2 and this is no small thing Philip J. Kellman and Patrick Garrigan, “Perceptual Learning and Human Expertise,” Physics of Life Reviews 6, 2009, 53–84.
3 masters’ memory William G. Chase and Herbert A. Simon, “Perception in Chess,” Cognitive Psychology 4, 1973, 55–81.
4 “wasn’t wanted there,” Gibson said years later Interview with Eleanor Gibson by Marion Eppler in Middlebury, VT, July 4–5, 1998, as part of Society for Research in Child Development Oral History Project; available at www.srcd.org.
5 conducted with her husband in 1949 James J. Gibson and Eleanor J. Gibson, “Perceptual Learning: Differentiation or Enrichment?” Psychological Review, Vol. 62, No. 1, 1955, 32–41.
6 subtleties of energy Ibid., 34.
7 achievement of this goal Eleanor J. Gibson, Principles of Perceptual Learning and Development (New York: Meredith Corporation, 1969), 4.
8 instrument panel as a guide All details about John F. Kennedy Jr.’s fatal flight are from the National Transportation Safety Board’s Probable Cause Report, NTSB identification number NYC99MA178, released on July 6, 2000. It is available at www.ntsb.gov.
9 through space, respectively For my understanding of how pilots learn to fly and the layout of the cockpit in small private planes, I relied on information from Philip J. Kellman, professor, cognitive psychology, UCLA, and flights in his small plane between Los Angeles and San Luis Obispo, CA.
10 or PLM Philip J. Kellman and Mary K. Kaiser, “Perceptual Learning Modules in Flight Training,” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomic Society Annual Meeting, 1994 38, 1183–87.
11 other training contexts Ibid., 1187.
12 four times higher Stephanie Guerlain, et al, “Improving Surgical Pattern Recognition Through Repetitive Viewing of Video Clips,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics—Part A: Systems and Humans, Vol. 34, No. 6, Nov. 2004, 699–707.
Chapter Ten: You Snooze, You Win
1 snakes biting their tails August Kekule is reported to have described his dream at the German Chemical Society meeting in 1890; the story has circulated widely since then, for instance in Robert Stickgold and Jeffrey M. Ellenbogen, “Sleep On It: How Snoozing Makes You Smarter,” Scientific American, August/September 2008.
2 stopping to rest Jerome M. Siegel, “Sleep Viewed as a State of Adaptive Inactivity,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 10, Oct. 2009, 747–53.
3 better flight abilities Ibid., 751.
4 intellectual and physical Robert Stickgold, “Sleep-dependent Memory Consolidation,” Nature, Vol. 437, Oct. 27, 2005, 1272–78.
5 experiment on sleep Chip Brown, “The Stubborn Scientist Who Unraveled a Mystery of the Night,” Smithsonian, Oct. 2003, www.smithsonianmag.com.
6 the journal Science Eugene Aserinsky and Nathaniel Kleitman, “Regularly Occurring Periods of Eye Motility and Concomitant Phenomena, During Sleep,” Science, Vol. 118, Sept. 4, 1953, 273–74.
7 a simple game Jeffrey M. Ellenbogen, Peter T. Hu, Jessica D. Payne, Debra Titone, and Matthew P. Walker, “Human Relational Memory Requires Time and Sleep,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, May 1, 2007, Vol. 104, No. 18, 7723–28.
8 Naples Federico II A. Giuditta, M. V. Ambrosini, P. Montagnese, P. Mandile, M. Cotugno, G. Grassi Zucconi, and S. Vescia, “The sequential hypothesis of the function of sleep,” Behavioural Brain Research, Vol. 69, 1995, 157–66.
9 deep sleep and REM Sara Mednick, Ken Nakayama, and Robert Stickgold, “Sleep-dependent Learning: A Nap Is as Good as a Night,” Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 6, No. 7, 2003, 697–98.
10 valuable inferences that were made Giulio Tononi, Chiara Cirelli, “Sleep Function and Synaptic Homeostasis,” Sleep Medicine Reviews 10, 2006, 49–62.
11 integrating the new material with the old D. Ji and M. A. Wilson, “Coordinated memory replay in the visual cortex and hippocampus during sleep,” Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan. 2007, 100–107.
Conclusion: The Foraging Brain
1 camping trip that never ends Steven Pinker, How the Mind Works (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997), 188.
2 evolutionary history J. Tooby and I. DeVore, “The Reconstruction of Hominid Behavioral Evolution Through Strategic Modeling,” from The Evolution of Human Behavior, Warren G. Kinzey, ed. (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1987), 209.
3 academic and motor domains Annu Rev Neurosci. 2008;31:69–89. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.061307.090723. Trends Neurosci. 2008 Sep;31(9):469-77. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2008.06.008. Epub Aug 5, 2008.
4 Meaning Maintenance Model Travis Proulx and Michael Inzlicht, “The Five ‘A’s of Meaning Maintenance: Finding Meaning in the Theories of Sense-Making,” Psychological Inquiry 23, 2012, 317–35.
5 we discussed in chapter 10 Travis Proulx and Steven J. Heine, “Connections from Kafka: Exposure to Meaning Threats Improves Implicit Learning of an Artificial Grammar,” Psychological Science, Vol. 20, No. 9, 1125–31.
About the Author
BENEDICT CAREY is an award-winning science reporter who has been at The New York Times since 2004, and is one of the newspaper’s most-emailed reporters. He graduated from the University of Colorado with a bachelor’s degree in math and from Northwestern University with a master’s in journalism, and has written about health and science for twenty-five years. He lives in New York City.
www.BenedictJCarey.com
@BenCareyNYT
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