New York Repeal meeting: N, 1 July 1843.
SOB’s letter on joining Repeal: N, 28 October 1843.
Lady O’Brien to SOB over joining Repeal: 24 October 1843, O’Brien Papers, MS 443, NLI.
SOB and Repeal: O’Connell sources, Davis, Richard, Young Ireland, and O’Brien, Grania, as above; Adam-Smith, as above.
TFM’s speeches and opinions: Meagher, Thomas Francis, Brevet Major-General, United States Army, Speeches on the Legislative Independence of Ireland, New York, 1870; Griffith, Arthur (ed.), Meagher of the Sword, Dublin, 1916; Lyons, W. F., Brigadier General Thomas Francis Meagher, New York, 1870; Athearn, Robert G., Thomas Francis Meagher: An Irish Revolutionary in America, Boulder, CO, 1949.
Young TFM’s confession of dandyism: Duffy, as above.
Origins of term ‘Young Ireland,’ and subsequent Young Ireland material: Davis, Richard, Young Ireland, Doheny, Duffy, as above.
‘Letters of a Protestant on Repeal’: N, 15 and 22 June 1844.
Mitchel’s youth, John Martin, and subsequent Mitchel material unless otherwise noted: McCall, as above; Dillon, William, Life of John Mitchel, Volume 1, London, 1888; Sillard, P. A., The Life of John Mitchel, Dublin, 1908.
‘The Anti-Protestant Catholics’: N, 27 May 1843.
Repeal meeting over colleges: usual sources, YI; Doheny, as above.
’82 Club: Davis, Richard, Young Ireland, Doheny, Duffy, as above.
SOB on ’82 Club uniform: Davis, Richard, Young Ireland, as above.
Mitchel meets TFM: Irish Citizen, 2 November 1867. For first meeting, Smyth, as above.
Shields bears Larkin a child: Baptismal Records, St Peter and St Paul’s Cathedral, Goulburn, 22 August 1844.
Brodribb’s marriage: Brodribb; ADB, Volume 3.
8 A FOND FAREWELL TO THE WHITE POTATOES
Chapter heading: Béaloideas, Irish Folklore Commission, quoted in O Gráda, Cormac, ‘The Great Famine in Folk Memory and in Song,’ unpublished at time of writing and kindly provided by author.
Courtship and death of Davis: Molony, Pearl, Duffy, as above.
Mitchel on railways and their destruction: N, 22 November 1845.
Onset of blight and subsequent Famine material unless otherwise noted: Mokyr, Why Ireland Starved, and O Gráda, Ireland Before and After the Famine, as above; Edwards, R. Dudley and Williams, T. Desmond (eds), The Great Famine: Studies in Irish History, 1845–52, Dublin, 1956; Smith, Woodham-, as above; O’Rourke, Canon John, The Great Irish Famine, Dublin, 1989; Kinealy, as above; Póirtéir, Cathal (ed.), The Great Irish Famine, Dublin, 1995; Daly, Mary E., The Famine in Ireland, Dublin, 1986.
Peasant reaction to rotting potatoes, East Galway: Póirtéir, Famine Echoes, as above; Béaloideas, quoted in O Gráda, ‘The Great Famine,’ as above.
Liberator expresses concern to SOB: MacDonagh, as above.
Benthamite Utilitarianism: Kinealy, as above.
Malthus on Ireland: Mokyr, as above.
Trevelyan on Irish: Trevelyan, Charles, The Irish Crisis, London, 1848.
Connubiality figures: Mokyr, as above.
Attitude to Indian corn, and names: As well as standard sources, Póirtéir, Famine Echoes, as above.
No grounds for apprehension: Galway Mercury, 20 September 1845.
Irish names of Famine: O Gráda, ‘The Great Famine,’ as above.
Survey of five townlands in Longford barony: Relief Commission Papers, 1, 2/441/16, NAI.
Ballinasloe area: Egan, Patrick K., The Parish of Ballinasloe, Galway, 1994.
