

  on Burney’s plantation,

  literacy of slaves forbidden during,

  Smith, Al,

  Smith, Frank,

  Smith, Thomas B.,

  Smythe, Theodore,

  Snead, Mrs. W. A.,

  Socialism,

  South Africa

  AME churches in,

  proposed vocational school in,

  Spanish fly,

  Spaulding, Charles Clinton,

  Spelman Seminary, Mae Walker at,

  Spencer, Frances,

  Spingarn, Joel,

  Springfield (Illinois), 1908 riot in,

  Standard Oil of New Jersey,

  Stanford University,

  Statesman, The (publication),

  Steamboats,

  Steffens, Lincoln,

  Stewart, George,

  Stinnett, McCleary,

  Stock market crash (1929),

  Storey, Moorfield,

  Stout, Frances,

  Straighteners. See Hair—straighteners of

  Straightine,

  Strikes

  of copper workers in Arizona,

  East Saint Louis riots and,

  Suehn Industrial Mission (Liberia),

  Suffragettes,

  Sulfur,

  Swift meatpacking plant,

  Tabor, Baby Doe,

  Tabor, Horace,

  Taft, William Howard,

  Talbert, Mary Burnett,

  Talbert, William,

  Tandy, Sadie Dorsette,

  Tandy, Vertner,

  military service of,

  Tapley, Lucy Hale,

  Tarrytown (New York),

  Taylor, John G.,

  Taylor, Thomas E.,

  Temple Emanu-El,

  Temple Salve,

  Terrell, Mary Church,

  Terry, Watt,

  Tetter,

  Tetter Salve,

  Texas, lynching in,

  “Thirty Years of Lynching in the United

  States,”

  Thomas, Antoinette Rutgers,

  Thomas, Candiss Roberts,

  Thomas, Edna Lewis,

  Thomas, Mrs. J. W.,

  Thomas, James,

  Thomas, Jordon,

  Thomas, Lloyd,

  Thompson, Mr. and Mrs.,

  Thompson, Louise,

  Thompson, Margaret,

  Thompson, R. W.,

  317th Engineer Regiment,