Visitor to Ballinasloe: Nicholson, Asenath, Ireland’s Welcome to a Stranger, London, 1847.
Attributing Famine to census: O Gráda, ‘The Great Famine,’ as above.
Famine fevers, cause and impact: MacArthur, Sir William P., ‘Medical History of the Famine,’ in Edwards and Williams, as above.
T. Harrison, Ballinasloe Dispensary, and Loughrea Dispensary: BPP, Volume XXXVII, 1846.
Ballinasloe workhouse fever wards: O’Connor, as above.
Prophecy of worse things: N, 11 April 1846.
SOB’s view of Famine: MacDonagh, and SOB, To Solitude Consigned, as above.
SOB’s parliamentary imprisonment: ILN, 9 May 1846; TL, 8 May 1846.
East Galway evictions: Freeman’s Journal, 9 April 1846; ILN, 4 April 1846.
SOB disappointed by Repeal: CGD, as above.
YI’s visit to O’Connell and SOB: Davis, Richard, Young Ireland, as above; Thomas Francis Meagher Reminiscences, J. M. (John Martin), Weekly Times, Dublin, 16 November 1867.
Whig alliance: CGD, Doheny, MacDonagh, as above; Davis, Richard, Young Ireland, as above.
CGD’s view of the emergent TFM: CGD, as above.
This and later speeches, TFM, unless otherwise noted: Meagher, Brevet Major-General, Speeches on Legislative Independence, as above; Griffith, as above.
Mitchel on Famine: N article, reproduced in Mitchel, John, History of Ireland from the Treaty of Limerick to the Present Time, Volume II, Dublin, n.d.
O’Connell and his tenants: MacDonagh, as above.
O’Briens and their tenants: O’Brien, Grania, as above, based on Distress Papers, NAI, and O’Brien Papers, NLI; Smith, Woodham-, as above.
Lord Monteagle: Smith, Woodham-, as above; O’Mahony, Christopher and Thompson, Valerie, Poverty to Promise: The Monteagle Emigrants, 1838–58, Sydney, 1994.
Trial, and all subsequent trials of CGD: Duffy, Pearl, as above; Davis, Richard, Young Ireland, as above.
Crisis in Repeal, and subsequent O’Connell material unless otherwise noted: MacDonagh, CGD, as above; Davis, Richard, Young Ireland, as above.
Speranza on TFM: N, 8 August 1846.
Impact of Davis’s death on Speranza: Yeats, William Butler, quoted in Thomas Davis Centenary Address, Oxford, 1947.
Speranza’s life and career: Ellmann, Richard, Oscar Wilde, London, 1987; Pearson, Hesketh, The Life of Oscar Wilde, London, 1954.
‘Liberty’s torch …’: Speranza, It Was the Lark, N, 25 April 1846.
Poems and career of Eva: Patrick, Ross and Patrick, Heather, Exiles Undaunted: The Irish Rebels Kevin and Eva O’Doherty, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 1989.
Eva on TFM: N, 22 August 1846.
Killimor Relief Committee: Plea from Killimor Relief Union, Relief Commission Papers, 3/2, Galway, 2/441/43, NAI.
Conditions in East Galway: Egan, as above.
Outrages, Eyre, Lawrence: Outrage Papers (Galway), 1398, 1846 and 1466, 1847, NAI.
9 A THOUSAND FAREWELLS TO YOU, ISLAND OF ST PATRICK
Chapter heading: Quoted in O Gráda, ‘The Great Famine,’ as above.
‘Weary men, what reap ye?’: Speranza, N, 23 January 1847.
Mitchel on visit to village family: N, 16 January 1847.
Dr Donovan on Taureen: Cork Southern Reporter, 23 January 1847.
People’s hunt for food sources: Póirtéir, Famine Echoes, as above.
Further Famine diseases and practices adopted to contain them: MacArthur, in Edwards and Williams, as above.
Thomas Burke to sister: Fitzpatrick, David, ‘Flight from Famine,’ in Póirtéir, The Great Irish Famine, as above.
Death rate and workhouses: O’Connor, as above.
People bear ‘worst privations’ rather than accept relief: BPP, Volume XXXVII, 1846.
O King of Glory …’: ‘Song of the Black Potatoes,’ O Gráda, ‘The Great Famine,’ as above.
Gregory clause: Kinealy, Smith, Woodham-, as above.
‘young crows …’: As for ‘O King of Glory ….’
Food sources: Póirtéir, Famine Echoes, as above.
Closing of depots and founding of relief committees, and all subsequent issues: Standard Famine sources, as above, unless otherwise stated.
Maria Edgeworth: Standard Famine sources, as above.
Soup kitchen described by Mitchel: McCall, as above.
Lord Clancarty on outdoor relief: BPP, Volume XV, 1849.
Soup riot in Ballinasloe: Outrage
Papers (Galway), 1466, 1847, NAI.
British Association: Standard sources, as above; Report of the British Association for the Relief of Extreme Distress in Ireland and Scotland, London, 1849.
Cummins visiting Skibbereen: TL, 24 December 1846.
Trevelyan warns Association: Standard sources, as above.
Queen Victoria’s contribution: British Association, Report, as above.
James Mahony on West Cork: ILN, 13 and 20 February 1847.
American contribution: Smith, Woodham-, as above.
Kevin Izod O’Doherty: Patrick and Patrick, as above.
Cry for reform with Jesus’s help: O Gráda, ‘The Great Famine,’ as above.
Potato blight from Atlantic to Caspian: CGD, as above.
Confederation and other YI developments: Doheny, CGD, Davis, as above.
O’Connell’s last Commons speech: Standard O’Connell sources; Hansard, 8 February 1847, Volume LXXXIX.
Emigration: Davis, Graham, Irish in Britain, as above; Houston and Smyth, Miller, as above; Mackay, Donald, Flight from Famine: The Coming of the Irish to Canada, Toronto, 1990; Gallagher, Thomas, Paddy’s Lament: Ireland 1846–7, New York, 1982; Whyte, Robert, Famine Ship Diary (originally, The Ocean Plague), ed. James Managan, Dublin, 1994.
Emigrant and hurley stick: O Gráda, ‘The Great Famine,’ as above.
Chances for pilferage, East Galway: Outrage Papers (Galway), 1398, 1846 and 1466, 1847, NAI.
Arrival, Famine emigrants, River Mersey: ILN, 15 March 1847.
Engels on Irish in England: Kinealy, as above.
Board of Commissioners of Emigration, New York: Bayor, Ronald H. and Meagher, Timothy J. (eds), The New York Irish, Baltimore, MD, 1996.
Castle Garden: Standard sources, as above; Ernst, Robert, Immigrant Life in New York City, 1825–1863, Syracuse, NY, 1994.
Landing fever patients: Keegan, Gerald, Famine Diary—Journey to a New World, Dublin, 1991.
Grosse Île, summer 1847: Standard sources, as above; Whyte, Keegan, as above; Jordan, J. A., The Grosse-Isle Tragedy and the Monument to the Irish Famine Victims, 1847, Quebec, 1909.
Voyage of Ajax: Whyte, as above.
Partridge Island: Standard sources, Jordan, as above.
Irish at St Catherine’s: Whyte, as above.
Nation advises emigrants: N, 8 January 1847.
Birth and death of Larkin-Shields daughter: O Lorcáin, as above.
Irish convict marriage, New South Wales style: Therry, as above.
Marriage of Larkin and Shields: Marriage Register, St Peter and St Paul’s Cathedral, Goulburn, 24 December 1848 (2197, Vol. 65), 16 March 1848.
Governor FitzRoy: ADB, Volume I.
Hugh’s conditional pardon: 4/4459, reel 788, 48/1224, 1 June 1848, AONSW.
Land Deed, Cowper Street: Land Deeds, 48/11967, 25 October 1848, Land Title Office, NSW.
Birth of Anne Larkin: Baptismal Register, St Peter and St Paul’s Cathedral, Goulburn, 24 December 1848 (2197, Vol. 65), in O Lorcáin, as above.
Brodribb family tragedy: Brodribb, as above.
Bradley’s loss: ADB, Volume 3.
Warrant to pay Hugh: 4/4548, reel 597, March 1849, AONSW.
Hugh’s bank account: 2/8391, reel 58, copied from PRO, AONSW.
Land Deed, Grafton Street: Land Deeds, 49/3963, 18 April 1849.
Sydney Morning Herald celebrates political liberties of New South Wales: SMH, 26 July 1848.
Anti-transportation successes: Hirst, as above; Pearl, Cyril, Brilliant Dan Deniehy, Melbourne, 1972.
10 FIASCO AND NOBLE GESTURE: THE REBELLION OF YOUNG IRELAND
Chapter heading: TFM, N, 15 February 1851.
YI developments and movements, and subsequent movements and developments unless otherwise noted: CGD, Doheny, Pearl, as above; Davis, Richard, Young Ireland, as above.
Emergence of Lalor: CGD, Doheny, Davis, Richard, Young Ireland, as above.
Mitchel’s expectations of peasants’ fighting power: CGD, as above.
Affection of family for Mitchel: Dillon, Volumes 1 and 2, as above.
United Irishman: Dillon, and standard Mitchel and CGD sources, as above.
Mitchel’s ‘Letters to Ulster Protestants’: Reproduced as Mitchel, John, An Ulster Man for Ireland, Dublin, 1917.
CGD’s excitement over French revolution: N, 14 March 1848.
Lord Clarendon calls on ‘striplings’: CGD, as above.
Chartist march: Davis, Graham, as above.
Mitchel on his trial: Mitchel, John, Jail Journal, as above.
Eva’s ‘For one …’: Davis, Richard, Young Ireland, as above.
Mitchel, on ‘pauper appetite’: N, quoted in McCall, as above.
Martin’s view of Mitchel’s transportation: Irish Felon, 24 June 1848.
Felon quotes Castlebar Telegraph: Irish Felon, 1 July 1848.
‘Alea Jacta Est’ and ‘Silken Thomas’: 15 July 1848. (Verse begins: ‘The banners wave …’)
Dublin press on TFM and SOB: Davis, Richard, Young Ireland, as above.
Arrest of TFM and Doheny: CGD, Doheny, as above.
Slievenamon meeting: Doheny, as above; Davis, Richard, Young Ireland, as above; Tipperary Vindicator, 22 July 1848.
TFM departs Waterford, goes to Dublin: N, 8 February 1851.
Balfe: Petrow, Stefan, ‘Judas in Tasmania,’ from Davis, Richard, et al. (eds), Irish-Australian Studies, Papers Delivered at the Irish-Australian Conference, Hobart, 1995.
TFM’s movements on hearing of suspension of Habeas Corpus, and journey with Dillon: N, 15 February 1851.
Finding SOB, and TFM’s argument for move to Kilkenny: N, 22 February 1851.
Movements of YI rebels: As well as standard sources, especially Doheny, CGD, as above; Adam-Smith, as above.
O’Donohoe’s adventures, SOB’s call for respect for property: O’Donohoe manuscript, ‘The Rising of 1848,’ MS 770, NLI.
MacManus: CGD, Doheny, as above.
Cavalry permitted to pass, quotation: O’Donohoe MS, as above.
YI’s further movements and conferences: Standard YI sources, as above; TFM, N, 1 March 1851.
MacManus: CGD, as above.
Account of battle: Usual sources; ILN, 5 August 1848.
Father Fitzgerald’s version of Ballingarry: Fitzgerald, Reverend P., Personal Recollections of the Insurrection of Ballingarry, Dublin, 1861.
The military encampments at Ballingarry: TL, 5 August 1848.
O’Gorman’s adventures: Doheny, as above.
McGee’s adventures: N, 15 March 1851.
11 YOUNG IRELAND ON TRIAL
Chapter heading: Grace O’Brien to Anne Martineau, O’Brien, Grania, as above.
Mitchel in Bermuda: Mitchel, Jail Journal, as above; Shaw, as above.
TFM, O’Donohoe, Doheny on run: Doheny, as above.
Robert O’Brien’s admiration for his brother’s nobility: O’Brien, Grania, as above.
Duffy and O’Doherty trials: Doheny, CGD, as above.
‘Our Harvest Prospects’: Irish Tribune, 8 July 1848.
Eva and O’Doherty: Patrick and Patrick, as above. See also Eva O’Doherty’s notes, OM-71, John Oxley Library, Brisbane.
Martin’s trial: Doheny, CGD, as above.
Sir Lucius following SOB’s arrest: O’Brien, Grania, as above.
Reproach of Smith O’Brien: Examples from this book include letters from Lucius and Lady O’Brien to SOB in MS 443, NLI, and Thomas Chisholm Anstey to SOB: 4 April 1850, MS 443, NLI, copied to NS553/1, TSA. (This letter also had the further motivation of urging SOB to take a ticket-of-leave.) Similar sentiments expressed by Fitzgerald, as above. Of the not so gentle variety: TL, 30 August 1848.
The O’Brien family following O’Brien’s arrest and during trial: From O’Brien Papers, NLI, quoted in O’Brien, Grania, Adam-Smith, as above.
Visit to TFM’s cell: Lyons, as above.
Charges and trial: Doheny, CGD, as above; ILN, 7 October, 14 October 1848.
Grace to Anne Martineau:
O’Brien Papers, NLI, Adam-Smith, as above.
Briskness of O’Brien’s trial: TL, 2 October 1848.
Form of sentence for high treason: Mitchel, History of Ireland, Volume II.
Grief of women at O’Brien’s sentence: ILN, 14 October 1848.
Robert O’Brien’s opinion of verdict and his brother’s mind: O’Brien Papers, NLI, quoted in O’Brien, Grania, as above.
Trial of MacManus and O’Donohoe: Standard YI sources.
Report on TFM: TL, 18 October 1848, quoting from Cork Examiner.
Women at TFM’s trial: TL, 20 October 1848.
Old policeman as witness, and subsequent details: N, 22 February 1851.
TFM’s speech from the dock: CGD, Lyons, Griffith, as above.
Other prisoners greet condemned Meagher: O’Donohoe, N, 15 December 1850.
CGD and O’Doherty plan escape: CGD, as above.
Warder on SOB’s death sentence: Warder, 14 October 1848, quoted in Davis, Richard, Young Ireland, as above.
Lady O’Brien’s Political Duty: MS 2655, NLI.
Dr O’Hanlon to SOB: 5 January 1849, O’Brien Papers, MS 443, NLI.
SOB invokes Thermopylae: SOB, To Solitude Consigned, as above, hereafter cited as SOB, Journal, and also found at MS 3923, NLI.
Michael Shaughnessy and child convicts: Smith, Woodham-, as above.
Arrival of child convicts, VDL: Indents and Papers of ships sent to Van Diemen’s Land, D12, Mitchel Library.
Revival of blight, 1848, and increased suffering, East Galway: Egan, as above; BPP, Volume XLVIII, 1849; Poor Law Commissioners, Second Report, London, 1849.
Ireland’s ingratitude: TL, 30 August 1848.
Turnip stealing: Póirtéir, Famine Echoes, as above.
Esther’s resources of food: As for previous note; Póirtéir, Great Irish Famine, as above.
British Association and Strzelecki: Heney, as above; Captain Mann, Report of the British Association, as above.
12 SHIPPING YOUNG IRELAND
Chapter heading: TFM, N, 27 July 1850.
Denison, his orders and relations with State prisoners: Denison, Sir William, Varieties of Vice-Regal Life, London, 1870.
The Great Shame: And the Triumph of the Irish in the English-Speaking World Page 90